Ben Nevis

Ben Nevis (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Langx, Template:IPA) is the highest mountain in Scotland, the United Kingdom, and the British Isles. Ben Nevis stands at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Highland region of Lochaber, close to the town of Fort William.

The mountain is a popular destination, attracting an estimated 150,000 visitors a year,<ref name=bbcVisitors/> around three-quarters of whom use the Mountain Track from Glen Nevis.<ref name="Strategy">Template:Cite web</ref> The mountain has hosted a foot race since 1898. The Template:Convert cliffs of the north face are among the highest in Scotland, providing classic scrambles and rock climbs of all difficulties for climbers and mountaineers. They are also the principal locations in Scotland for ice climbing. The cliffs of the north face can be viewed from the Charles Inglis Clark Memorial Hut, a private alpine hut.

The summit is Template:Convert<ref name="OS revision"/> above sea level and is the highest land in any direction for Template:Convert.<ref name="Isolation">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Efn The summit is a stony plateau (a felsenmeer). It features a number of monuments and the ruins of an observatory which was continuously staffed between 1883 and 1904. The meteorological data collected during this period is still important for understanding Scottish mountain weather. C. T. R. Wilson was inspired to invent the cloud chamber after a period spent working at the observatory.

Ben Nevis is the namesake for a distillery at its base, a packet ship, a mountain in Svalbard, a mountain in Hong Kong, and a cartoon character.

Etymology

The name comes from the Gaelic Template:Lang, meaning "mountain of the Nevis" (referring to the river that skirts the base of the mountain).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=nicolaisen/> The river's name is of unclear origin. William J. Watson derived it from Old Gaelic *Nemess, "venomous one", from ne(i)m, "venom".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> W. F. H. Nicolaisen, however, favoured a derivation from the Indo-European root *nebh-, which is connected with water and clouds, giving a meaning of "the moist one" or "the misty one".<ref name=nicolaisen>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

As with many Scottish mountains, Ben Nevis is often referred to locally simply as "the Ben".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geography

Ben Nevis forms a massif with its neighbours to the northeast, Template:Lang, to which it is linked by the Template:Lang Arête, Template:Lang and Template:Lang.<ref name="Ordnance Survey 2002">Template:Harvnb</ref> All four are Munros.<ref name=hillbagging>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Ben Nevis south face.jpg

The steep south face of Ben Nevis from Template:Lang

The western and southern flanks of Ben Nevis rise Template:Convert in about Template:Convert above the River Nevis flowing down Glen Nevis – the longest and steepest hill slope in Britain<ref name="Murray 1977">Template:Harvnb</ref> – with the result that the mountain presents an aspect of massive bulk on this side. To the north, by contrast, cliffs drop some Template:Convert to Template:Lang (Template:IPA).<ref name="Ordnance Survey 2002">Template:Harvnb</ref>

In addition to the main Template:Convert summit, Ben Nevis has two subsidiary "tops" listed in Munro's Tables, both of which are called Template:Lang ("red hill").<ref name="Munros">Template:Cite book</ref> The higher of these, at Template:Convert, is to the northwest, and is often mistaken for Ben Nevis itself in views from the Fort William area. The other Template:Lang (Template:Convert) juts out into Glen Nevis on the mountain's southwestern side. A lower hill, Template:Lang (Template:Convert), is further west, forming a saddle with Ben Nevis which contains a small loch, Template:Lang. The tourist path from Glen Nevis skirts the side of this hill before ascending Ben Nevis's broad western flank.<ref name="Ordnance Survey 2002">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Summit

The summit of Ben Nevis comprises a large stony plateau of about Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia (Subscription required for full access.)</ref> The summit is an example of a felsenmeer,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> a surface covered by rocks that are not exposed by mass wasting. The highest point is marked with a large, solidly built cairn atop which sits an Ordnance Survey trig point. The summit is the highest ground in any direction for Template:Convert before the Scandinavian Mountains in western Norway are reached.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Peace Memorial, on the summit, is a cairn which was erected on V J Day, 15 August 1945, by the Young Men's Class of Vicar Street Methodist Church, Dudley, led by Bert Bissell, "to the glory of God and in memory of the fallen of all races". They carried the materials, including a 2cwt memorial stone, to the summit. The inscription declares it to be "Britain's highest war memorial". A second plaque was added in 1965, brought by helicopter: "A tribute to the fallen of all nations from the youth associated with the World Federation of United Nations Associations and the International Student Movement of the United Nations." It is variously known as the Ben Nevis War Memorial, Ben Nevis Peace Memorial, or The Fort William-Dudley Memorial and Peace Cairn<ref>Template:Cite web Includes images and transcriptions of the plaques</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A 2006 proposal to move the cairn to the foot of the Ben, was opposed by people in both Fort William and Dudley.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The view from the UK's highest point is extensive. Under ideal conditions, it can extend to over Template:Convert, including such mountains as the Torridon Hills, Morven in Caithness, Lochnagar, Ben Lomond, Barra Head and to Knocklayd in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2016, the height of Ben Nevis was officially remeasured to be 1344.527m by Ordnance Survey. The height of Ben Nevis will therefore be shown on new Ordnance Survey maps as Template:Convert instead of the now obsolete value of Template:Convert.<ref name="OS revision"/>

Climate

File:Ben Nevis.jpg

A temperature inversion around Template:Lang Buttress and Castle Corrie.

Ben Nevis has a highland tundra climate (ET in the Köppen classification). Ben Nevis's elevation, maritime location and topography frequently lead to cool and cloudy weather conditions, which can pose a danger to ill-equipped walkers. According to the observations carried out at the summit observatory from 1883 to 1904, fog was present on the summit for almost 80% of the time between November and January, and 55% of the time in May and June.<ref name="Roy">Template:Cite web</ref> The average winter temperature was around Template:Convert,<ref name="Roy"/> and the mean monthly temperature for the year was Template:Convert.<ref name="Murray 1977 221">Template:Harvnb</ref> In an average year the summit sees 261 gales,<ref name="Murray 1977 221"/> and receives Template:Convert of rainfall, compared to only Template:Convert in nearby Fort William,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Convert in Inverness and Template:Convert in London. Rainfall on Ben Nevis is about twice as high in the winter as it is in the spring and summer. Snow can be found on the mountain for approximately 7 months out of the year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geology

Ben Nevis is all that remains of a Devonian volcano that met a cataclysmic end in the Carboniferous period around 350 million years ago. Evidence near the summit shows light-coloured granite (which had cooled in subterranean chambers several kilometres beneath the surface) lies among dark basaltic lavas (that form only on the surface). The two lying side by side is evidence the huge volcano collapsed in on itself creating an explosion comparable to Thera (2nd millennium BC) or Krakatoa (1883).<ref name=bbc>Template:Cite news</ref> The mountain is now all that remains of the imploded inner dome of the volcano.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its form has been extensively shaped by glaciation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Research has shown igneous rock from the Devonian period (around 400 million years ago) intrudes into the surrounding metamorphic schists; the intrusions take the form of a series of concentric ring dikes. The innermost of these, known as the Inner Granite, constitutes the southern bulk of the mountain above Template:Lang, and also the neighbouring ridge of Template:Lang; Template:Lang forms part of the Outer Granite, which is redder in colour. The summit dome itself, together with the steep northern cliffs, is composed of andesite and basaltic lavas.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

History

File:Archive photograph of Ben Nevis observatory (detail).jpg

An undated photograph of the Ben Nevis observatory (1883–1904) and 'hotel' (hostel). The hotel began as a spare-room-for-hire within the observatory and remained open until 1916.

The first recorded ascent of Ben Nevis was made on 17 August 1771<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> by James Robertson, an Edinburgh botanist, who was in the region to collect botanical specimens. Another early ascent was in 1774 by John Williams, who provided the first account of the mountain's geological structure.<ref name="Miller">Template:Cite journal</ref> John Keats climbed the mountain in 1818, comparing the ascent to "mounting ten St. Pauls without the convenience of a staircase".<ref name="Hodgkiss 1994 117">Template:Harvnb</ref> The following year William MacGillivray, who was later to become a distinguished naturalist, reached the summit only to find "fragments of earthen and glass ware, chicken bones, corks, and bits of paper".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It was not until 1847 that Ben Nevis was confirmed by the Ordnance Survey as the highest mountain in Britain and Ireland, ahead of its rival Ben Macdui.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

A meteorological observatory on the summit was first proposed by the Scottish Meteorological Society (SMS) in the late-1870s, at a time when similar observatories were being built around the world to study the weather at high altitude.<ref name="Roy"/> In the summer of 1881, Clement Lindley Wragge climbed the mountain daily to make observations (earning him the nickname "Inclement Rag"), leading to the opening on 17 October 1883 of a permanent observatory run by the SMS.<ref name=crocket1986>Template:Cite book</ref> The building was staffed full-time until 1904, when it was closed due to inadequate funding. The twenty years worth of readings still provide the most comprehensive set of data on mountain weather in Great Britain.<ref name="Roy"/>

In September 1894, C. T. R. Wilson was employed at the observatory for a couple of weeks as temporary relief for one of the permanent staff. During this period, he witnessed a Brocken spectre and glory, caused by the sun casting a shadow on a cloud below the observer. He subsequently tried to reproduce these phenomena in the laboratory, resulting in his invention of the cloud chamber, used to detect ionising radiation.<ref name=Wilson>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>

File:Ben Nevis summit.jpg

The summit survival shelter (centre) atop the ruined observatory. The squat summit cairn (right) has a trig point.

The ruins of the observatory can still be seen on the summit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> An emergency shelter has been built on top of the observatory tower for the benefit of those caught out by bad weather.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The first path to the summit was built at the same time as the observatory and was designed to allow ponies to carry up supplies, with a maximum gradient of one in five.<ref name="Roy"/> The opening of the path and the observatory made the ascent of the mountain increasingly popular, all the more so after the arrival of the West Highland Railway in Fort William in 1894.<ref name="MacLennan"/> Around this time the first of several proposals was made for a rack railway to the summit, none of which came to fruition.<ref name="Hodgkiss 1994 117"/>

In 1911, an enterprising Ford dealer named Henry Alexander ascended the mountain in a Model T as a publicity stunt. The ascent was captured on film and can be seen in the archives of the British Film Institute.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A statue of Alexander and the car was unveiled in Fort William in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2000, the Ben Nevis Estate, comprising all of the south side of the mountain including the summit, was bought by the Scottish conservation charity the John Muir Trust.<ref name="bbc2019">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=jmt>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 17 May 2006, a piano that had been buried under one of the cairns on the peak was uncovered by the John Muir Trust, which owns much of the mountain.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The piano is believed to have been carried up for charity by removal men from Dundee over 20 years earlier.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Clear left

Outdoor recreation

Hiking and climbing

File:Path Up Ben Nevis.JPG

An old postcard view showing the path up Ben Nevis

Ben Nevis is a popular hiking destination, with 150,000 people a year visiting the peak.<ref name=bbcVisitors>Template:Cite news</ref>

The 1883 Pony Track to the summit (also known as the Ben Path, the Mountain Path or the Tourist Route) remains the simplest and most popular route of ascent. It begins at Achintee on the east side of Glen Nevis about Template:Convert from Fort William town centre, at around Template:Convert above sea level. Bridges from the Visitor Centre and the youth hostel now allow access from the west side of Glen Nevis.<ref name="Ordnance Survey 2002">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Butterfield 1986 97">Template:Harvnb</ref> The path climbs steeply to the saddle by Lochan Meall an t-Suidhe (colloquially known as the 'Halfway Lochan') at 570 m, then ascends the remaining Template:Convert up the stony west flank of Ben Nevis in a series of zig-zags.<ref name="Ordnance Survey 2002">Template:Harvnb</ref>

File:Cic-2.jpg

Charles Inglis Clark Memorial Hut with the Carn Dearg Buttress behind

A route popular with experienced hillwalkers starts at Torlundy, a few miles north-east of Fort William on the A82 road, and follows the path alongside the Template:Lang. It can also be reached from Glen Nevis by following the Pony Track as far as Template:Lang, then descending slightly to the Charles Inglis Clark Memorial Hut (known as the CIC Hut), a private mountain hut Template:Convert above sea level, owned by the Scottish Mountaineering Club<ref name="CIC"/> The route then ascends Template:Lang and continues along the Template:Lang Arête ("CMD Arête") before climbing steeply to the summit of Ben Nevis. This route involves a total of Template:Convert of ascent and requires modest scrambling ability and a head for heights.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In common with other approaches on this side of the mountain, it has the advantage of giving an extensive view of the cliffs of the north face, which are hidden from the Pony Track.<ref name="Butterfield 1986 97"/>

The north face of Ben Nevis is riven with buttresses, ridges, towers and pinnacles, and contains many classic scrambles and rock climbs. It is of major importance for British winter climbing, with many of its routes holding snow often until late April. It was one of the first places in Scotland to receive the attention of serious mountaineers; a partial ascent and, the following day, a complete descent of Tower Ridge in early September 1892 is the earliest documented climbing expedition on Ben Nevis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Adby">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> (It was not climbed from bottom to top in entirety for another two years). The Scottish Mountaineering Club's Charles Inglis Clark hut was built below the north face in Coire Leis in 1929. Because of its remote location, it is said to be the only genuine alpine hut in Britain.<ref name="CIC"/>

Tower Ridge is the longest of the north face's four main ridges, with around Template:Convert of ascent. It is not technically demanding (its grade is Difficult), and most pitches can be tackled unroped by competent climbers, but it is committing and very exposed.<ref name="Adby"/> Castle Ridge (Moderate), the northernmost of the main ridges, is an easier scramble, while Observatory Ridge (Very Difficult),<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> the closest ridge to the summit, is "technically the hardest of the Nevis ridges in summer and winter".<ref name="Crocket 2009 100">Template:Harvnb</ref> Between the Tower and Observatory Ridges are the Tower and Gardyloo Gullies; the latter takes its name from the cry of Template:Lang (French for "watch out for the water") formerly used in Scottish cities as a warning when householders threw their waste out of a tenement window into the street. The gully's top wall was the refuse pit for the summit observatory.<ref name="Murray 1977"/>

The north face contains dozens of graded rock climbs along its entire length, with particular concentrations on the Template:Lang Buttress (below the Munro top of Template:Lang NW) and around the North-east Buttress and Observatory Ridge. Classic rock routes include Rubicon Wall on Observatory Buttress (Severe) – whose second ascent in 1937, when it was considered the hardest route on the mountain, is described by W. H. Murray in Mountaineering in Scotland<ref name="Murray 1977"/> – and, on Template:Lang, Centurion and The Bullroar (both HVS), Torro (E2), and Titan's Wall (E3), these four described in the SMC's guide as among "the best climbs of their class in Scotland".<ref name="Richardson 2002 53">Template:Harvnb</ref>

File:A climber nearing the top of No 5 Gulley - geograph.org.uk - 1104524.jpg

An ice-climber exiting Number Five Gully (450m I). Tower Gap can be discerned in the background.

Many seminal lines were recorded before the First World War by pioneering Scottish climbers like J. N. Collie, Willie Naismith, Harold Raeburn, and William and Jane Inglis Clark. Other classic routes were put up by G. Graham Macphee, Dr James H. B. Bell and others between the Wars; these include Bell's "Long Climb", at Template:Convert reputedly the longest sustained climb on the British mainland. In summer 1943 conscientious objector Brian Kellett made a phenomenal seventy-four repeat climbs and seventeen first ascents including fourteen solos,<ref name="Crocket 2009 100"/> returning in 1944 to add fifteen more new lines, eleven solo, including his eponymous HVS on Gardyloo buttress. Much more recently, an extreme and as yet ungraded climb on Echo Wall was completed by Dave MacLeod in 2008 after two years of preparation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The north face is also one of Scotland's foremost venues for winter mountaineering and ice climbing and holds snow until quite late in the year; in a good year, routes may remain in winter condition until mid-spring. Most of the possible rock routes are also suitable as winter climbs, including the four main ridges; Tower Ridge, for example, is grade IV on the Scottish winter grade, having been upgraded in 2009 by the Scottish Mountaineering Club after requests by the local Mountain Rescue Team, there being numerous benightments and incidents every winter season.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In February 1960 James R. Marshall and Robin Clark Smith recorded six major new ice routes in only eight days including Orion Direct (V,5 400m); this winter version of Bell's Long Climb was "the climax of a magnificent week's climbing by Smith and Marshall, and the highpoint of the step-cutting era".<ref name="Richardson 2002 53"/>

Hill running

File:Image29 jpg ben race 1979.jpg

1979 Ben Nevis Race

The history of hill running on Ben Nevis dates back to 1895. William Swan, a barber from Fort William, made the first recorded timed ascent up the mountain on or around 27 September of that year, when he ran from the old post office in Fort William to the summit and back in 2 hours 41 minutes.<ref name="MacLennan">Template:Cite journal</ref> The following years saw several improvements on Swan's record, but the first competitive race was held on 3 June 1898 under Scottish Amateur Athletic Association rules. Ten competitors ran the course, which started at the Lochiel Arms Hotel in Banavie and was thus longer than the route from Fort William; the winner was 21-year-old Hugh Kennedy, a gamekeeper at Tor Castle, who finished (coincidentally with Swan's original run) in 2 hours 41 minutes.<ref name="MacLennan"/>

Regular races were organised until 1903, when two events were held; these were the last for 24 years, perhaps due to the closure of the summit observatory the following year.<ref name="MacLennan"/> The first was from Achintee, at the foot of the Pony Track, and finished at the summit; It was won in just over an hour by Ewen MacKenzie, the observatory roadman.<ref name="MacLennan"/> The second race ran from new Fort William post office, and MacKenzie lowered the record to 2 hours 10 minutes, a record he held for 34 years.<ref name="MacLennan"/>

The Ben Nevis Race has been run in its current form since 1937. It now takes place on the first Saturday in September every year, with a maximum of 500 competitors taking part.<ref name="FWO">Template:Cite web</ref> It starts and finishes at the Claggan Park football ground on the outskirts of Fort William, and is Template:Convert long with Template:Convert of ascent.<ref name="SHR">Template:Cite web</ref> Due to the seriousness of the mountain environment, entry is restricted to those who have completed three hill races, and runners must carry waterproofs, a hat, gloves and a whistle; anyone who has not reached the summit after two hours is turned back.<ref name="kopac">Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2018, the record for the men's race has stood unbroken since 1984, when Kenny Stuart of Keswick Athletic Club won with a time of 1:25:34. The record for the women's race of 1:43:01 was set in 2018 by Victoria Wilkinson.<ref name="SHR"/>

Extreme sports

Ben Nevis is becoming popular with ski mountaineers and boarders. The Red Burn (Template:Lang) just to the North of the tourist path gives the easiest descent, but most if not all of the easier gullies on the North Face have been skied, as has the slope once adorned by the abseil poles into Template:Lang. No 4 gully is probably the most skied. Although Tower scoop makes it a no-fall zone, Tower Gully is becoming popular, especially in May and June when there is spring snow.<ref>Kenny Biggin, Scottish Offpiste Skiing and Snowboarding: Nevis Range and Ben Nevis (Spean Bridge: Skimountain, 2013), pp. 64–84</ref>

File:Ski Ben Nevis.jpg

A skier skinning towards the summit

In 2018 Jöttnar pro team member Tim Howell BASE jumped off Ben Nevis which was covered by BBC Scotland.<ref>"Base jumper Tim Howell leaps from Ben Nevis". BBC Scotland, 12 February 2019</ref>

In May 2019, a team of highliners completed a crossing above the Gardyloo Gully, a new altitude record for the UK.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Also in May 2019, a team of 12, led by Dundee artist Douglas Roulston carried a Template:Convert tall statue of the DC Thomson character Oor Wullie to the top of the mountain. The statue, which had been painted by Roulston with a 360-degree scene of the view from the summit was later sold at the Oor Wullie Big Bucket Trail charity auction to raise money for a number of Scottish children's charities.<ref name="rooney">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="maclennan">Template:Cite news</ref>

Ben Nevis is one of the three mountains climbed in the National Three Peaks Challenge, where participants aim to climb Ben Nevis, Scafell Pike and Snowdon, often within 24 hours and using motor transport between them. The total height climbed is Template:Cvt and the distance walked Template:Cvt, with about Template:Cvt of driving.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It has been estimated that some 30,000 people attempt the challenge each year, often as part of organised groups, and the impact on the local areas has been criticised.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Various records have been set for the challenge, including James Forrest's fastest self-supported completion in 16 days, 13 hours, 59 mins in 2021<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Imogen Boddy's fastest female completion on foot, with support, in 6 days 5 hours 43 mins, in 2024.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2022 the Nevis Landscape Trust introduced a registration system for charity events on Ben Nevis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Safety

Template:See also Ben Nevis's popularity, climate and complex topography contribute to a high number of mountain rescue incidents resulting in several deaths annually on Ben Nevis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There have been over 100 fatalities recorded on the mountain since record keeping began in 1849.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Fatalities on the mountain occur most regularly due to avalanches and climbing accidents on more difficult routes. In March 2025, a 22-year-old climber died after falling in the Moonlight Gully in challenging weather conditions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Avalanches occur regularly in the winter season. In December 1998, an avalanche resulted in the deaths of four climbers on Aonach Mor. Three climbers survived after being trapped under snow for 16 hours. Another climber was killed days later after slipping on the ice.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Two avalanches occurred on Ben Nevis in 2009<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and 2016,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> causing the deaths of two people on each occasion. In another two avalanches that occurred in 1970<ref name="scotsman 25 Jan 2009">Template:Cite news</ref> and 2019,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> three people died on each occasion. A climber died in an avalanche on the north face of the mountain in 2022,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and an experienced Ben Nevis mountain guide was killed in an avalanche in 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Navigation

File:Ben Nevis cornice.jpg

View south-west from the summit in early April. When the cliff edges are corniced, accurate navigation is critical.

Some incidents arise over difficulties in navigating to or from the summit,<ref name="MCofS Newsletter"/> especially in poor visibility. The problem stems from the fact that the summit plateau is roughly kidney-shaped and surrounded by cliffs on three sides; the danger is particularly accentuated when the main path is obscured by snow. Two precise compass bearings taken in succession are necessary to navigate from the summit cairn to the west flank, from where a descent can be made on the Pony Track in relative safety.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the late 1990s, Lochaber Mountain Rescue Team erected two posts on the summit plateau to assist walkers attempting the descent in foggy conditions. These posts were subsequently cut down by climbers, sparking controversy in mountaineering circles on the ethics of such additions.<ref name="MCofS Newsletter">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Cairns debate">Template:Cite web</ref> Critics argued that cairns and posts are an unnecessary man-made intrusion into the natural landscape, which create a false sense of security and could lessen mountaineers' sense of responsibility for their own safety.<ref name="Cairns debate"/>

In 2009, the Nevis Partnership moved and erected a number of Template:Convert-tall cairns on the summit plateau to aid navigation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Subsequently, the John Muir Trust cleared a number of smaller informal cairns in 2016 which had been erected by visitors, which were seen as dangerous as they could confuse walkers using them for navigation.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

In popular culture

The Ben Nevis Distillery is a single malt whisky distillery at the foot of the mountain, near Victoria Bridge to the north of Fort William. Founded in 1825 by John McDonald (known as "Long John"), it is one of the oldest licensed distilleries in Scotland,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and is a popular visitor attraction in Fort William. The water used to make the whisky comes from the Template:Lang, the stream that flows from Ben Nevis's northern corrie.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Ben Nevis" 80/‒ organic ale is, by contrast, brewed in Bridge of Allan near Stirling.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ben Nevis was the name of a White Star Line packet ship which in 1854 carried the group of immigrants who were to become the Wends of Texas.<ref name='wends'>Template:Cite web</ref> At least another eight vessels have carried the name since then.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A mountain in Svalbard is also named Ben Nevis, after the Scottish peak. It is Template:Convert high and is south of the head of Raudfjorden, Albert I Land, in the northwestern part of the island of Spitsbergen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hung Fa Chai, a Template:Convert hill in Northeast New Territories of Hong Kong was given the name Ben Nevis by British surveyors in 1901.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Wee Ben Nevis was a character appearing in The Beano comic for a few years from 1974, drawn by Vic Neill,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in a feature described by Auberon Waugh as having "strong undertones of Scottish Nationalism by its untrue suggestion that Scotsmen have superhuman strength despite their diminutive stature".<ref name="cook">Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• Holme Fen – The lowest point in the United Kingdom.
• Mountains and hills of Scotland
• National Three Peaks Challenge
• Northwest Spitsbergen National Park Norway - includes a mountain called Ben Nevis. Its height is Template:Convert and it is located at Northwest Spitsbergen National Park
• The Remarkables, New Zealand – mountain range containing a peak also called Ben Nevis
• Scottish Highlands
• Scafell Pike
• Snowdon

Bibliography

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite map
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

External links

• Ben Nevis Photo Tour – 57 images from the Car Park to the Summit and Back via the Tourist Trail
• Nevis Partnership Template:Webarchive – Environmental and visitor management in the Nevis area
• Computer generated digital panoramas from Ben Nevis: North South Template:Webarchive index
• Ben Nevis Webcam
• 360munros.co.uk - Ben Nevis 360° Virtual Tours
• Ben Nevis. Munros Table. Scottish Mountaineering Club.