Baker County, Florida

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Baker County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,259.<ref name="QuickFacts">Template:Cite web</ref> Its county seat is Macclenny.<ref name="GR6">Template:Cite web</ref> The county was founded in 1861 and is named for James McNair Baker, a judge and Confederate Senator. Baker County is included in the Jacksonville metropolitan area. In 1864, the Battle of Olustee, which was the only major American Civil War battle in Florida, was fought near Lake City in Baker County.

History

Baker County was founded in 1861. It was named for James McNair Baker, a judge and Confederate senator.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1864 the Battle of Olustee was fought near Lake City in Baker County. This was the only major American Civil War battle in Florida.<ref name="ONP">Template:Cite web</ref>

Much of the area was originally covered with pine flatwoods and cypress swamps, as was Columbia County to the west. Parts of both counties are included in Osceola National Forest. A lumber industry developed here, with sawmills constructed along rivers and waterways, where lumber was brought out by water. Turpentine was also produced. These industries employed many African American laborers.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert is land and Template:Convert (0.6%) is water.<ref name="GR1">Template:Cite web</ref> The extreme northern part of the county lies within the Okefenokee Swamp and its federally protected areas.

The St. Mary's River passes through Baker and numerous other counties. The St. Marys River is a remote blackwater river, rising in southeastern Georgia and flowing into northeastern Florida, where it forms the easternmost border between the two states.<ref name="St. Mary's River">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Adjacent counties

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National protected areas

Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge (part)
Osceola National Forest (part)

Transportation

Major highways

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Template:Jct is the main west-to-east interstate highway in the county, and serves as the unofficial dividing line between northern and southern Baker County. It enters the county from Osceola National Forest and contains five interchanges within the county; the first being US 90 in Olustee (Exits 324), followed by Baker CR 229 (Exit 327) south of Sanderson and Baker CR 125 (Exit 333) south of Glen St Mary. The last two interchanges are in Macclenny; SR 121 (Exits 335), and SR 228 (Exit 336). Beyond this point I-10 runs through Nassau and Duval Counties into Downtown Jacksonville.
Template:Jct was the primary west-to-east route through Baker County until it was succeeded by Interstate 10.
Template:Jct runs west to east through the northwest portion of the county, beginning at the northeast corner of Columbia County, then passing through John M. Bethea State Forest and becoming Georgia State Route 94 after crossing the bridge over the Saint Mary's River.
Template:Jct is a south to north road that runs southwest to northeast from Raiford in Union County to just before the interchange with Interstate 10, and then straight south to north through downtown Macclenny and later towards rural Baker County, until it crosses a series of bridges over the Saint Mary's River where it takes a long journey through Georgia and South Carolina as a tri-state de facto auxiliary route from U.S. Route 21 in Rock Hill, South Carolina.
Template:Jct is a short northwest-to-southeast state highway in Macclenny that has two county extensions. The first is a south-to-north extension beginning at US 90 leading to SR 121 north of the town limits. The second is a bi-county extension running southeast of Interstate 10 to US 301 in Duval County near the resumption of a state road which passes through Westside Jacksonville, Downtown Jacksonville and all the way to the Hogan section of Southside Jacksonville.

Railroads

The main railroad line through Baker County is the Florida Gulf & Atlantic Railroad which acquired the former CSX lines from Pensacola to Baldwin on June 1, 2019. CSX retained trackage rights on that route. No passenger trains stop anywhere in Baker County, but Amtrak's Sunset Limited served the Tallahassee Subdivision until Hurricane Katrina ravaged the Gulf Coast in 2005.

The other major railroad line in the county is Norfolk Southern Railway's Valdosta District, which spans northwest to southeast from the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge at the Georgia State Line, north of the Columbia-Baker County Line, through Baxter at a bridge over the Saint Mary's River which cuts through the "Georgia Bend" and eventually leads to the Jacksonville Terminal.

Additionally, the Jacksonville and Southwestern Railroad was a former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad line running through the southeast portion of the county that was abandoned by CSX in 1992. The line has been converted to a rail trail between Baldwin and Jacksonville in Duval County, and in Raiford in Union County, but no known plans exist to connect the two segments.

Demographics

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**Baker County, Florida – Racial and ethnic composition**
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Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>Template:Cite web</ref>	Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>Template:Cite web</ref>	Template:Partial<ref name=2020CensusP2>Template:Cite web</ref>	% 2000	% 2010	Template:Partial
White (NH)	18,839	22,353	22,185	82.61%	82.44%	78.51%
Black or African American (NH)	3,083	3,651	3,825	13.85%	13.46%	13.54%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)	82	72	109	0.37%	0.27%	0.39%
Asian (NH)	88	129	157	0.40%	0.48%	0.56%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH)	7	5	14	0.03%	0.02%	0.05%
Other race alone (NH)	5	13	84	0.02%	0.05%	0.3%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)	186	372	912	0.84%	1.37%	3.23%
Hispanic or Latino	419	520	973	1.88%	1.92%	3.44%
Total	22,259	27,115	28,259	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

File:2023 Racial Demographics in Baker County by Census Tract.svg

2023 Racial Demographics in Baker County, Florida by Census tracts.Template:Collapsible list

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 28,259 people, 8,828 households, and 6,448 families residing in the county.

As of the census<ref name="GR8">Template:Cite web</ref> of 2000, there were 22,259 people, 7,043 households, and 5,599 families residing in the county. The population density was Template:Convert. There were 7,592 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the county was 84.04% White, 13.92% Black or African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. 1.88% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 34.5% were of American, 9.9% Irish, 8.6% English and 6.6% German ancestry according to Census 2000. Those claiming "American" ancestry are of predominantly English ancestry but most people in Baker County who are Anglo-European tend to identify simply as American.<ref>Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.</ref> 97.2% spoke English and 2.5% Spanish as their first language.

There were 7,043 households, out of which 41.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.70% were married couples living together, 13.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.50% were non-families. 17.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.50% under the age of 18, 9.90% from 18 to 24, 30.70% from 25 to 44, 22.70% from 45 to 64, and 9.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 119.79 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $40,035, and the median income for a family was $43,503. Males had a median income of $30,240 versus $21,279 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,164. About 11.40% of families and 14.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.20% of those under age 18 and 8.60% of those age 65 or over.

Education

The Baker County School District serves public school students in the county.

The main library serving Baker County is the Emily Taber Public Library. The building used to be the Old Baker County Courthouse, built in 1908. The library director is April Teel.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Government

Law enforcement

The Baker County Sheriff's Office is headquartered in Macclenny, Florida. Sheriff Scotty Rhoden was first elected in 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Politics

Voter registration

As of September 1, 2020, Baker County has a Republican majority, with a Democratic minority.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Name		Number of voters	%
Template:Party color cell	Democratic	4,446	27.2%
Template:Party color cell	Republican	9,910	60.7%
Template:Party color cell	Others	1,963	12.1%
Total		16,319

Statewide elections

Previous gubernatorial elections results
Year	Republican	Democratic	Third parties
2022	89.45% 9,594	10.18% 1,092	0.37% 41
2018	82.37% 8,687	16.69% 1,760	0.94% 99
2014	70.54% 5,956	24.87% 2,100	4.59% 388
2010	62.34% 4,940	34.46% 2,731	3.20% 253
2006	69.39% 4,335	27.82% 1,738	2.79% 174
2002	69.22% 4,515	30.06% 1,961	0.72% 47
1998	71.14% 3,268	28.86% 1,326
1994	68.52% 3,600	31.48% 1,654

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Industry

Baker County is home to a Walmart distribution center,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> several small manufacturing businesses, and Acreage Holdings, a cannabis cultivation facility. There are also several local,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> regional, state (the Baker Correctional Institution),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and federal<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> prisons in the western part of the county, bordering several more such facilities<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in Columbia County.

Communities

Notes

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References

External links

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Government links/Constitutional offices

Special districts

Judicial branch

Baker County Clerk of Courts
Office of the State Attorney, 8th Judicial Circuit of Florida Template:Webarchive serving Alachua, Baker, Bradford, Gilchrist, Levy and Union Counties
Circuit and County Court for the 8th Judicial Circuit of Florida

Community Web Pages

Federal

Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Museum and Library Resources

The Baker County Press, the local newspaper for Baker County, Florida fully and openly available in the Florida Digital Newspaper Library

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