Antoine Laurent de Jussieu

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Bust of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu by David d'Angers (1837)

Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (Template:IPA; 12 April 1748 – 17 September 1836) was a French botanist, notable as the first to publish a natural classification of flowering plants; much of his system remains in use today. His classification was based on an extended unpublished work by his uncle, the botanist Bernard de Jussieu. Template:TOC limit

Life

Jussieu was born in Lyon, France, in 1748, as one of 10 children, to Christophle de Jussieu, an amateur botanist.Template:Sfn His father's three younger brothers were also botanists. He went to Paris in 1765 to be with his uncle Bernard and to study medicine, graduating with a doctorate in 1770, with a thesis on animal and vegetable physiology.Template:Sfn His uncle introduced him to the Jardin du Roi, where he was appointed as a botany Demonstrator and deputy to L. G. Le Monnier, professor of botany there in 1770.Template:Sfn Le Monnier had succeeded Antoine-Laurent's uncle Antoine in 1759. Lectures by eminent botanists, including the Jusssieu dynasty were popular there, especially among pharmacists.Template:Sfn His lecture on the classification of Ranunculaceae in 1773Template:Sfn to the Académie des Sciences led to his election as a member that year.Template:Sfn In 1784 he was appointed to a Royal Commission by Louis XVI, as one of five commissionaires to investigate animal magnetism, publishing a dissenting opinion from the majority,Template:Sfn suggesting further investigation was required.Template:Sfn

The publication of Jussieu's Genera plantarum in 1789 was rapidly followed by the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789–1799). Jussieu adhered to the revolutionary principles and was appointed to a position in the municipal government of Paris, where he had the task of managing all the hospitals. With the overthrow of the monarchy, the Jardin du Roi was renamed the Jardin des plantes, and Jussieu was instrumental in reorganizing the Jardin as the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in 1790, where he became a professor of botany, holding the chair in Botanique à la campagne. He was also Director of the museum from 1794 to 1795, and again from 1798 to 1800.Template:Sfn Jussieu immediately set about setting up a herbarium, a task greatly facilitated by the seizure of foreign collections by the revolutionary armies, and by the confiscation of the assets of the church and aristocracy.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In 1808, Napoleon appointed him to the position of counsellor of the university.Template:Sfn

He remained at the museum until 1826, when he was succeeded by his son Adrien-Henri.Template:Sfn At the museum he published many papers in the museum's annals (Annales du Museum d’histoire naturelle 1802–1813)Template:Sfn and its succeeding Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle (1815–), as well as contributing articles to Frederic Cuvier's Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles (1816-1830).Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He was also a member of the Masonic Lodge, Les Neuf Sœurs.

Work

Medallion showing head of Jussieu

Medallion of Jussieu by David d'Angers 1836

Jussieu's system of plant classification, based on the relative value of their characteristics, served as the basis for natural systems of taxonomy. His system was first published in a paper on Ranunculaceae in 1773.Template:Sfn The following year he developed the concept further in a paper on the arrangement of plants in the Jardin de Roi, based on the work of his uncle Bernard at the Trianon garden in Versaille. The work dealt primarily with suprafamilial ranks of classification.Template:Sfn The following five years were devoted to applying his ideas to the entire plant kingdom, culminating in his epochal work, the Genera plantarum (1789).Template:Sfn In preparing this work he had access to a large number of herbaria and botanical gardens. Although at first British and German botanists, firm adherents of the Linnaean system, were wary of what they considered radical ideas emanating from the French revolution,Template:Sfn the work soon gained wide acceptance in scientific circles, and was actively promoted by eminent botanists including Robert Brown and A. P. de Candolle.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Title page of Jussieu's genera plantarum

Title page of Genera plantarum 1789

In the Genera plantarum (1789), Jussieu adopted a methodology based on the use of multiple characters to define groups, an idea derived from naturalist Michel Adanson. This was a significant improvement over the "artificial" system of Linnaeus, whose most popular work classified plants into classes and orders based on the number of stamens and pistils, though Jussieu did keep Linnaeus' binomial nomenclature. He extended his uncle's ideas about the value of the characteristics of plants. These characteristics were considered to be of unequal value, with some subordinate to others in a hierarchical system. As Jusssieu put it, plant characteristics should be pesés et non comptés (weighed, not counted), in assigning each to a definite group. The names he gave to his uncle's three major groupings were Acotyledon, Monocotyledon, and Dicotyledon. These were then divided into fifteen classes and one hundred families.Template:Sfn The most important features of the Genera plantarum are the division into groups and the description and circumscription of the 100 families (ordines naturales).Template:Sfn With the resumption of his scientific work at the museum, Jussieu's publications (some 60 memoirs)Template:Sfn largely dealt with further elaborating the principles of the Genera plantarum and more detailed circumscription and description of the families he had named, work that was very much influenced by Joseph Gärtner.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Although he worked on a second edition of Genera plantarum, all that was published was his Introductio,Template:Sfn posthumously in 1837.Template:Sfn

List of selected publications

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1770 : Template:Cite thesis
1773 : Template:Cite journal Template:Link note
1774 : Template:Cite journal
1784 : Template:Cite book
1789 : Template:Cite book Template:Link note
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1804: Template:Cite journal
1810: Template:Cite journal
1824: Template:Cite book, reprinted from F. Cuvier, ed., Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles,Template:Sfn 30: 426–468 (1824)
1837 : Template:Cite journal Template:Link note op. post.

Recurrent publications

Notice historique sur le Museum d’histoire naturelle, in Annales du Museum d’histoire naturelle, 1 (1802), 1–14; 2 (1803), 1–16; 3 (1804), 1–17; 4 (1804), 1–19; 6 (1805), 1-20; 11 (1808), 1-41

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Awards and memberships

Member of the French Académie des Sciences (1773), elected foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1788).

Legacy

Photograph of the Place Jussieu

Place Jussieu, Paris

Jussieu's "natural" system of classification soon replaced the artificial sexual one of Linnaeus.Template:Sfn The system of suprageneric nomenclature in botany is officially dated to 4 Aug 1789 with the publication of the Genera Plantarum (Gen. Pl.).Template:Sfn The Genera plantarum was far-reaching in its impact; many of the present-day plant families are still attributed to Jussieu. Morton's 1981 History of botanical science counts 76 of Jussieu's families conserved in the ICBN, versus just 11 for Linnaeus, for instance. Writing of the natural system, Sydney Howard Vines remarked: Template:Blockquote

Heral's statue of Jussieu

Jussieu by Héral in Jardin des Plantes

De Jussieu and his family have been commemorated by a number of images, including a bust and medallion by David d'Angers (Pierre-Jean David), upon his death. A statue of Jussieu, commissioned for 10,000 Fr by Jean-François Legendre-Héral in 1842, stands in the Galerie de Botanique of the Jardin des Plantes. Another, by Jean-Baptiste Gustave Deloye is on the balustrade of the Natural History Museum, Vienna (facing Maria-Theresien-Platz).Template:Sfn The Jussieu botanical dynasty is commemorated in the neighbourhood of the Jardin des Plantes by the Place Jussieu, (Quartier Saint-Victor, 5th arrondissement) Rue Jussieu, the Jussieu metro station and the Jussieu science campus of the University of Paris.Template:Efn The Jussieu family are also commemorated by street names in Marseille and Lyon, their family home. The Jussieu Peninsula in South Australia is also named after Antoine Laurent Jussieu, as is an asteroid.

Notes

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