Alfred Kinsey

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox scientist Alfred Charles Kinsey (Template:IPAc-en; June 23, 1894 – August 25, 1956) was an American sexologist, biologist, and professor of entomology and zoology who, in 1947, founded the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> now known as the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction. He is best known for writing Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), also known as the Kinsey Reports, as well as for the Kinsey scale. Kinsey's research on human sexuality, foundational to the field of sexology, provoked controversy in the 1940s and 1950s, and has continued to provoke controversy decades after his death.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His work has influenced social and cultural values in the United States as well as internationally.

Early life and education

Template:More citations needed Alfred Kinsey was born on June 23, 1894, in Hoboken, New Jersey, the son of Sarah Ann (Template:Née Charles) and Alfred Seguine Kinsey.<ref name=Timeline>Template:Cite web</ref> He was the eldest of three children. His mother received little formal education; his father was a professor at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Kinsey's parents were devout Christians. His father was known as one of the most devout members of the local Methodist church. Most of Kinsey's social interactions were with other members of the church, often as a silent observer, while his parents discussed religion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Kinsey's father imposed strict rules on the household, including mandating Sunday as a day of prayer and little else.

Kinsey's parents were poor for most of his childhood, often unable to afford proper medical care. This may have led to a young Kinsey receiving inadequate treatment for a variety of diseases including rickets, rheumatic fever, and typhoid fever. His health records indicate that Kinsey received suboptimal exposure to sunlight (often the cause of rickets, before milk and other foods were fortified with vitamin D) and lived in unsanitary conditions for at least part of his childhood. Rickets led to a curvature of the spine, which resulted in a slight stoop that prevented Kinsey from being drafted in 1917 for World War I.

At age 10, Kinsey moved with his family to South Orange, New Jersey.<ref name=Timeline/> Also at a young age, he showed great interest in nature and camping. He worked and camped with the local YMCA throughout his early years, and enjoyed these activities to such an extent that he intended to work for the YMCA after completing his education. Kinsey's senior undergraduate thesis for psychology, a dissertation on the group dynamics of young boys, echoed this interest. He joined the Boy Scouts when a troop was formed in his community. His parents strongly supported this (and joined as well) because the Boy Scouts was an organization that was based on the principles of Christianity. Kinsey worked his way up through the Scouting ranks to earn Eagle Scout in 1913, making him one of the earliest Eagle Scouts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite earlier disease having weakened his heart, Kinsey followed an intense sequence of difficult hikes and camping expeditions throughout his early life.

In high school, Kinsey was a quiet but hard-working student. While attending Columbia High School, he devoted his energy to academic work and playing the piano. At one time, Kinsey had hoped to become a concert pianist, but decided to concentrate on his scientific pursuits instead. Kinsey's ability to spend immense amounts of time deeply focused on study was a trait that would serve him well in college and during his professional career. He seems not to have formed strong social relationships during high school, but earned respect for his academic ability. While there, Kinsey became interested in biology, botany and zoology. Kinsey was later to claim that his high school biology teacher, Natalie Roeth, was the most important influence on his decision to become a scientist.

Kinsey approached his father with plans to study botany at college. His father demanded that he study engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology instead. At Stevens, he primarily took courses related to English and engineering, but was unable to satisfy his interest in biology. Kinsey was not successful there, and decided engineering was not a field at which he could excel. At the end of two years at Stevens, Kinsey gathered the courage to confront his father about his interest in biology and his intent to continue studying at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, where he majored in biology.<ref>Newton, David E. Sexual Health: A Reference Handbook page 133</ref>

Initial research on entomology

In the fall of 1914, Kinsey entered Bowdoin College, where he studied entomology under Manton Copeland, and was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, in whose house he lived for much of his time at college.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1916 Kinsey was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa society and graduated magna cum laude, with degrees in biology and psychology.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Alfred Seguine Kinsey did not attend his son's graduation ceremony at Bowdoin, possibly as another sign of disapproval of his son's choice of career and studies.

Kinsey continued his graduate studies at Harvard University's Bussey Institute, which had one of the most highly regarded biology programs in the United States. It was there that Kinsey studied applied biology under William Morton Wheeler, a scientist who made outstanding contributions to entomology. Under Wheeler, Kinsey worked almost completely autonomously, which suited both men quite well.Template:Cn

File:Atrusca brevipennata imported from iNaturalist photo 177598458 on 25 October 2023.jpg

Oak-apple galls induced by Atrusca brevipennata, one of the wasp species first described by Kinsey

Kinsey wrote his doctoral thesis on gall wasps, zealously collecting samples of the species. He traveled widely and took 26 detailed measurements of hundreds of thousands of gall wasps; his methodology was itself an important contribution to entomology as a science. In 1919, Kinsey was awarded a ScD degree by Harvard University, and he accepted an academic post in biology at Indiana University. In 1920 he published several papers under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, introducing the gall wasp to the scientific community and describing its phylogeny. Of the more than 18 million insects in the museum's collection, some 5 million are gall wasps collected by Kinsey.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Kinsey wrote a widely used high-school textbook, An Introduction to Biology, which was published in October 1926.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The book endorsed evolution and unified, at the introductory level, the previously separate fields of zoology and botany.

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Kinsey co-authored Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North America, published in 1943, with Merritt Lyndon Fernald. The original draft of the book was written in 1919–1920, while Kinsey was still a doctoral student at the Bussey Institute, and Fernald was working at the Arnold Arboretum.<ref>Del Tredici, Peter. "The Other Kinsey Report". Natural History, ISSN 0028-0712, July 1, 2006, vol. 115, issue 6.</ref>

Sexology

The Kinsey Reports

File:Front row (left to right)- Cornelia V. Christenson; Mrs. Leser; Clyde E. Martin. Arranged on steps (left to right)- Mrs. Brown; Paul H. Gebhard; William Dellenback; Alfred E. Kinsey; Wardell B. (5493916199).jpg

Kinsey (center) with staff of the Institute for Sexual Research, later renamed the Kinsey Institute

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Alfred Kinsey on the cover of Time in 1953

Kinsey is widely regarded as the first major figure in American sexology; his research helped pave the way for a deeper exploration into sexuality among sexologists and the general public, as well as liberating female sexuality.<ref name="Irvine">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Zastrow">Template:Cite book</ref> For example, Kinsey's work disputed the notions that women generally are not sexual and that female orgasms experienced vaginally are superior to clitoral orgasms.<ref name="Irvine"/><ref name="Zastrow"/> He initially became interested in different forms of sexual practices in 1933, after discussing the topic extensively with a colleague, Robert Kroc. Kinsey had been studying the variations in mating practices among gall wasps. During this time, he developed a scale measuring sexual orientation, now known as the Kinsey scale, which ranges from 0 to 6, where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 is exclusively homosexual; a rating of X for "no socio-sexual contacts or reactions" was later added.Template:Cn

In 1935, Kinsey delivered a lecture to a faculty discussion group at Indiana University, his first public discussion of the topic, wherein he attacked the "widespread ignorance of sexual structure and physiology" and promoted his view that "delayed marriage" (that is, delayed sexual experience) was psychologically harmful. Kinsey obtained research funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, which enabled him to further study human sexual behavior.<ref>, Jones, James H. Alfred C. Kinsey: A Life WW Norton New York, New York pages 441–445</ref> He published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male in 1948, followed in 1953 by Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, both of which reached the top of the bestseller lists and turned Kinsey into a celebrity. These publications later became known as the Kinsey Reports. Articles about him appeared in magazines such as Time, Life, Look, and McCall's. The Kinsey Reports, which led to a storm of controversy, are regarded by many as a precursor to the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s.

Controversies

Kinsey's research went beyond theory and interview to include observation of and participation in sexual activity, sometimes involving co-workers. Kinsey justified this sexual experimentation as being necessary to gain the confidence of his research subjects. He encouraged his staff to do likewise, and to engage in a wide range of sexual activity, to the extent that they felt comfortable; he argued that this would help his interviewers understand the participants' responses.<ref name="Vern1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Vern2">Template:Cite journal</ref> Kinsey filmed sexual acts which included co-workers in the attic of his home as part of his research;<ref name="pbs">Template:Cite web</ref> Biographer Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy explains that this was done to ensure the films' secrecy, which would have caused a scandal had it become public knowledge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> James H. Jones, author of Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life, and British psychiatrist Anthony Malcolm Daniels aka Theodore Dalrymple, among others, have speculated that Kinsey was driven by his own sexual needs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Some of the data published in the two Kinsey Reports books is controversial in the scientific and psychiatric communities, owing to Kinsey's decision to interview volunteers who may not have been representative of the general population.<ref name="Boothe">Template:Cite news</ref> University of Chicago sociology professor Edward Laumann also argued that Kinsey's work was focused on the biology of sex and lacked psychological and clinical information and analysis.<ref name="Boothe" />

Kinsey collected sexual material from around the world, which brought him to the attention of the U.S. Customs Service when they seized some pornographic films in 1956; he died before this matter was resolved legally.<ref name="pbs"/> Kinsey wrote about pre-adolescent orgasms using data in tables 30 to 34 of the male volume, which report observations of orgasms in over 300 children aged from two months up to fifteen years.<ref name="kinsey-tables">Template:Cite book</ref> This information was said to have come from adults' childhood memories, or from parent or teacher observation.<ref name="kinsey-inst">Template:Cite web</ref> Kinsey said he also interviewed nine men who had sexual experiences with children and who told him about the children's responses and reactions. Little attention was paid to this part of Kinsey's research at the time, but where Kinsey had gained this information began to be questioned nearly 40 years later.<ref name="BeyondBed">Template:Cite news</ref> It was later revealed that Kinsey used data from a single pedophile and presented it as being from various sources. Kinsey had seen the need for participant confidentiality and anonymity as necessary to gain "honest answers on such taboo subjects".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Pool">Template:Cite news</ref> Years later, the Kinsey Institute said that the data on children in tables 31–34 came from one man's journal (started in 1917) and that the events concerned predated the Kinsey Reports.<ref name="Pool"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

These allegations have been revived by a political fight inside the Indiana State Senate, but the opposition complained that "These are warmed over Internet memes that keep coming back."<ref name="Indiana Capital Chronicle 2023">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="AP NEWS 2023">Template:Cite web</ref> IndyStar remarked "They cited long-held but largely debunked allegations about the work of Alfred Kinsey...".<ref name="IndyStar 2023 w873">Template:Cite web</ref>

Jones wrote that Kinsey's sexual activity influenced his work, that he over-represented prisoners and prostitutes, classified some single people as "married",<ref name="Jones">Jones, James H. (1997). Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life. New York: Norton.</ref> and that he included a disproportionate number of homosexual men, which may have distorted his studies.<ref name="Vern1"/><ref name="Vern2"/> While he has been criticized for omitting African-Americans from his research,<ref name="Reumann0">Template:Cite journal</ref> his report on the human male includes numerous references to African-American participants.Template:Sfn Historian Vern Bullough writes that the data was later reinterpreted, excluding prisoners and data derived from an exclusively gay sample, and the results indicate that it does not appear to have skewed the data. Kinsey may have over-represented homosexuals, but Bullough considers that this may have been because homosexual behavior was stigmatized and needed to be better understood.<ref name="Vern1"/><ref name="Vern2"/> Paul Gebhard, who was Kinsey's colleague from 1946 to 1956 and who also succeeded Kinsey as Director of the Kinsey Institute following his death,<ref name=gebhardrelia>Template:Cite web</ref> attempted to justify Kinsey's work in the 1970s by removing some of the suspect data where Kinsey allegedly showed a bias towards homosexuality.<ref name=gebhardrelia /> After Gebhard recalculated the findings in Kinsey's work, he found only slight differences between the original and updated figures.<ref>Gathorne-Hardy, Jonathan (2005). Kinsey: A Biography, p 285. London: Pimlico</ref>

Bailey et al., in their 2016 review of the sexual orientation literature, stated that Kinsey's survey likely overestimated the frequencies of nonheterosexual attractions and expressions, because his statistics show a higher percentage of the American population as homosexual or bisexual than more modern studies do.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However Kinsey biographer Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy states that Kinsey's interview style was quite different from the methodologies of modern studies, something he attributes as a reason for difference of answers.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Kinsey focused on in-depth interviews with subjects carried out by himself or highly trained members of his team, and emphasized creating rapport with the interviewee and making them feel comfortable and secure.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Modern interviewers tend to be less thoroughly trained and emphasize scientific detachment, which may make respondents less likely to share sensitive personal details.<ref name=":0" />

Personal life

File:First Street 1320, Kinsey House, Vinegar Hill HD.jpg

Kinsey's home in Bloomington

Kinsey was raised as a Methodist, and for a time converted to a much less fundamentalist Congregationalism.<ref name="Jones 2004 p. 116">Template:Cite book</ref> During his studies at Harvard he apparently became agnostic or atheist, replacing religious fervor with fervor for science.<ref name="Jones 2004 p. 154">Template:Cite book</ref> He married Clara McMillen in 1921. Their marriage ceremony, like his college graduation, was avoided by Alfred Sr. The couple had four children. Their first son, Donald, born in 1922, died from the acute complications of juvenile diabetes in 1927, just before his fifth birthday. Their first daughter, Anne, was born in 1924, followed by Joan in 1925, and then by their second son Bruce in 1928.

Kinsey was bisexual,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and one biographer believes that as a young man he would punish himself for having homoerotic feelings.<ref name="Jones6">Template:Cite book</ref> He and his wife agreed that both could have sex with other people as well as with each other. Kinsey had sex with other men, including his student Clyde Martin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Kinsey was a friend of the occult filmmaker Kenneth Anger. In 1955, both visited the Abbey of Thelema in Cefalù, Sicily, where Aleister Crowley (in which both were interested) had established a commune.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Clara McMillen yearbook photo.jpg

Clara McMillen in the Indiana University yearbook, 1921

Kinsey designed his own house, which was built in the Vinegar Hill neighborhood of Bloomington, Indiana, at 1320 First Street. There he practiced his deep interest in gardening.<ref>Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory. City of Bloomington Interim Report. Bloomington: City of Bloomington, 2004-04, 90.</ref>

Kinsey died on August 25, 1956, at the age of 62. The cause of his death was reported to be a heart ailment and pneumonia.<ref name = "APobit">Template:Cite news</ref> The New York Times ran the following editorial on August 27, 1956:

Kinsey was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Bloomington, Indiana.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 25719-25720). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</ref>

Legacy

The popularity of Sexual Behavior in the Human Male prompted widespread media interest in 1948. Time magazine declared, "Not since Gone With the Wind had booksellers seen anything like it."<ref name="Time1">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The first pop culture references to Kinsey appeared not long after the book's publication; "Martha Raye [sold] a half-million copies of 'Ooh, Dr. Kinsey!Template:'"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cole Porter's song "Too Darn Hot", from the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical Kiss Me, Kate, devoted its bridge to "the Kinsey report / Every average man you know / Much prefers to play his favorite sport".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1949 Mae West, reminiscing on the days when the word "sex" was rarely uttered, said of Kinsey, "That guy merely makes it easy for me. Now I don't have to draw 'em any blueprints ... We are both in the same business ... Except I saw it first."<ref name="Time2">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

The publication of Sexual Behavior in the Human Female prompted even more intensive news coverage. Kinsey appeared on the cover of the August 24, 1953, issue of Time.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The national news magazine featured two articles on the scientist, one focusing on his research, career and new book,<ref name="Time3">Template:Cite magazine</ref> the other on his background, personality, and lifestyle.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In the magazine's cover portrait, "Flowers, birds, and a bee surround Kinsey; the mirror-of-Venus female symbol decorates his bow tie."<ref>Reinisch, June M. (1990). The Kinsey Institute New Report on Sex. New York: St. Martin's. Template:ISBN. p. xvii.</ref> The lead article concluded: Template:"'Kinsey ... has done for sex what Columbus did for geography,' declared a pair of enthusiasts ... forgetting that Columbus did not know where he was when he got there. ... Kinsey's work contains much that is valuable, but it must not be mistaken for the last word."<ref name="Time3"/> A character called "Dr. Kinsey" appeared on the September 15, 1953, television episode of The Jack Benny Program as a bow-tied man interviewing a young woman on board a cruise ship that has left Hawaii. When "Dr. Kinsey" identifies himself to Jack Benny, Benny steps away in embarrassment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The "Dr. Kinsey" character was also written into another sketch in the same episode, commenting on a fantasy Benny is having about Marilyn Monroe (a guest on the episode).<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>

The early 2000s saw a renewed interest in Kinsey. In 2003 Theatre of NOTE produced the Steve Morgan Haskell play titled Fucking Wasps which followed Kinsey's life from childhood until death. Matt Sesow's paintings adorned the theater along with David Bickford playing piano live. Written and directed by Steve Morgan Haskell, Fucking Wasps received many accolades, including a Playwriting of the Year nomination from Backstage West. Premiering in 2003, the musical Dr. Sex focuses on the relationship between Kinsey, his wife, and their shared lover Wally Matthews (based on Clyde Martin). The play had a score by Larry Bortniker, a book by Bortniker and Sally Deering, and won seven Jeff Awards. It was produced off-Broadway in 2005. The 2004 biographical film Kinsey, written and directed by Bill Condon, stars Liam Neeson as the scientist and Laura Linney as his wife. In 2004 T. Coraghessan Boyle's novel about Kinsey, The Inner Circle, was published. The following year, PBS produced the documentary Kinsey in cooperation with the Kinsey Institute, which allowed access to many of its files. Mr. Sex, a BBC radio play by Steve Coombes concerning Kinsey and his work, won the 2005 Imison Award.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2012, Kinsey was inducted into the Legacy Walk in Chicago, an outdoor public display which celebrates LGBT history and people.<ref>2012 Inductees. Legacyprojectchicago.org (June 2, 2013). Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</ref>

In June 2019, Kinsey was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn.<ref name=":23">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="SDGLN">Template:Cite web</ref> The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Significant publications

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• The Kinsey Reports:
  • Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948, reprinted 1998)
  • Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953, reprinted 1998)

Bibliography

• Christenson, Cornelia (1971). Kinsey: A Biography. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Drucker, Donna J. (2014). The Classification of Sex: Alfred Kinsey and the Organization of Knowledge. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Template:ISBN
• Gathorne-Hardy, Jonathan (1998). Alfred C. Kinsey: Sex the Measure of All Things. London: Chatto & Windus. Template:ISBN
• Hegarty, Peter (2013). Gentlemen's Disagreement: Alfred Kinsey, Lewis Terman, and the Sexual Politics of Smart Men. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013. Template:ISBN
• Jones, James H. (1997). Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life. New York: Norton. Template:ISBN
• Pomeroy, Wardell (1972). Dr. Kinsey and the Institute for Sex Research. New York: Harper & Row.

External links

• Kinsey Institute website
• American Experience – Kinsey
• Obituary
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• "Alfred Kinsey". Fyne Times. 2006.
• FBI file on Alfred Kinsey