Alexanderplatz
Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox street
Template:Lang (Template:IPA, Alexander Square) is a large public square and transport hub in the central Mitte district of Berlin. The square is named after the Russian Tsar Alexander I, which also denotes the larger neighbourhood stretching from Template:Lang in the north-east to Template:Lang and the Template:Lang in the south-west.
Template:Lang is reputedly the most visited area of Berlin, beating Friedrichstrasse and City West. It is a popular starting point for tourists, with many attractions including the Template:Lang (TV tower), the Nikolai Quarter and the Template:Lang ('Red City Hall') situated nearby. Template:Lang is still one of Berlin's major commercial areas, housing various shopping malls, department stores and other large retail locations.
History
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Early history to the 18th century
[edit]A hospital stood at the location of present-day Template:Lang since the 13th century. Named Template:Lang (St. George), the hospital gave its name to the nearby Template:Lang (George Gate) of the Berlin city wall. Outside the city walls, this area was largely undeveloped until around 1400, when the first settlers began building thatched cottages. As a gallows was located close by, the area earned the nickname the Template:Lang ('Devil's Pleasure Garden').<ref name=":1">Aus der Geschichte des Alexanderplatzes, BZA, Teil 1: Foltergebühr: 10 Schillinge.</ref>
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The George Gate became the most important of Berlin's city gates during the 16th century, being the main entry point for goods arriving along the roads to the north and north-east of the city, for example from Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang, and the big Hanseatic cities on the Baltic Sea.
After the Thirty Years' War, the city wall was strengthened. From 1658 to 1683, a citywide fortress was constructed to plans by the Linz master builder, Template:Lang. The new fortress contained 13 bastions connected by ramparts and was preceded by a moat measuring up to Template:Convert wide. Within the new fortress, many of the historic city wall gates were closed. For example, the southeastern Template:Lang Gate was closed but the Georgian Gate remained open, making the Georgian Gate an even more important entrance to the city.
In 1681, the trade of cattle and pig fattening was banned within the city. Frederick William, the Great Elector, granted cheaper plots of land, waiving the basic interest rate, in the area in front of the Georgian Gate. Settlements grew rapidly and a weekly cattle market was established on the square in front of the Gate.
The area developed into a suburb – the Template:Lang – which continued to flourish into the late 17th century. Unlike the southwestern suburbs (Template:Lang, Template:Lang) which were strictly and geometrically planned, the suburbs in the northeast (Template:Lang, Template:Lang and the Template:Lang) proliferated without plan. Despite a building ban imposed in 1691, more than 600 houses existed in the area by 1700.
At that time, the George Gate was a rectangular gatehouse with a tower. Next to the tower stood a remaining tower from the original medieval city walls. The upper floors of the gatehouse served as the city jail.<ref>Serie Aus der Geschichte des Alexanderplatzes, T. 2: Rüger auf der Lauer.</ref> A drawbridge spanned the moat and the gate was locked at nightfall by the garrison using heavy oak planks.
A highway ran through the cattle market to the northeast towards Template:Lang. To the right stood the George chapel, an orphanage and a hospital that was donated by the Elector Sophie Dorothea in 1672. Next to the chapel stood a dilapidated medieval plague house which was demolished in 1716. Behind it was a rifleman's field and an inn, later named the Template:Lang.
By the end of the 17th century, 600 to 700 families lived in this area. They included butchers, cattle herders, shepherds and dairy farmers. The George chapel was upgraded to the George church and received its own preacher.
Template:Lang (1701–1805)
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After his coronation in Template:Lang on 6 May 1701 the Prussian King Frederick I entered Berlin through the George Gate. This led to the gate being renamed the King's Gate, and the surrounding area became known in official documents as Template:Lang (King's Gate Square). The Template:Lang suburb was renamed Template:Lang (or 'royal suburbs' short).
In 1734, the Berlin Customs Wall, which initially consisted of a ring of palisade fences, was reinforced and grew to encompass the old city and its suburbs, including Template:Lang. This resulted in the King's Gate losing importance as an entry point for goods into the city. The gate was finally demolished in 1746.
By the end of the 18th century, the basic structure of the royal suburbs of the Template:Lang had been developed. It consisted of irregular-shaped blocks of buildings running along the historic highways which once carried goods in various directions out of the gate. At this time, the area contained large factories (silk and wool), such as the Template:Lang (one of Berlin's first cloth factories, located in a former barn) and a workhouse established in 1758 for beggars and homeless people, where the inmates worked a man-powered treadmill to turn a mill.<ref name=":0">Serie Aus der Geschichte des Alexanderplatzes, T. 3: Tretmühle im Arbeitshaus.</ref>
Soon, military facilities came to dominate the area, such as the 1799–1800 military parade grounds designed by David Gilly. At this time, the residents of the Template:Lang were mostly craftsmen, petty-bourgeois, retired soldiers and manufacturing workers.<ref name=":0" /> The southern part of the later Template:Lang was separated from traffic by trees and served as a parade ground, whereas the northern half remained a market. Beginning in the mid-18th century, the most important wool market in Germany was held in Template:Lang.
Between 1752 and 1755, the writer Template:Lang lived in a house on Alexanderplatz. In 1771, a new stone bridge (the Template:Lang) was built over the moat and in 1777 a colonnade-lined row of shops (Template:Lang) was constructed by architect Template:Lang. Between 1783 and 1784, seven three-storey buildings were erected around the square by Template:Lang, including the famous Template:Lang, where Template:Lang lived as a permanent tenant and Template:Lang stayed in the days before his suicide.
Template:Lang (1805–1900)
[edit]On 25 October 1805 the Russian Tsar Alexander I was welcomed to the city on the parade grounds in front of the old King's Gate. To mark this occasion, on 2 November, King Frederick William III ordered the square to be renamed Template:Lang:<ref name=":2">Aus der Geschichte des Alexanderplatzes, T. 4: Taufe</ref> Template:BlockquoteIn the southeast of the square, the cloth factory buildings were converted into the Template:Lang Theater by Template:Lang at a cost of 120,000 Taler. The foundation stone was laid on 31 August 1823 and the opening ceremony occurred on 4 August 1824. Sales were poor, forcing the theatre to close on 3 June 1851. Thereafter, the building was used for wool storage, then as a tenement building, and finally as an inn called Template:Lang until the building's demolition in 1932.
During these years, Template:Lang was populated by fish wives, water carriers, sand sellers, rag-and-bone men, knife sharpeners and day laborers.<ref name=":2" />
Because of its importance as a transport hub, horse-drawn buses ran every 15 minutes between Template:Lang and Template:Lang in 1847.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During the March Revolution of 1848, large-scale street fighting occurred on the streets of Template:Lang, where revolutionaries used barricades to block the route from Template:Lang to the city.
Novelist and poet Template:Lang, who worked in the vicinity in a nearby pharmacy, participated in the construction of barricades and later described how he used materials from the Template:Lang Theater to barricade Template:Lang.<ref>Theodor Fontane: Von Zwanzig bis Dreißig. Abschnitt Der achtzehnte März. Erstes Kapitel.</ref>
The Template:Lang continued to grow throughout the 19th century, with three-storey developments already existing at the beginning of the century and fourth storeys being constructed from the middle of the century. By the end of the century, most of the buildings were already five storeys high. The large factories and military facilities gave way to housing developments (mainly rental housing for the factory workers who had just moved into the city) and trading houses.
At the beginning of the 1870s, the Berlin administration had the former moat filled to build the Berlin city railway, which was opened in 1882 along with Template:Lang ('Template:Lang Railway Station').
In 1883–1884, the Grand Hotel, a neo-Renaissance building with 185 rooms and shops beneath was constructed. From 1886 to 1890, Template:Lang built the police headquarters, a huge brick building whose tower on the northern corner dominated the building. In 1890, a district court at Template:Lang was also established.
In 1886, the local authorities built a central market hall west of the rail tracks, which replaced the weekly market on the Template:Lang in 1896. During the end of the 19th century, the emerging private traffic and the first horse bus lines dominated the northern part of the square, the southern part (the former parade ground) remained quiet, having green space elements added by garden director Template:Lang in 1889. The northwest of the square contained a second, smaller green space where, in 1895, the Template:Convert copper Berolina statue by sculptor Template:Lang was erected.
Between Empire and the Nazi era (1900–1940)
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At the beginning of the 20th century, Template:Lang experienced its heyday. In 1901, Template:Lang founded the first German cabaret, the Template:Lang, in the former Template:Lang ('Secession stage') at Template:Lang, initially under the name Template:Lang. It was announced as "Template:Lang as upscale entertainment with artistic ambitions. Emperor-loyal and market-oriented stands the uncritical amusement in the foreground."
The merchants Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang opened large department stores on Template:Lang: Template:Lang (1904–1911), Template:Lang (1910–1911) and Template:Lang (1911). Template:Lang marketed itself as a department store for the Berlin people, whereas Template:Lang modelled itself as a department store for the world.
In October 1905, the first section of the Template:Lang department store opened to the public. It was designed by architects [[Cremer and Wolffenstein|Template:Lang and Template:Lang]], who had already won second prize in the competition for the construction of the Template:Lang building. The Template:Lang department store underwent further construction phases and, in 1911, had a commercial space of Template:Convert and the longest department store façade in the world at Template:Convert in length.<ref name="1942- 2006">Template:Cite book</ref>
For the construction of the Template:Lang department store, by architects Template:Ill and Template:Lang, the Template:Lang were removed in 1910 and now stand in the Template:Lang Park in Template:Lang.
In October 1908, the Template:Lang ('the teacher's house') was opened next to the Template:Lang at Template:Lang. It was designed by Template:Lang and Henry Gross. The building belonged to the Template:Lang ('teachers’ association'), who rented space on the ground floor of the building out to a pastry shop and restaurant to raise funds for the association. The building housed the teachers' library which survived two world wars, and today is integrated into the library for educational historical research.<ref name="1942- 2006"/> The rear of the property contained the association's administrative building, a hotel for members and an exhibition hall. Notable events that took place in the hall include the funeral services for Template:Lang and Template:Lang on 2 February 1919 and, on 4 December 1920, the Template:Lang (Unification Party Congress) of the Communist Party and the USPD.
The First Ordinary Congress of the Communist Workers' Party of Germany was held in the nearby Template:Lang restaurant, 1–4 August 1920.
Template:Lang's position as a main transport and traffic hub continued to fuel its development. In addition to the three Template:Lang underground lines, long-distance trains and Template:Lang trains ran along the Template:Lang's viaduct arches. Omnibuses, horse-drawn from 1877 and, after 1898, also electric-powered trams,<ref>Hans-Joachim Pohl: Chronik des Straßenbahnverkehrs auf dem Alexanderplatz. In: Verkehrsgeschichtliche Blätter. Heft 1, 1999, S. 17–18
</ref> ran out of Template:Lang in all directions in a star shape. The subway station was designed by Alfred Grenander and followed the colour-coded order of subway stations, which began with green at Template:Lang and ran through to dark red.
In the Golden Twenties, Template:Lang was the epitome of the lively, pulsating cosmopolitan city of Berlin, rivalled in the city only by Template:Lang. Many of the buildings and rail bridges surrounding the platz bore large billboards that illuminated the night. The Berlin cigarette company Manoli had a famous billboard at the time which contained a ring of neon tubes that constantly circled a black ball. The proverbial "Template:Lang" of those years was characterized as "Template:Lang". Writer Template:Lang wrote a poem referencing the advert, and the composer Rudolf Nelson made the legendary Template:Lang with the dancer Lucie Berber. The writer Template:Lang named his novel, Template:Lang, after the square, and Template:Lang filmed parts of his 1927 film Template:Lang (Berlin: The Symphony of the Big City) at Template:Lang.
Destruction of Template:Lang (1940–1945)
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One of Berlin's largest air-raid shelters during the Second World War was situated under Template:Lang. It was built between 1941 and 1943 for the Template:Lang by Template:Lang.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref>
The war reached Template:Lang in early April 1945. The Berolina statue had already been removed in 1944 and probably melted down for use in arms production. During the Battle of Berlin, Red Army artillery bombarded the area around Template:Lang. The battles of the last days of the war destroyed considerable parts of the historic Template:Lang, as well as many of the buildings around Template:Lang.
The Template:Lang had entrenched itself within the tunnels of the underground system. Hours before fighting ended in Berlin on 2 May 1945, troops of the SS detonated explosives inside the north–south Template:Lang tunnel under the [[Landwehr Canal|Template:Lang Canal]] to slow the advance of the Red Army towards Berlin's city centre. The entire tunnel flooded, as well as large sections of the Template:Lang network via connecting passages at the Template:Lang underground station. Many of those seeking shelter in the tunnels were killed.<ref name=":3" /> Of the then Template:Convert of subway tunnel, around Template:Convert were flooded with more than one million cubic meters (Template:Convert) of water.
Demolition and reconstruction (1945–1964)
[edit]Before a planned reconstruction of the entire Template:Lang could take place, all the war ruins needed to be demolished and cleared away. A popular black market emerged within the ruined area, which the police raided several times a day.
One structure demolished after World War II was the 'Rote Burg', a red brick building with round arches, previously used as police and Gestapo headquarters. The huge construction project began in 1886 and was completed in 1890; it was one of Berlin's largest buildings. The 'castle' suffered extensive damage during 1944-45 and was demolished in 1957. The site on the southwest corner of Alexanderplatz remained largely unused as a carpark until the Alexa shopping centre opened in 2007.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Reconstruction planning for post-war Berlin gave priority to the dedicated space to accommodate the rapidly growing motor traffic in inner-city thoroughfares. This idea of a traffic-oriented city was already based on considerations and plans by Template:Lang and Template:Lang from the 1930s.<ref name=":3" />
East Germany
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Template:Lang has been subject to redevelopment several times in its history, most recently during the 1960s, when it was turned into a pedestrian zone and enlarged as part of the German Democratic Republic's redevelopment of the city centre. It is surrounded by several notable structures including the Template:Lang ('TV Tower').
During the Peaceful Revolution of 1989, the [[Alexanderplatz demonstration|Template:Lang demonstration]] on 4 November 1989 was the largest demonstration in the history of the German Democratic Republic. Protests starting 15 October and peaked on 4 November with an estimated 200,000 participants who called on the government of the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany to step down and demanded a free press, the opening of the borders and their right to travel. Speakers were Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang. The protests continued and culminated in the unexpected Fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
After German reunification (1989)
[edit]Ever since German reunification, Template:Lang has undergone a gradual process of change with many of the surrounding buildings being renovated. After the political turnaround in the wake of the fall of the Berlin Wall, socialist urban planning and architecture of the 1970s no longer corresponded to the current ideas of an inner-city square. Investors demanded planning security for their construction projects. After initial discussions with the public, the goal quickly arose to reinstate Template:Lang's tram network for better connections to surrounding city quarters. In 1993, an urban planning ideas competition for architects took place to redesign the square and its surrounding area.Template:Citation needed
In the first phase, there were 16 submissions, five of which were selected for the second phase of the competition. These five architects had to adapt their plans to detailed requirements. For example, the return of the Alex's trams was planned, with the implementation to be made in several stages.
The winner, who was determined on 17 September 1993, was the Berlin architect Template:Lang. Template:Lang's plan was based on Behrens’ design, provided a horseshoe-shaped area of seven- to eight-storey buildings and Template:Convert high towers with 42 floors. The Template:Lang and the Template:Lang – both listed buildings – would form the southwestern boundary. Second place went to the design by Template:Lang and Template:Lang. The proposal of the architecture firm Kny & Weber, which was strongly based on the horseshoe shape of Wagner, finally won the third place. The design by Template:Lang was chosen on 7 June 1994 by the Berlin Senate as a basis for the further transformation of Template:Lang.
In 1993, architect Template:Lang's master plan for a major redevelopment including the construction of several skyscrapers was published.<ref name="bloomberg1">Dalia Fahmy (27 May 2014), "25 Years After Communism, Eyesores Spur Landmark Debate" The Wall Street Journal.</ref>
In 1995, Template:Lang completed the renovation of the Template:Lang. In 1998, the first tram returned to Template:Lang, and in 1999, the town planning contracts for the implementation of Template:Lang and Template:Lang's plans were signed by the landowners and the investors.Template:Citation needed
21st century
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On 2 April 2000, the Senate finally fixed the development plan for Template:Lang. The purchase contracts between investors and the Senate Department for Urban Development were signed on 23 May 2002, thus laying the foundations for the development.Template:Citation needed
The CUBIX multiplex cinema (CineStar Cubix am Alexanderplatz,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> styled CUBIX<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>), which opened in November 2000, joined the team of Berlin International Film Festival cinemas in 2007, and the festival shows films on three of its screens.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Renovation of the Template:Lang department store began in 2004, led by Berlin professor of architecture, Template:Lang and his son Template:Lang. The building was enlarged by about Template:Convert and has since operated under the name Template:Lang.
Beginning with the reconstruction of the Template:Lang department store in 2004, and the biggest underground railway station of Berlin, some buildings were redesigned and new structures built on the square's south-eastern side. Sidewalks were expanded to shrink one of the avenues, a new underground garage was built, and commuter tunnels meant to keep pedestrians off the streets were removed.<ref name="bloomberg1"/> Between 2005 and 2006, Template:Lang was renovated and later became a branch of the clothing chain, C&A.Template:Citation needed
In 2005, the Template:Lang began work to extend the tram line from Template:Lang to Template:Lang (Alex II). This route was originally to be opened in 2000 but was postponed several times. After further delays caused by the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the route opened on 30 May 2007.Template:Citation needed
In February 2006, the redesign of the walk-in plaza began. The redevelopment plans were provided by the architecture firm Gerkan, Marg and Partners and the Hamburg-based company Template:Lang. The final plans emerged from a design competition launched by the state of Berlin in 2004. However, the paving work was temporarily interrupted a few months after the start of construction by the 2006 FIFA World Cup and all excavation pits had to be provisionally asphalted over. The construction work could only be completed at the end of 2007.
The renovation of Template:Lang, the largest Berlin underground station, had been ongoing since the mid-1990s and was finally completed in October 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Template:Lang was given a pavement of yellow granite, bordered by grey mosaic paving around the buildings. Wall AG modernized the 1920s-era underground toilets at a cost of 750,000 euros. The total redesign cost amounted to around 8.7 million euros.Template:WhenTemplate:Citation needed
On 12 September 2007 the Alexa shopping centre opened. It is located in the immediate vicinity of the Template:Lang, on the site of the old Berlin police headquarters. With a Template:Convert sales area, it is one of the largest shopping centres in Berlin.
In May 2007, the Texas property development company Hines began building a six-story commercial building named Template:Lang.<ref name="dw.com 2007 c943">Template:Cite web</ref> The building was built on a plot of Template:Convert, which, according to the Template:Lang plans, closes the square to the east and thus reduces the area of the Platz. The building was opened on 25 March 2009.Template:Citation needed
At the beginning of 2007, the construction company Template:Lang created an underground garage with three levels below the Template:Lang, located between the hotel tower and the Template:Lang building, which cost 25 million euros to build and provides space for around 700 cars.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The opening took place on 26 November 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the same time, the Senate narrowed Template:Lang from almost Template:Cvt wide to Template:Cvt wide (Template:Convert), thus reducing it to three lanes in each direction.Template:Citation needed
Behind the Template:Lang station, next to the CUBIX cinema in the immediate vicinity of the TV tower, the Template:Convert high residential and commercial building, Alea 101, was built between 2012 and 2014.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:As of it was assessed that due to a lack of demand the skyscrapers planned in 1993 were unlikely to be constructed.<ref name="bloomberg1"/>
In January 2014, a 39-story residential tower designed by Frank Gehry was announced, but this project was put on hold in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Template:Lang area is the largest area for crime in Berlin. As of October 2017, Template:Lang was classified a Template:Lang ("crime-contaminated location") by the Template:Lang (General Safety and Planning Laws).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Today and future plans
[edit]Despite the reconstruction of the tram line crossing, it has retained its socialist character, including the much-graffitied Template:Ill, a popular venue.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Lang is reputedly the most visited area of Berlin, beating Friedrichstrasse and City West.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is a popular starting point for tourists, with many attractions including the Template:Lang (TV tower), the Nikolai Quarter and the Template:Lang ('Red City Hall') situated nearby. Template:Lang is still one of Berlin's major commercial areas, housing various shopping malls, department stores and other large retail locations.
Many historic buildings are located in the vicinity of Template:Lang. The traditional seat of city government, the Template:Lang, or 'Red City Hall', is located nearby, as was the former East German parliament building, the Template:Lang. The Template:Lang was demolished from 2006–2008 to make room for a full reconstruction of the Baroque Berlin Palace, or Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Lang is also the name of the S-Bahn and U-Bahn stations there. It is one of Berlin's largest and most important transportation hubs, being a meeting place of three subway (Template:Lang) lines, three Template:Lang lines, and many tram and bus lines, as well as regional trains.
It also accommodates the Park Inn Berlin and the World Time Clock, a continually rotating installation that shows the time throughout the globe, the House of Travel, and Template:Lang's Template:Lang (House of Teachers)'.
Long-term plans exist for the demolition of the Template:Convert high former Template:Lang (now the Hotel Park-Inn), with the site to be replaced by three skyscrapers. If and when this plan will be implemented is unclear, especially since the hotel tower received a new façade as recently as in 2005, and the occupancy rates of the hotel are very good. However, the plans could give way in the next few years to a suggested Template:Convert high new block conversion. The previous main tenant of the development, Saturn, moved into the Template:Lang building in March 2009. In 2014, Primark opened a branch inside the hotel building.
The majority of the planned Template:Convert high skyscrapers will probably never be built. The state of Berlin has announced that it will not enforce the corresponding urban development contracts against the market. Of the 13 planned skyscrapers, 10 remained as of 2008, after modifications to the plans – eight of which had construction rights.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Some investors in the Alexa shopping centre announced several times since 2007 that they would sell their respective shares in the plot to an investor interested in building a high-rise building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The first concrete plans for the construction of a high-rise were made by Hines, the investor behind die mitte. In 2009, the construction of a Template:Convert high tower to be built behind die mitte was announced. On 12 September 2011, a slightly modified development plan was presented, which provided for a residential tower housing 400 apartments. In early 2013, the development plan was opened to the public.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In autumn 2015, the Berlin Senate organized two forums in which interested citizens could express their opinions on the proposed changes to the Template:Lang. Architects, city planners and Senate officials held open discussions. On that occasion, however, it was reiterated that the plans for high-rise developments were not up for debate. According to the master plan of the architect Template:Lang, up to eleven huge buildings will continue to be built, which will house a mixture of shops and apartments.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Roads and public transport
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During the post-war reconstruction of the 1960s, Template:Lang was completely pedestrianized. Since then, trams were reintroduced to the area in 1998.
[[Berlin Alexanderplatz station|Template:Lang station]] provides Template:Lang connections, access to the U2, U5 and U8 subway lines, regional train lines for DB Regio and ODEG services and, on weekends, the Template:Lang (HBX). Several tram and bus lines also service the area.
The following main roads connect to Template:Lang:
- Northwest: Template:Lang (federal highways B 2 and B 5)
- Northeast: Template:Lang (B 2 and B 5)
- Southeast: Template:Lang (B 1)
- Southwest (in front of the Template:Lang station, in the pedestrian zone): Template:Lang
Several arterial roads lead radially from Template:Lang to the outskirts of Berlin. These include (clockwise from north to south-east):
- Template:Lang / Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang (to Bundesstraße 96a)
- Template:Lang – intersection Template:Lang – Template:Lang (main road 109 to the Template:Lang triangle at the Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang / Template:Lang – Template:Lang (B 2) – (intersection Template:Lang) – Template:Lang (B 2 via Template:Lang to the Template:Lang junction at Template:Lang)
Template:Lang (B 1 and B 5) – Template:Lang – Template:Lang / Template:Lang – Template:Lang (B 1 and B 5 to Template:Lang junction at Template:Lang)
Structures
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World Clock
[edit]Template:Main The World Clock (‹See Tfd›German: Weltzeituhr), is a large turret-style world clock located. By reading the markings on its metal rotunda, the current time for 148 major cities from around the world can be determined. Since its erection by the German Democratic Republic in 1969, it has been a tourist attraction and meeting place.
Berolina
[edit]Template:Main Berolina is the female personificationTemplate:Refn of Berlin and the allegorical female figure symbolizing the city. One of the best-known portraits of Berolina is the statue that once stood in Alexanderplatz.
Fountain of Friendship
[edit]The Fountain of Friendship (Template:Lang) was erected in 1970 during the redesign of Template:Lang and inaugurated on October 7. It was created by Template:Lang and his group of artists. Its water basin has a diameter of 23 meters, it is 6.20 meters high and is built from embossed copper, glass, ceramics and enamel. The water spurts from the highest point and then flows down in spirals over 17 shells, which each have a diameter between one and four meters. After German reunification, it was completely renovated in a metal art workshop during the reconstruction of the Template:Lang.
Other
[edit]Apart from Template:Lang, Template:Lang is the only existing square in front of one of the medieval gates of Berlin's city well.
Image gallery
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Trams at Template:Lang
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The World Clock with the Template:Lang in the background
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Template:Lang and the Template:Lang
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Night view of the World Clock
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Park Inn with a reflection from the Template:Lang
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Template:Lang shopping mall
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Modern tram
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Weszkalnys, Gisa (2010). Berlin, Alexanderplatz: Transforming Place in a Unified Germany. Berghahn Books.
- Alexanderplatz: Plenty of Space for Free Speech. In: Sites of Unity (Haus der Geschichte), 2022.
External links
[edit]Template:Berlin-Mitte Template:Visitor attractions in Berlin Template:Authority control
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