Alexander County, Illinois

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox U.S. county

Alexander County is the southernmost county in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,240.<ref name="2020 Census" /> Its county seat is Cairo<ref name="GR6">Template:Cite web</ref> and its western boundary is formed by the Mississippi River.

Alexander County is part of the Cape Girardeau-Jackson metropolitan area which is made up of jurisdictions on both sides of the Mississippi River.

History

Alexander County was organized from part of Union County in 1819. It was named for William M. Alexander, a physician who practiced in the town of America (the first county seat).<ref>Perrin 1883, p. 455.</ref> Alexander was elected as a representative to the state House, where he became Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1822.

The county was initially developed for agriculture and settled by numerous migrants from the Upland South. The county seat was moved to Unity in 1833, then to Thebes in 1843, and finally to Cairo in 1860. America, the first county seat, is now within Pulaski County, which was formed from Alexander and Johnson counties in 1843.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Alexander County between 1819 and 1843.

Alexander County between 1819 and 1843.
Alexander County reduced to its current borders in 1843 with the creation of Pulaski County.

Alexander County reduced to its current borders in 1843 with the creation of Pulaski County.

Settled largely by white migrants from the Upland South (who migrated from backwoods areas of Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, and the Carolinas), southern Illinois had many racial attitudes of the South. As African Americans settled in Cairo to seek jobs on steamboats, ferries, in shipping and railroads, there were tensions between the racial groups. White residents sometimes used violence and terrorism, as well as discrimination, to keep black residents in second-class positions. They excluded them from the city government and the police and fire departments, and relatively few African Americans were hired to work in the local stores.

There were three lynchings of blacks in Alexander County in the years between Reconstruction and the early 20th century. The county had the second-highest number of lynchings of African Americans in all of Illinois.<ref name="eji">Lynching in America/"Supplement: Lynchings by County" Template:Webarchive, 3rd edition, 2017; Montgomery, Alabama: Equal Justice Institute, 2015/2017, p. 4</ref> The most notorious of these was the lynching of Will James before a crowd of white spectators estimated at 10,000, in the county seat of Cairo on November 11, 1909. James was accused of murdering a young white woman. Later that same evening, the mob lynched a white man named Henry Salzner, hanging him in the courthouse square for allegedly killing his wife. Neither man had had a trial, nor was anyone ever prosecuted for the lynchings, even though Illinois had passed an anti-lynching law four years earlier.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert is land and Template:Convert (6.8%) is water.<ref name="census-density" /> Its borders are partly defined by the Mississippi River and the Ohio River. The lowest point in the state of Illinois is located on the Mississippi River in Cairo in Alexander County, where it flows out of Illinois and into Kentucky.

Adjacent counties

Union County - north
Ballard County, Kentucky - southeast
Pulaski County - east
Mississippi County, Missouri - south
Scott County, Missouri - west
Cape Girardeau County, Missouri - northwest

National protected areas

Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge (part)
Shawnee National Forest (part)

Major highways

Climate and weather

Template:Climate chart In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Cairo have ranged from a low of Template:Convert in January to a high of Template:Convert in July, although a record low of Template:Convert was recorded in January 1985 and a record high of Template:Convert was recorded in June 1954. Average monthly precipitation ranged from Template:Convert in September to Template:Convert in May.<ref name="weather" />

Law enforcement

The Tamms Correctional Center, a now shuttered super-maximum correctional facility operated by the Illinois Department of Corrections, was located in Tamms,<ref>"Tamms village, Illinois Template:Webarchive." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on August 15, 2010.</ref><ref>"Tamms Correctional Center." Illinois Department of Corrections. Retrieved on September 1, 2010.</ref> as was the State of Illinois execution chamber.<ref>"Tamms Closed Maximum Security Unit: Ten-Point Plan Brief Template:Webarchive." Illinois Department of Corrections. 3 (9/51). September 3, 2009. Retrieved on September 1, 2010.</ref> Prior to the January 11, 2003, commutation of death row sentences, male death row inmates were housed in Tamms, Menard, and Pontiac correctional centers. After that date, only Pontiac continued to host the male death row.<ref>"DOC Report Online Template:Webarchive." Illinois Department of Corrections. Retrieved on September 1, 2010.</ref> On January 4, 2013, after years of controversy over inmate conditions, the prison officially closed, negatively impacting the county's economy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Ruch">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In late September 2009, press reports indicated that the Alexander County Sheriff's office had five of its seven squad cars repossessed as payments had not been made. The sheriff once had 29 deputies, but was reduced to just five at the time of the reports. The Illinois State Police have provided assistance to the county with additional patrols.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Demographics

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As of the 2010 United States census, there were 8,238 people, 3,329 households, and 2,093 families residing in the county.<ref name="census-dp1">Template:Cite web</ref> The population density was Template:Convert. There were 4,006 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert.<ref name="census-density">Template:Cite web</ref> The racial makeup of the county was 60.9% white, 35.4% black or African American, 0.3% American Indian, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 1.4% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.9% of the population.<ref name="census-dp1" /> In terms of ancestry, 13.9% were German, 6.8% were Irish, 5.3% were English, and 4.7% were American.<ref name="census-dp2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Of the 3,329 households, 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 18.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 37.1% were non-families, and 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.94. The median age was 41.1 years.<ref name="census-dp1" />

The median income for a household in the county was $28,833 and the median income for a family was $44,699. Males had a median income of $35,880 versus $25,743 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,858. About 11.8% of families and 20.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.1% of those under age 18 and 14.7% of those age 65 or over.<ref name="census-dp3">Template:Cite web</ref>

2020 census

Between 2010 and 2020, the population of Alexander County decreased to 5,240. The 36.4% decline was the largest of any of the 3,138 U.S. counties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although the population of the county had been decreasing for decades, the closure of the Tamms Correctional Center in 2013 probably caused an acceleration of the decline in the 2010s.<ref name="Ruch" />

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

**Alexander County racial composition**
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Race	Pop 2010	Pop 2020	% 2010	% 2020
White (NH)	4,983	3,274	60.49%	62.48%
Black or African American (NH)	2,908	1,612	35.3%	30.76%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)	25	22	0.3%	0.42%
Asian (NH)	16	6	0.19%	0.11%
Pacific Islander (NH)	6	0	0.07%	0.0%
Some Other Race (NH)	5	8	0.06%	0.15%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH)	140	236	1.7%	4.5%
Hispanic or Latino	155	82	1.88%	1.56%
Total	8,238	5,240

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 5,240 people, 2,154 households, and 1,357 families residing in the county.

Education

Here is a list of school districts with any territory in the county, no matter how slight, even if the schools and/or administrative offices are located in other counties:<ref>Template:Cite web - Text list</ref>

Communities

Community	Community type	Population	Total Area	Water Area	Land Area	Pop. Density
Cairo (seat)	city	1,733	9.11	2.12	6.99	248.03
East Cape Girardeau	village	289	2.00	0.03	1.96	147.37
McClure	village	256	1.53	0.00	1.53	167.54
Olive Branch	census-designated place	650	9.45	0.01	9.45	68.80
Tamms	village	430	2.33	0.00	2.33	184.39
Thebes	village	208	2.31	0.57	1.75	119.20
Unity	census-designated place	98	0.70	0.00	0.70	139.80
Alexander County	county	5,240	253	17	236	21

Unincorporated communities

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Forts

Fort Defiance

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Precincts

Politics

File:Barack Obama luncheon in Cairo, Illinois (April 15, 2004).jpg

April 15, 2004, Barack Obama speaks at a luncheon in the city of Cairo, during his US Senate campaign

Alexander County is unique among antebellum free state rural counties in having a postbellum political history largely determined by a significant black electorate. It is most similar in this respect to – though still substantially different from – some counties of the south and the Eastern Shore of Maryland. The county was thus solidly Republican until the New Deal, and gradually turned solidly Democratic up through the presidency of Bill Clinton.Template:Citation needed

In the twenty-first century, the county has shown a trend towards the GOP due to large-scale black emigration and a rapid swing of its Caucasian population toward Republican candidates.Template:Citation needed This became clear in 2016, when Donald Trump carried the county by 8.3 points—a hard swing from favorite son Obama's 13.6-point victory four years earlier, and the first time the county voted Republican since 1972. An even harder swing was taken in 2020, when he carried Alexander again by 14.2 points, even as the nation as a whole trended slightly leftward. Furthermore, Dick Durbin lost the county in the simultaneous U.S. Senate election, making it his first Senate election in which he failed to win the county and the first Senate election since 1972 in which a Republican won the county.Template:Citation needed

Despite the rightward swing taken by the county, the city and county seat of Cairo remains overwhelmingly Democratic.Template:Citation needed

References

Specific

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General

External links

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