939

File:King.athelstan.tomb.arp.jpg

The tomb of King Æthelstan (c. 894–939).

Year 939 (CMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

• Hugh the Great, count of Paris, rebels against King Louis IV ("d'Outremer") and gains support from William I, duke of Normandy. Hugh, along with Herbert II, count of Vermandois, Arnulf I, count of Flanders and William pay homage to King Otto I (ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom), and support him in his struggle against Louis.<ref>The Annals of Flodoard of Reims; 919-966, Ed, & Trans. Steven Fanning & Bernard S. Bachrach (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 32.</ref>
• July 19 – Battle of Simancas: Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III of Córdoba claims a Jihad ('Holy War') and raises an army of 100,000 men to end the Kingdom of León. He razes the cities of Medina del Campo, Ìscar and Alcazarén (previously abandoned by their population) and finally, reaches the city of Simancas (near modern-day Valladolid), where Christian forces under King Ramiro II wait for him. After three days, Ramiro defeats the Moorish army with an alliance of Castile and Navarre. Abd-al-Rahman orders a retreat along the Duero River, and is almost killed,<ref>"Abd-al-Rahman III". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th edit.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 17–18. Template:ISBN.</ref> due, most likely, to treason by Arab elements in the Moorish army.
• August 1 – Battle of Trans-la-Forêt: Bretons defeat Viking occupiers.
• August 5 – Battle of Alhandic: Abd-al-Rahman III defeats the garrison of those loyal to Ramiro II at Zamora, in the context of the Spanish Reconquista.
• October 2 – Battle of Andernach: Otto I crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard III, duke of Franconia, and other Frankish dukes, in Andernach on the Rhine River. Otto prevails, with support from Odo of Wetterau. Eberhard is killed while Gilbert, duke of Lotharingia (or Lorraine) drowns when trying to escape.

England

• October 27 – King Æthelstan dies at Gloucester after a 15-year reign. He is buried at Malmesbury Abbey and succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I ("the Magnificent"). After Æthelstan's death Olaf Guthfrithson (or his cousin, Anlaf Cuaran<ref>Kevin Halloran, "Anlaf Guthfrithson at York", pp. 180–185.</ref>) a Viking leader who rules Dublin, is proclaimed king of York (south of Northumbria).

Asia

• Taira no Masakado, a Japanese nobleman, leads one of the largest insurgent forces in the Heian period against the imperial court at Kyoto.<ref>Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Taira no Masakado" in Template:Google books.</ref> Masakado has acquired enough power to govern the Kantō region (northwest of Edo) and calls himself the 'new emperor' (shinnō).
• Ngô Quyền, who the previous year defeated the Chinese at the Battle of Bạch Đằng (938) thereby regaining Vietnamese independence after 1000 years, becomes king of Vietnam.<ref>Vo, Nghia. Legends of Vietnam: An Analysis and Retelling of 88 Tales, p. 52 (McFarland, 2012).</ref>

By topic

Religion

• July 13 – Pope Leo VII dies at Rome after a 3½-year reign. He is succeeded by Stephen VIII as the 127th pope of the Catholic Church.
• The Major Occultation (or Al-Ghaybah al-Kubra) of Muhammad al-Mahdi occurs (approximate date).

Births

• November 20 – Tai Zong, emperor of the Song dynasty (d. 997)
• Fujiwara no Takamitsu, Japanese waka poet (approximate date)
• Hai Gaon, Jewish theologian and rabbi (d. 1038)

Deaths

• January 21 – Yang Pu, emperor of Wu (b. 900)
• May 25 – Yao Yanzhang, general of Chu
• July 13 – Leo VII, pope of the Catholic Church
• August 29
  • Li Chunyan, empress of Min (Ten Kingdoms)
  • Wang Jipeng, emperor of Min
• October 2
  • Eberhard III, duke of Franconia
  • Gilbert, duke of Lotharingia
• October 27 – Æthelstan, king of England<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

• November 28 – Lady Ma, Chinese noblewoman (b. 890)
• Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi, Twelver Shi'a scholar
• Ashot the Swift, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)
• Pietro II Candiano, doge of Venice