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1864 United States presidential election

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American EnglishTemplate:For Template:Infobox election Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 8, 1864, near the end of the American Civil War. Incumbent President Abraham Lincoln of the National Union Party easily defeated the Democratic nominee, former General George B. McClellan, by a wide margin of 212–21 in the electoral college, with 55% of the popular vote. For the election, the Republican Party and some Democrats created the National Union Party, especially to attract War Democrats.

Despite some intra-party opposition from Salmon Chase and the Radical Republicans, Lincoln won his party's nomination at the 1864 National Union National Convention. Rather than re-nominate Vice President Hannibal Hamlin, the convention selected Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, a War Democrat, as Lincoln's running mate. John C. Frémont, who had been the Republican nominee in 1856, started to run as the nominee of the new Radical Democracy Party, with War Democrat John Cochrane as Frémont's running mate; the new party criticized Lincoln for being too moderate on the issue of racial equality, but Frémont and Cochrane withdrew from the race in September and their new party dissolved. The Democrats were divided between the Copperheads, who favored immediate peace with the Confederacy, and War Democrats, who supported the war. The 1864 Democratic National Convention nominated McClellan, a War Democrat, but adopted a platform advocating peace with the Confederacy, which McClellan rejected, although his running mate George H. Pendleton wrote it. While the Confederacy seemed to have survival potential in summer 1864, it was visibly collapsing by election day in November.

Despite his early fears of defeat, Lincoln won strong majorities in the popular and electoral vote, partly as a result of the recent Union victory at the Battle of Atlanta.<ref>Template:Cite book The public entrusted Lincoln with another term in spite of widespread revulsion at the death toll in the Wilderness Campaign. Republicans had found success in gubernatorial races in Ohio and Pennsylvania by attracting the votes of furloughed soldiers. In order to copy the same success nationally, thirteen Union states allowed their citizens serving as soldiers in the field to cast ballots. Four additional Union states allowed "proxy" absentee voting. "By margins of three to one or better, the soldiers lined up behind Lincoln." In every state, those returning home influenced their friends and family. For an alternative account of army voting, see W. Dean Burnham, "Presidential Ballots: 1836–1892", pp. 260–83. Out of the 40,247 Army votes cast in seven states, Lincoln carried six of them with 30,503 votes (75.8%).</ref> As the Civil War was still raging, no electoral votes were counted from any of the eleven southern states that had joined the Confederate States of America.<ref name="Donald, Herbert, Baker, Holt">Template:Cite book</ref> Lincoln's re-election ensured that he would preside over the successful conclusion of the Civil War.

Lincoln's victory made him the first president to win re-election since Andrew Jackson in 1832, as well as the first Northern president to ever win re-election. Lincoln was assassinated less than two months into his second term, and he was succeeded by his vice president, Andrew Johnson, who favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the former slaves. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in Johnson's impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.

Background

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The 1864 presidential election took place during the American Civil War. According to the Miller Center for the study of the presidency, the election was noteworthy for occurring at all, an unprecedented democratic exercise in the midst of a civil war.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A group of Republican dissidents who called themselves Radical Republicans formed a party named the Radical Democracy Party and nominated John C. Frémont as their candidate for president. Frémont later withdrew and endorsed Lincoln. War Democrats joined with Republicans as the National Union Party, with Lincoln at the head of the ticket.<ref>Martis, Kenneth C., "Atlas of the Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989" Template:ISBN p. 117. Altogether they elected 9 Senators and 25 Representatives in Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland and Delaware.</ref> The National Union Party was a temporary name used to attract War Democrats and Southern Border State Unionists who would not vote for the Republican Party. It faced off against the regular Democratic Party, including Peace Democrats.

Nominations

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The 1864 presidential election conventions of the parties are considered below in order of the party's popular vote.

National Union Party nomination

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Template:Main

Template:Abraham Lincoln series Template:Andrew Johnson series

1864 National Union Party ticket
[[Abraham Lincoln|Template:Color]] [[Andrew Johnson|Template:Color]]
for President for Vice President
File:Abraham Lincoln 1863 Portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg
File:President Andrew Johnson.jpg
16th
President of the United States
(1861–1865) 		Military Governor of Tennessee
(1862–1865)

National Union candidates:

  • Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States
  • Ulysses S. Grant, Commanding General from Illinois
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Temporary split in the Republican Party

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Template:Further As the Civil War progressed, political opinions within the Republican Party began to diverge. Senators Charles Sumner and Henry Wilson from Massachusetts wanted the Republican Party to advocate constitutional amendments to prohibit slavery and guarantee racial equality before the law. Initially, not all northern Republicans supported such measures.

Democratic leaders hoped that the radical Republicans would put forth their own ticket in the election. The New York World newspaper, particularly interested in undermining the National Union Party, ran a series of articles predicting a delay for the National Union Convention until late in 1864 to allow Frémont time to collect delegates to win the nomination. Frémont supporters in New York City established a newspaper called the New Nation, which declared in one of its initial issues that the National Union Convention would be a "nonentity". The New York World also published false information (further purported by Samuel S. Cox) to limit Lincoln's popularity.<ref name=Gwynn>Template:Cite web</ref>

National Union Party

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File:Republican presidential ticket 1864b.jpg
Lincoln and Johnson campaign poster

Before the election, some War Democrats joined the Republicans to form the National Union Party.<ref name="World Book">World Book</ref> With the outcome of the Civil War still in doubt, some political leaders, including Salmon P. Chase, Benjamin Wade, and Horace Greeley, opposed Lincoln's re-nomination on the grounds that he could not win. Chase himself became the only candidate to contest Lincoln's re-nomination actively, but he withdrew in March when a slew of Republican officials, including some within the state of Ohio upon whom Chase's campaign depended, endorsed Lincoln for re-nomination. Lincoln was still popular with most members of the Republican Party, and the National Union Party nominated him for a second term as president at their convention in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 7–8, 1864.<ref name="auto">The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents</ref> The party platform included these goals: "pursuit of the war, until the Confederacy surrendered unconditionally; a constitutional amendment for the abolition of slavery; aid to disabled Union veterans; continued European neutrality; enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine; encouragement of immigration; and construction of a transcontinental railroad." It also praised the use of black troops and Lincoln's management of the war.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

With incumbent vice president Hannibal Hamlin remaining indifferent about the prospect of a second term in office, Andrew Johnson, the former senator from and current military governor of Tennessee, was named as Lincoln's vice presidential running-mate. He had been governor of Tennessee from 1853 to 1857 and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857. In his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. When the Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded, he remained firmly with the Union. He was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his state's secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as military governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. In 1864, Johnson was a logical choice as running mate for Lincoln, who wished to send a message of national unity in his re-election campaign, especially to ensure the electoral votes of the border states.

Others who were considered for the nomination, at one point or another, were former Senator Daniel Dickinson, Major General Benjamin Butler, Major General William Rosecrans, Joseph Holt, and former Treasury Secretary and Senator John Dix.


Democratic Party nomination

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Template:Main

1864 Democratic Party ticket
[[George B. McClellan|Template:Color]] [[George H. Pendleton|Template:Color]]
for President for Vice President
File:GeorgeMcClellan2 (3x4 cropped).jpg
File:GeorgeHPendleton.png
4th
Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(1861–1862) 		U.S. Representative
for Ohio's 1st
(1857–1865)
Campaign

Democratic presidential candidates:

  • George B. McClellan, General from New Jersey
  • Thomas H. Seymour, Former Governor of Connecticut
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File:How the War Commenced and How Near It Is Ended 1864 Cornell CUL PJM.jpg
"How the War Commenced and How Near It Is Ended" published by the National Union Executive Committee.

The Democratic Party was bitterly split between War Democrats and Peace Democrats, a group further divided among competing factions. Moderate Peace Democrats who supported the war against the Confederacy, such as Horatio Seymour, were preaching the wisdom of a negotiated peace. After the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, moderate Peace Democrats proposed a negotiated peace that would secure Union victory. They believed this was the best course of action, because an armistice could finish the war without devastating the South.<ref>They Also Ran</ref> Radical Peace Democrats known as Copperheads, such as Thomas H. Seymour, declared the war to be a failure and favored an immediate end to hostilities without securing Union victory.<ref>The American Pageant</ref>

File:Democratic presidential ticket 1864b.jpg
McClellan and Pendleton campaign poster

George B. McClellan vied for the presidential nomination. Additionally, friends of Horatio Seymour insisted on placing his name before the convention, which was held in Chicago, Illinois, on August 29–31, 1864. But on the day before the organization of that body, Horatio Seymour announced positively that he would not be a candidate.

Since the Democrats were divided by issues of war and peace, they sought a strong candidate who could unify the party. The compromise was to nominate pro-war General George B. McClellan for president and anti-war Representative George H. Pendleton for vice president. McClellan, a War Democrat, was nominated for president over the Copperhead Thomas H. Seymour. Pendleton, a close associate of the Copperhead Clement Vallandigham, balanced the ticket, since he was known for having strongly opposed the Union war effort.<ref>George Pendleton. Ohio History Central (May 23, 2013). Retrieved 2013-08-17.</ref> The convention adopted a peace platform<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> – a platform McClellan personally rejected.<ref name=Ohio>Template:Cite web</ref> McClellan supported the continuation of the war and restoration of the Union, but the party platform, written by Vallandigham, opposed this position.

Radical Democracy Party nomination

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File:1864RadicalPoster.png
Frémont and Cochrane campaign poster

Template:Further

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The Radical Democracy Convention assembled in Ohio with delegates arriving on May 29, 1864. The New York Times reported that the hall which the convention organizers had planned to use had been double-booked by an opera troupe. Almost all delegates were instructed to support Frémont, with a major exception being the New York delegation, which was composed of War Democrats who supported Ulysses S. Grant. Various estimates of the number of delegates were reported in the press; The New York Times reported 156 delegates, but the number generally reported elsewhere was 350 delegates. The delegates came from 15 states and the District of Columbia. They adopted the name "Radical Democracy Party".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A supporter of Grant was appointed chairman. The platform was passed with little discussion, and a series of resolutions that bogged down the convention proceedings were voted down decisively. The convention nominated Frémont for president, and he accepted the nomination on June 4, 1864. In his letter, he stated that he would step aside if the National Union Convention would nominate someone other than Lincoln for president. John Cochrane was nominated for vice president.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

General election

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File:1864 US election poster.jpg
A National Union poster warns of a McClellan victory.
File:The Chicago Platform (1864), by Thomas Nast.png
An anti-McClellan poster from Harper's Weekly, drawn by Thomas Nast, showing rioters assaulting children, slave-catchers chasing runaway slaves, and a woman being sold at a slave auction.

The 1864 election was the first time since 1812 that a presidential election took place during a war.

For much of 1864, Lincoln himself believed he had little chance of being re-elected. Confederate forces had triumphed at the Battle of Mansfield, the Battle of Cold Harbor, the Battle of Brices Cross Roads, the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain and the Battle of the Crater. In addition, the war was continuing to take a very high toll in terms of casualties with campaigns such as Grant's Overland Campaign and the perceived lack of progress. The prospect of a long and bloody war started to make the idea of "peace at all cost" offered by the Ultra Peace Democrats look more desirable.

However, several political and military events eventually made Lincoln's re-election inevitable. In the first place, the Democrats had to confront the severe internal strains within their party at the Democratic National Convention. The political compromises made at the Democratic National Convention were contradictory and made McClellan's efforts to campaign seem inconsistent.

Secondly, the Democratic National Convention influenced Frémont's campaign. Frémont was appalled at the Democratic platform, which he described as "union with slavery". After three weeks of discussions with Cochrane and his supporters, Frémont withdrew from the race in September 1864. In his statement, Frémont declared that winning the Civil War was too important to divide the Republican vote. Although he still felt that Lincoln was not going far enough, the defeat of McClellan was of the greatest necessity. General Cochrane, who was a War Democrat, agreed and withdrew with Frémont. On September 23, 1864, Frémont also brokered a political deal in which Lincoln removed U.S. Postmaster General Montgomery Blair from office, and on September 24 Abraham Lincoln relieved Blair of his duty as Postmaster General. McClellan's chances of victory faded after Frémont withdrew from the presidential race.

File:PresidentialCounty1864Colorbrewer.gif
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of red are for Lincoln (National Union) and shades of blue are for McClellan (Democratic).

Lastly, the storming of Mobile bay on August and the fall of Atlanta on September 2, public confidence in the war effort was restored to the belief that victory is closer than thought.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the end, the Union Party mobilized the full strength of both the Republicans and the War Democrats under the slogan "Don't change horses in the middle of a stream". It was energized as Lincoln made emancipation the central issue, and state Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Results

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24.4% of the voting age population and 76.3% of eligible voters participated in the election.Template:Sfn The American Civil War was in progress and unfinished during this election. Because eleven Southern states plus two claimed additional Southern states had declared secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, only twenty-five states participated in the election.

Louisiana and Tennessee had recently been re-captured. They chose presidential electors, but their votes were rejected by Congress due to having recently seceded from the Union. Both states had voted for Lincoln, so it would not have changed the result in any case.

Three new states participated for the first time: Kansas, West Virginia, and Nevada.

Despite Kentucky's state government never fully seceding from the Union, and Kentucky's Confederate Government that was formed at the Russellville Convention being driven from the state in 1862. The Commonwealth had an election participation rate decrease of almost 40% compared to the election of 1860.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

McClellan won just three states: Kentucky, Delaware, and his home state of New Jersey. Lincoln won in every state he carried in 1860 except New Jersey, and also carried a state won four years earlier by Stephen Douglas (Missouri), one carried by John C. Breckinridge (Maryland) and all three newly admitted states (Kansas, Nevada and West Virginia). Altogether, 212 electoral votes were counted in Congress for Lincoln – more than enough to win the presidency even if all of the states in rebellion had participated and voted against him. This would be the last election in which a party nominee won completely different states than the previous nominee, with McClellan flipping Kentucky and New Jersey, while having lost Missouri.

Lincoln was highly popular with soldiers and they in turn recommended him to their families back home.<ref>Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (University Press of Kansas, 1994) pp. 274–93</ref><ref>Oscar O. Winther, "The Soldier Vote in the Election of 1864", New York History (1944) 25: 440–58</ref> The following states allowed soldiers to cast ballots: California, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. Out of the 40,247 army votes cast, Lincoln received 30,503 (75.8%) and McClellan 9,201 (22.9%), with the rest (543 votes) scattering (1.3%). Only soldiers from Kentucky gave McClellan a majority of their votes, and he carried the army vote in the state by a vote of 2,823 (70.3%) to 1,194 (29.7%).<ref>Presidential Ballots: 1836–1892, W. Dean Burnham, pp. 260–83</ref>

Of the 1,129 counties making returns, Lincoln won in 728 (64.5%), while McClellan carried 400 (35.4%). One county (0.1%) in Iowa split evenly between Lincoln and McClellan.

This was the last election the Republicans won in Maryland until 1896.<ref>Counting the Votes; Maryland Template:Webarchive</ref>

File:United States Electoral College 1864.svg

Template:Start U.S. presidential ticket box Template:U.S. presidential ticket box row Template:U.S. presidential ticket box row Template:U.S. presidential ticket box other Template:End U.S. presidential ticket box

Source (Popular Vote): Template:Leip PV source 2
Source (Electoral Vote): Template:National Archives EV source

Template:Bar box Template:Bar box

(a) The states in rebellion did not participate in the election of 1864.
(b) The 17 electoral votes from Tennessee and Louisiana were rejected. Had they not been rejected, Lincoln would have received 229 electoral votes out of a total of 251 (250 cast), well in excess of the 126 required to win.
(c) One elector from Nevada did not vote.

Geography of results

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Results by state

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States/districts won by McClellan/Pendleton
States/districts won by Lincoln/Johnson

Abraham Lincoln
National Union 		George B. McClellan
Democratic 		Margin State Total
State electoral
votes 		# % electoral
votes 		# % electoral
votes 		# % #
California 5 62,140 58.63% 5 43,838 41.36% – 18,302 17.27% 105,986
Connecticut 6 44,693 51.38% 6 42,288 48.62% – 2,405 2.76% 86,981
Delaware 3 8,155 48.19% – 8,767 51.81% 3 -612 -3.62% 16,922
Illinois 16 189,512 54.42% 16 158,724 45.58% – 30,788 8.84% 348,236
Indiana 13 150,422 53.59% 13 130,233 46.40% – 20,189 7.19% 280,655
Iowa 8 88,500 64.12% 8 49,525 35.88% – 38,975 28.24% 138,025
Kansas 3 17,089 79.19% 3 3,836 17.78% – 13,253 61.41% 21,580
Kentucky 11 27,787 30.17% – 64,301 69.83% 11 -36,514 -39.66% 92,088
Louisiana 7 no popular vote 7 no popular vote – N/A Votes not counted
Maine 7 67,805 59.07% 7 46,992 40.93% – 20,813 18.14% 114,797
Maryland 7 40,153 55.09% 7 32,739 44.91% – 7,414 10.18% 72,892
Massachusetts 12 126,742 72.22% 12 48,745 27.78% – 77,997 44.44% 175,490
Michigan 8 79,149 53.60% 8 68,513 46.40% – 10,636 7.20% 147,662
Minnesota 4 25,055 59.06% 4 17,357 40.94% – 7,688 18.12% 42,422
Missouri 11 72,750 69.72% 11 31,596 30.28% – 41,154 39.44% 104,346
Nevada 2 9,826 59.84% 2 6,594 40.16% – 3,232 19.68% 16,420
New Hampshire 5 36,596 52.56% 5 33,034 47.44% – 3,562 5.12% 69,630
New Jersey 7 60,723 47.16% – 68,024 52.84% 7 -7,301 -5.68% 128,747
New York 33 368,735 50.46% 33 361,986 49.54% – 6,749 0.92% 730,721
Ohio 21 265,654 56.37% 21 205,599 43.63% – 60,055 12.74% 471,253
Oregon 3 9,888 53.90% 3 8,457 46.10% – 1,431 7.80% 18,345
Pennsylvania 26 296,391 51.75% 26 276,316 48.25% – 20,075 3.50% 572,707
Rhode Island 4 13,962 62.24% 4 8,470 37.76% – 5,492 24.48% 22,432
Tennessee 10 30,000 85.71% 10 5,000 14.29% – 25,000 35,000
Vermont 5 42,420 76.10% 5 13,322 23.90% – 29,098 52.20% 55,742
West Virginia 5 23,799 68.24% 5 11,078 31.76% – 12,721 36.48% 34,877
Wisconsin 8 83,458 55.88% 8 65,884 44.12% – 17,574 11.80% 149,342
TOTALS: 233 2,211,317 55.03% 212 1,806,227 44.93% 21 405,090 10.10% 4,018,202

Source (Popular Vote): Template:Leip PV source 2 Source (Electoral Vote): Template:National Archives EV source

States that flipped from Constitutional Union to National Union

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States that flipped from Constitutional Union to Democratic

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States that flipped from Democratic to National Union

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States that flipped from Republican to Democratic

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Close states

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States in red were won by Republican Abraham Lincoln; states in blue were won by Democrat George B. McClellan.

State where the margin of victory was under 1% (33 electoral votes):

  1. New York 0.92% (6,749 votes)

States where the margin of victory was under 5% (35 electoral votes):

  1. Connecticut 2.76% (2,405 votes)
  2. Pennsylvania 3.50% (20,075 votes)
  3. Delaware 3.62% (612 votes)

States where the margin of victory was under 10% (65 electoral votes):

  1. New Hampshire 5.12% (3,562 votes)
  2. New Jersey 5.68% (7,301 votes)
  3. Indiana 7.19% (20,189 votes)
  4. Michigan 7.20% (10,636 votes)
  5. Oregon 7.8% (1,431 votes)
  6. Illinois 8.8% (30,788 votes) (Tipping-Point State)

See also

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Footnotes

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Template:Notelist

References

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Template:Reflist

Works cited

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Further reading

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  • Balsamo, Larry T. Template:"'We Cannot Have Free Government without Elections': Abraham Lincoln and the Election of 1864", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (2001): 181–99.
  • Donald, David. Lincoln (1995) pp. 516–544 online
  • Dudley, Harold M. "The Election of 1864", Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Mar. 1932), pp. 500–18 in JSTOR
  • Fehrenbacher, Don E. "The Making of a Myth: Lincoln and the Vice-Presidential Nomination in 1864". Civil War History 41.4 (1995): 273–290.
  • Long, David E. Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln's Re-election and the End of Slavery (1994).
  • Merrill, Louis Taylor. "General Benjamin F. Butler in the Presidential Campaign of 1864". Mississippi Valley Historical Review 33 (March 1947): 537–70. in JSTOR
  • Nelson, Larry E. Bullets, Ballots, and Rhetoric: Confederate Policy for the United States Presidential Contest of 1864 University of Alabama Press, 1980.
  • Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865 (vol 8 1971). pp 97–143.
  • Newman, Leonard. "Opposition to Lincoln in the Elections of 1864", Science & Society, vol. 8, no. 4 (Fall 1944), pp. 305–27. In JSTOR.
  • Phillip Shaw Paludan. The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (University Press of Kansas, 1994) pp. 274–93.
  • James G. Randall and Richard N. Current. Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure. Vol. 4 of Lincoln the President. 1955.
  • Vorenberg, Michael. Template:"'The Deformed Child': Slavery and the Election of 1864" Civil War History 2001 47(3): 240–57.
  • Waugh, John C. Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency (1998).
  • White, Jonathan W. "Canvassing the Troops: the Federal Government and the Soldiers' Right to Vote" Civil War History 2004 50(3): 291–317.
  • White, Jonathan W. Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Reelection of Abraham Lincoln (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2014).
  • Winther, Oscar O. "The soldier vote in the election of 1864." New York History 25.4 (1944): 440–458. online
  • Zornow, William Frank. Lincoln and the Party Divided (1954). online

Primary sources

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  • Chester, Edward W. A guide to political platforms (1977) pp. 80–85 online
  • Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840–1964 (1965) online 1840–1956
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Template:Commons category

Template:USPresidentialElections Template:United States presidential election, 1864 Template:State Results of the 1864 U.S. presidential election Template:Abraham Lincoln Template:Andrew Johnson Template:American Civil War Template:Reconstruction era Template:Authority control

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