1254

Theodore II Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea, 1254–1258

Events

Battle of Adrianople: Byzantine forces under Emperor Theodore II Laskaris defeat the invading Bulgarians near Edirne (Adrianople). The young and inexperienced Tsar Michael II Asen is caught by surprise and the Bulgarians suffer heavy losses. Michael is wounded during his hasty retreat through the forest.<ref>Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 BC to the Present, p. 5. Courier Corporation. Template:ISBN.</ref>

May 21 – King Conrad IV, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, dies of malaria at Lavello (southern Italy). With Conrad's death a interregnum begins, during which no ruler manages to gain undisputed control of Germany. The 22-year-old Manfred, half-brother of Conrad, refuses to surrender Sicily to Pope Innocent IV and accepts the regency on behalf of Conrad's 2-year-old son Conradin ("the Younger").
November 2 – German forces under Manfred start an anti-papal revolt against Innocent IV and seize Lucera in the Tavoliere Plains. He defeats the papal army at Foggia and gains the loyalty of Apulia, on December 2.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 142. Template:ISBN.</ref>
King Afonso III of Portugal ("the Boulonnais") holds the first session of the Cortes (Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class and representatives from all municipalities), in Leiria.
William II, anti-king of Germany, holds a diet (princely convention) at Worms, in which the German cities are represented for the first time. He givee orders to build strong castles in Heemskerk and Haarlem.
Doge Reniero Zeno sends the Horses of Saint Mark, looted from Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, to Venice, where they are installed on the terrace of the façade of St. Mark's Basilica.

King Henry III of England grants his eldest son the Lord Edward areas of land including crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. He is also given the cities of Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. The reason for these concessions is to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming a king. Edward is granted the Three Castles in Wales, Skenfrith Castle, White Castle and Grosmont Castle.<ref>Prestwich, Michael (1997). Edward I, pp. 11–14. The English Monarchs Series. Yale University Press. Template:ISBN.</ref>
Summer – The Lord Edward travels from Portsmouth with his mother, Queen Eleanor of Provence, and Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, to marry the 13-year-old Eleanor of Castile, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile. Henry III has demanded the marriage in exchange for ending the war with Alfonso. In August, the party arrives in Burgos, capital of Castile, where the marriage is due to take place.
November 1 – Edward marries Eleanor of Castile in the Cistercian monastery of Las Huelgas at Burgos.

February 21 – King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") signs a multi-year truce with An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, who is well aware of a Mongol threat and has no wish for war with the Crusader States.
April 24 – Louis IX and his family sail from Acre to France. His boat is nearly wrecked off the coast of Cyprus and later nearly destroyed by fire. In July, the royal party arrives at Hyères in Provence.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 235. Template:ISBN.</ref>

January 4 – William of Rubruck, Flemish missionary and explorer, is received courteously with an embassy at Karakorum. He is given an audience with Möngke Khan, who is loaded with gifts and letters from Louis IX.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 248. Template:ISBN.</ref>

June 12 – The Dutch city of Alkmaar obtains city rights from William II, anti-king of Germany.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Danish city of Copenhagen receives its city charter from Bishop Jacob Erlandsen.

The Rhenish League, a confederation of trading cities, is established in the Rhineland, Western Germany. The league (or Städtebund) comprises 59 cities.

The Japanese classic text Kokon Chomonjū is completed during the Kamakura Period under the reign of the 11-year-old Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

As part of an offensive against usury in north-western Europe, Innocent IV relieves the city of Beauvais from its obligations to its creditors.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

March (possible date) – The existence and name of purgatory is acknowledged by the Catholic Church.
December 7 – Innocent IV dies after a pontificate of 11 years. He is succeeded by Alexander IV as the 181st pope of the Catholic Church.
The construction of the Cathedral of Saint Martin is initiated by Henry I van Vianden, bishop of Utrecht.

March 27 – Hkun Law, Burmese ruler of Martaban (d. 1311)
May 4 – Benvenuta Bojani, Italian nun and mystic (d. 1292)
May 13 – Marie of Brabant, queen consort of France (d. 1322)
June 24 – Floris V, count of Holland and Zeeland (d. 1296)
September 15 – Marco Polo, Venetian explorer (d. 1324)
5 November or 6 December – Beatrice of Castile, marchioness of Montferrat (d. 1286)
Bengt Birgersson, Swedish duke and bishop (d. 1291)
Bonacossa Borri (or Bonaca), Italian noblewoman (d. 1321)
Charles II of Naples ("the Lame"), son of Charles I of Anjou (d. 1309)
Fujiwara no Tamekane, Japanese official and poet (d. 1332)
Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Plön ("the Blind"), German nobleman and knight (d. 1312)
Nijō Morotada, Japanese nobleman and official (d. 1341)
Osman I, founding ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1324)
Ren Renfa (or Ziming), Chinese artist and politician (d. 1327)
Roger de Mowbray, English nobleman and knight (d. 1297)
Tetsugyū Enshin, Japanese monk and scholar (d. 1326)
Zhao Mengfu, Chinese scholar and calligrapher (d. 1322)

March 28 – William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby, English nobleman (b. 1193)
May 21 – Conrad IV, king of Germany en Sicily (b. 1228)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
June 3 – Andrea Caccioli, Italian friar and priest (b. 1194)
June 8 – Robert of Nantes, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem
June 17 – Ingeborg Eriksdotter, Swedish princess (b. 1212)
August 6 – Hugh of Northwold, English abbot and bishop
September 25 – William III de Cantilupe, English nobleman
November 3
- John III Doukas Vatatzes, Byzantine emperor
- Manuel II, Byzantine patriarch of Constantinople
November 11 – Gil Torres, Spanish archdeacon and cardinal
December 1 – Abel de Gullane (or Golynn), Scottish bishop
December 7 – Innocent IV, pope of the Catholic Church
December – Peter Chaceporc, English archdeacon and ambassador
Berthold of Pietengau, German prince-bishop of Passau
Faris al-Din Aktay, Egyptian nobleman and emir (prince)
Rudolf von Ems, German knight, poet and writer (b. 1200)
Silvester de Everdon, English bishop and Lord Chancellor
Bab Bachir, spouse of last Abbasid caliph al-Musta'sim.