Canes Venatici

Template:Short description Template:Infobox constellation Canes Venatici (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is one of the 88 constellations designated by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It is a small northern constellation that was created by Johannes Hevelius in the 17th century. Its name is Latin for 'hunting dogs', and the constellation is often depicted in illustrations as representing the dogs of Boötes the Herdsman, a neighboring constellation.

Cor Caroli is the constellation's brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of 2.9. La Superba (Y CVn) is one of the reddest naked-eye stars and one of the brightest carbon stars. The Whirlpool Galaxy is a spiral galaxy tilted face-on to observers on Earth, and was the first galaxy whose spiral nature was discerned. In addition, quasar TON 618 is one of the most massive black holes with the mass of 66 billion solar masses.

History

File:Canes Venatici - Prodromus astronomiae 1690 (5590250).jpg

Canes Venatici as depicted in Hevelius's star atlas. Note that, per the conventions of the time, the image is mirrored.

File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis.jpg

Canes Venatici can be seen in the orientation it appears to the eyes in this 1825 star chart from Urania's Mirror.

The stars of Canes Venatici are not bright. In classical times, they were listed by Ptolemy as unfigured stars below the constellation Ursa Major in his star catalogue.

In medieval times, the identification of these stars with the dogs of Boötes arose through a mistranslation: some of Boötes's stars were traditionally described as representing the club (Template:Langx, Template:Lang) of Boötes. When the Greek astronomer Ptolemy's Almagest was translated from Greek to Arabic, the translator Hunayn ibn Ishaq did not know the Greek word and rendered it as a similar-sounding compound Arabic word for a kind of weapon, writing Template:Lang Template:Lang, which means 'the staff having a hook'.

When the Arabic text was later translated into Latin, the translator, Gerard of Cremona, mistook Template:Lang Template:Lang ('hook') for Template:Lang Template:Lang ('dogs'). Both written words look the same in Arabic text without diacritics, leading Gerard to write it as Template:Lang ('spearshaft-having dogs').<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1533, the German astronomer Peter Apian depicted Boötes as having two dogs with him.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>

These spurious dogs floated about the astronomical literature until Hevelius decided to make them a separate constellation in 1687.<ref>Template:Cite web; Template:Harvnb</ref> Hevelius chose the name AsterionTemplate:Efn for the northern dog and CharaTemplate:Efn for the southern dog, as Template:Lang, 'the hunting dogs', in his star atlas.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>

In his star catalogue, the Czech astronomer Antonín Bečvář assigned the names Asterion to β CVn and Chara to α CVn.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Although the International Astronomical Union dropped several constellations in 1930 that were medieval and Renaissance innovations, Canes Venatici survived to become one of the 88 IAU designated constellations.<ref name=Delporte1930>Template:Cite book</ref>

Neighbors and borders

Canes Venatici is bordered by Ursa Major to the north and west, Coma Berenices to the south, and Boötes to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "CVn".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930,<ref name=Delporte1930/> are defined by a polygon of 14 sides.

In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between Template:RA and Template:RA, while the declination coordinates are between +27.84° and +52.36°.<ref name=boundary>Template:Cite report</ref> Covering 465 square degrees, it ranks 38th of the 88 constellations in size.

Prominent stars and deep-sky objects

File:CanesVenaticiCC.jpg

The constellation Canes Venatici as it is seen by the naked eye in twilight

Stars

Canes Venatici contains no very bright stars. The Bayer designation stars, Alpha and Beta Canum Venaticorum are only of third and fourth magnitude respectively. Flamsteed catalogued 25 stars in the constellation, labelling them 1 to 25 Canum Venaticorum (CVn); however, 1Template:NbspCVn turned out to be in Ursa Major, 13Template:NbspCVn was in Coma Berenices, and 22Template:NbspCVn did not exist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

• Alpha Canum Venaticorum, also known as Template:Lang ('heart of Charles'), is the constellation's brightest star, named by Sir Charles Scarborough in memory of King Charles I, the executed king of Britain.<ref name=Ridpath2017/>Template:Efn The English astronomer William Henry Smyth wrote in 1844 that α CVn was brighter than usual during the Restoration, as Charles II returned to England to take the throne, but gave no source for this statement, which seems to be apocryphal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cor Caroli is a wide double star, with a primary of magnitude 2.9 and a secondary of magnitude 5.6; the primary is 110 light-years from Earth. The primary also has an unusually strong variable magnetic field.<ref name=Ridpath2017>Template:Harvnb</ref>
• Beta Canum Venaticorum, or Chara, is a yellow-hued main sequence star of magnitude 4.25,<ref name=apj694_2_1085 /> 27 light-years from Earth. Its common name comes from the word for joy.<ref name=Ridpath2017/> It has been listed as an astrobiologically interesting star because of its proximity and similarity to the Sun.<ref name=ab6_2_308>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=physorg20060219>Template:Cite news</ref> However, no exoplanets have been discovered around it so far.<ref name=apj694_2_1085>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Y Canum Venaticorum (La Superba) is a semiregular variable star that varies between magnitudes 5.0 and 6.5 over a period of around 158 days. It is a carbon star and is deep red in color,<ref name=Ridpath2017/> with a spectral type of C5₄J(N3).<ref name=shenavrin>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• AM Canum Venaticorum, a very blue star of magnitude 14, is the prototype of a special class of cataclysmic variable stars, in which the companion star is a white dwarf, rather than a main sequence star. It is 143 parsecs distant from the Sun.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• RS Canum Venaticorum is the prototype of a special class of binary stars<ref>Template:Cite simbad</ref> of chromospherically active and optically variable components.
• R Canum Venaticorum is a Mira variable that ranges between magnitudes 6.5 and 12.9 over a period of approximately 329 days.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Supervoid

The Giant Void, an extremely large void (part of the universe containing very few galaxies), is within the vicinity of this constellation. It is regarded to be the second largest void ever discovered, slightly larger than the Eridanus Supervoid and smaller than the proposed KBC Void and 1,200 times the volume of expected typical voids. It was discovered in 1988 in a deep-sky survey. Its centre is approximately 1.5 billion light-years away.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Deep-sky objects

Canes Venatici contains five Messier objects, including four galaxies. One of the more significant galaxies in Canes Venatici is the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51, NGC 5194) and NGC 5195, a small barred spiral galaxy that is seen face-on. This was the first galaxy recognised as having a spiral structure, this structure being first observed by Lord Rosse in 1845.<ref name=Ridpath2017/> It is a face-on spiral galaxy 37 million light-years from Earth. Widely considered to be one of the most beautiful galaxies visible, M51 has many star-forming regions and nebulae in its arms, coloring them pink and blue in contrast to the older yellow core. M 51 has a smaller companion, NGC 5195, that has very few star-forming regions and thus appears yellow. It is passing behind M 51 and may be the cause of the larger galaxy's prodigious star formation.<ref name=WilkinsDunn2006/>

• Messier 51, the Whirlpool Galaxy, photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
  Messier 51, the Whirlpool Galaxy, photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
• NGC 4248 is located about 24 million light-years away.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  NGC 4248 is located about 24 million light-years away.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• NGC 4242 is a dim galaxy in Canes Venatici.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  NGC 4242 is a dim galaxy in Canes Venatici.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• NGC 4631 photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
  NGC 4631 photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
• NGC 4707 is a spiral galaxy roughly 22 million light-years from Earth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  NGC 4707 is a spiral galaxy roughly 22 million light-years from Earth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other notable spiral galaxies in Canes Venatici are the Sunflower Galaxy (M63, NGC 5055), M94 (NGC 4736), and M106 (NGC 4258).

• M63, the Sunflower Galaxy, was named for its appearance in large amateur telescopes. It is a spiral galaxy with an integrated magnitude of 9.0.
• M94 (NGC 4736) is a small face-on spiral galaxy with approximate magnitude 8.0, about 15 million light-years from Earth.<ref name=Ridpath2017/>
• NGC 4631 is a barred spiral galaxy, which is one of the largest and brightest edge-on galaxies in the sky.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• M3 (NGC 5272) is a globular cluster 32,000 light-years from Earth. It is 18′ in diameter, and at magnitude 6.3 is bright enough to be seen with binoculars. It can even be seen with the naked eye under particularly dark skies.<ref name=Ridpath2017/>
• M94, also cataloged as NGC 4736, is a face-on spiral galaxy 15 million light-years from Earth. It has very tight spiral arms and a bright core. The outskirts of the galaxy are incredibly luminous in the ultraviolet because of a ring of new stars surrounding the core 7,000 light-years in diameter. Though astronomers are not sure what has caused this ring of new stars, some hypothesize that it is from shock waves caused by a bar that is thus far invisible.<ref name=WilkinsDunn2006>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ton 618 is a hyperluminous quasar and blazar in this constellation, near its border with the neighboring Coma Berenices. It possesses a black hole with a mass 66 billion times that of the Sun, making it one of the most massive black holes ever measured.<ref name="shem">Template:Cite journal</ref> There is also a Lyman-alpha blob.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

References

Bibliography

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External links

• Photos of Canes Venatici and the star clusters and galaxies found within it on AllTheSky.com
• Clickable map of Canes Venatici
• Photographic catalogue of deep sky objects in Canes Venatici (PDF) Template:Webarchive