Ahmed Zewail

Template:Short description Template:Infobox scientist Ahmed Hassan Zewail (February 26, 1946 – August 2, 2016) was an Egyptian-American chemist,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> known as the "father of femtochemistry".<ref name="father of"/> He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian and Arab to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field,<ref name=":0" /> and also the first African to win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Template:Cn He was a professor of chemistry and physics at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech), where he was the first CalTech faculty member to be named the Linus Pauling Chair of Chemical Physics<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and served as the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Early life and education

Ahmed Hassan Zewail was born on February 26, 1946, in Damanhur, Egypt, and was raised in Desouk.<ref name="Washington Post">Template:Cite web</ref> He received Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in chemistry from Alexandria University before moving to the United States to complete his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania under the supervision of Robin M. Hochstrasser.<ref name=autobio>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

Career

After completing his PhD, Zewail did postdoctoral research at the University of California, Berkeley, supervised by Charles B. Harris.<ref name="autobio" /> Following this, he was awarded a faculty appointment at the California Institute of Technology in 1976, and eventually became the first Linus Pauling Chair in Chemical Physics there.<ref name="autobio" /> He became a naturalized citizen of the United States on March 5, 1982.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Zewail was the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology at the California Institute of Technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Zewail with his colleagues at the Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation in 2012

Zewail was nominated and participated in President Barack Obama's Presidential Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), an advisory group of the nation's leading scientists and engineers to advise the President and Vice President and formulate policy in the areas of science, technology, and innovation.<ref name="WhiteHouse">Template:Cite web</ref>

Research

Zewail's key work was a pioneer of femtochemistry<ref name="father of">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="PalZewail2004">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>—i.e. the study of chemical reactions across femtoseconds. Using a rapid ultrafast laser technique (consisting of ultrashort laser flashes), the technique allows the description of reactions on very short time scales – short enough to analyse transition states in selected chemical reactions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Zewail in 1986

Zewail became known as the "father of femtochemistry".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also made critical contributions in ultrafast electron diffraction, which uses short electron pulses rather than light pulses to study chemical reaction dynamics.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Political work

In a speech at Cairo University on June 4, 2009, US President Barack Obama proclaimed a new Science Envoy program as part of a "new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In January 2010, Ahmed Zewail, Elias Zerhouni, and Bruce Alberts became the first US science envoys to the Muslim world, visiting Muslim-majority countries from North Africa to Southeast Asia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Zewail in 2010

When asked about rumors that he might contest the 2012 Egyptian presidential election, Ahmed Zewail said: "I am a frank man... I have no political ambition, as I have stressed repeatedly that I only want to serve Egypt in the field of science and die as a scientist."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the 2011 Egyptian protests he announced his return to the country. Zewail said that he would join a committee for constitutional reform alongside Ayman Nour, Mubarak's rival at the 2005 presidential elections and a leading lawyer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Zewail was later mentioned as a respected figure working as an intermediary between the military regime ruling after Mubarak's resignation, and revolutionary youth groups such as the April 6 Youth Movement and young supporters of Mohamed ElBaradei.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He played a critical role during this time as described by Egyptian Media.

Awards and honours

Zewail's work brought him international attention, receiving awards and honors throughout most of his career for his work in chemistry and physics. In 1999, Zewail became the first Egyptian to receive a science Nobel Prize when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.<ref name="Washington Post"/> Zewail gave his Nobel Lecture on "Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1999, he received Egypt's highest state honour, the Grand Collar of the Nile.<ref name=autobio/> Other notable awards include the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award (1983), the King Faisal International Prize (1989),<ref name=autobio/> the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1993), the Earle K. Plyler Prize (1993), the Herbert P. Broida Prize (1995), the Peter Debye Award (1996), the Tolman Award (1997),<ref name=autobio/> the Robert A. Welch Award (1997),<ref name=autobio/> the Linus Pauling Medal (1997), the Franklin Medal (1998) and the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (2000).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In October 2006, Zewail received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science for "his pioneering development of the new field of femtoscience and for his seminal contributions to the revolutionary discipline of physical biology, creating new ways for better understanding the functional behavior of biological systems by directly visualizing them in the four dimensions of space and time."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Zewail was awarded the Othmer Gold Medal (2009),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the Priestley Medal (2011) from the American Chemical Society<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Davy Medal (2011) from the Royal Society.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1982 he was named as a Fellow of the American Physical Society.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Zewail became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1989,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the American Philosophical Society in 1998.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Zewail was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2001.<ref name=formemrs>Template:Cite web</ref> He was also elected as a Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences in 2001.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Zewail was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.<ref name=autobio/> In 2005, the Ahmed Zewail Award for Ultrafast Science and Technology was established by the American Chemical Society and the Newport Corporation in his honor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2010 the journal Chemical Physics Letters established the Ahmed Zewail Prize in Molecular Sciences.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In May 2010, Zewail gave the commencement address at Southwestern University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Zewail City of Science and Technology, established in 2000 and revived in 2011, is named in his honour.<ref name="Washington Post"/>

Honorary degrees

Zewail was bestowed honorary degrees by the following institutions: University of Oxford, UK (1991); The American University in Cairo, Egypt (1993); Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium (1997); University of Pennsylvania, US (1997); University of Lausanne, Switzerland (1997); Swinburne University of Technology, Australia (1999); Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport, Egypt (1999); D.Sc. Alexandria University, Egypt (1999); D.Sc. University of New Brunswick, Canada (2000); Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (2000); University of Liège, Belgium (2000);<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Heriot-Watt University, Scotland (2002);<ref name=autobio/> Lund University, Sweden (2003); Cambridge University (2006);<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Complutense University of Madrid, Spain (2008);<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> University of Jordan, Jordan (2009);<ref name="JT">Template:Cite web</ref> University of Glasgow, Scotland (2011);<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Yale University, US (2014).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Egyptian national honours

• Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Egypt) (1995)
• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt (1998)
• Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile (1999)

Foreign honours

• Knight of the Legion of Honour
• Officier of the National Order of Merit

• Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar

• Grand Officer of the Order of the Two Niles

• Commander of the Order of the Republic

• Grand Officer of Order of Zayed

Personal life

Zewail and his first wife, Mervat, were married in 1967, just before leaving Egypt to attend the University of Pennsylvania for his PhD. He had two daughters with Mervat, Maha and Amani. Mervat and Ahmed however, separated in 1979.<ref name="editor">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Zewail married Dema Faham in 1989.<ref name="autobio" /> Zewail and Faham had two sons, Nabeel and Hani.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Death and funeral

Zewail died aged 70 on the morning of August 2, 2016. He was recovering from cancer, however, the exact cause of his death is unknown.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Ahram">Template:Cite news</ref> Zewail returned to Egypt, but only his body was received at Cairo Airport.<ref name="editor"/> A military funeral was held for Zewail on August 7, 2016, at the El-Mosheer Tantawy mosque in Cairo, Egypt.<ref name="Ahram"/> Those attending included President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Prime Minister Sherif Ismail, al-Azhar Grand Imam Ahmed el-Tayeb, Defence Minister Sedki Sobhi, former President Adly Mansour, former Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab and heart surgeon Magdi Yacoub.<ref name="Ahram"/> The funeral prayers were led by Ali Gomaa, former Grand Mufti of Egypt.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Ahram"/>

Publications

Scientific

• Advances in Laser Spectroscopy I, ed. A. H. Zewail, SPIE, Bellingham, 1977
• Advances in Laser Chemistry, ed. A. H. Zewail, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1978
• Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vols. 1 and 2, ed. A. H. Zewail, Harwood Academic, London, 1983
• Ultrafast Phenomena VII, eds. C. B. Harris, E. P. Ippen, G. A. Mourou and A. H. Zewail, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1990
• The Chemical Bond: Structure and Dynamics, ed. A. H. Zewail, Academic Press, Boston, 1992
• Ultrafast Phenomena VIII, eds. J.-L. Martin, A. Migus, G. A. Mourou, and A. H. Zewail, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1993
• Ultrafast Phenomena IX, eds. P. F. Barbara, W. H. Knox, G. A. Mourou, and A. H. Zewail, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1994
• Femtochemistry: Ultrafast Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Vol. I, A. H. Zewail, World Scientific, 1994
• Femtochemistry: Ultrafast Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Vol. II, A. H. Zewail, World Scientific, 1994
• Physical Biology: From Atoms to Medicine, ed. A. H. Zewail, Imperial College Press, London, 2008
• 4D Electron Microscopy, ed. A. H. Zewail, Imperial College Press, London, 2009
• International Advisory Board for Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry (1999–2014)
• 4D Visualization of Matter: Recent Collected Works of Ahmed H Zewail, Nobel Laureate, Imperial College Press, London, 2014

Biographical

• Voyage Through Time: Walks of Life to the Nobel Prize, Ahmed H Zewail, World Scientific, 2002
• Age of Science (2005, autobiography in Arabic)

Remembering Ahmed H. Zewail

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See also

• Zewail City of Science and Technology (ZCST)
  • Ahmed founded ZCST and even donated his entire Nobel prize money in order to establish this university. Due to his need of wanting help Egypt to excel and advance academically the first batch of students were exempted from fees due to their scientific brilliance.<ref name="editor"/>
• List of Egyptian scientists

External links

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• Official website Captured from the Wayback Machine, June 28, 2018, accessed July 20, 2020
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• Interview with Ahmed Zewail Caltech Oral Histories, California Institute of Technology
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