John Hughes (filmmaker)

Template:Short description Template:Other people Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox person John Wilden Hughes Jr. (February 18, 1950 – August 6, 2009) was an American filmmaker and producer. He is best known for writing, producing, and directing such films as Sixteen Candles, The Breakfast Club, Weird Science, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Planes, Trains and Automobiles, and Uncle Buck, and writing Pretty in Pink and Home Alone.

Most of Hughes's works were set in Chicago. His films often combine slapstick comedy with heartfelt moments. Actors whose careers Hughes helped launch include John Candy, Molly Ringwald, Matthew Broderick, Anthony Michael Hall, and Macaulay Culkin. Hughes has since been considered an icon defining the 1980s with his coming-of-age stories, capturing the teenage experience and shaping the teen movie genre.

Early life and education

Hughes was born on February 18, 1950, in Lansing, Michigan, to Marion Crawford, who volunteered in charity work, and John Hughes Sr., who worked in sales.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was the only boy, and had three sisters. He spent the first twelve years of his life in Grosse Pointe, Michigan, where he was a fan of Detroit Red Wings right winger Gordie Howe.<ref name="bardofyouth"/> One of Howe's #9 jerseys, sent by Howe himself,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> was later prominently featured in Hughes's 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Hughes described himself as "kind of quiet":<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:John Hughes, 1967 HS Yearbook.jpg

Hughes as a junior at Glenbrook North High School (1967)

In 1963, Hughes's family moved to Northbrook, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. There, his father found work selling roofing materials.<ref name="bardofyouth" /> Hughes attended Grove Middle School, later going on to Glenbrook North High School, which gave him inspiration for the films that eventually made his reputation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He met Nancy Ludwig, a cheerleader and his future wife, in high school.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As a teenager, Hughes turned to movies as an escape. According to childhood friend Jackson Peterson, "His mom and dad criticized him a lot (...) She [Marion] would be critical of what John would want to do".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hughes was a fan of the Beatles,<ref name="bardofyouth"/> and allegedly knew a lot about movies and the Rat Pack.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Career

1970–1981: Rise to prominence

After dropping out of the University of Arizona,<ref name="John Wilden Hughes, Jr">Template:Cite web</ref> Hughes began selling jokes to well-established performers such as Rodney Dangerfield and Joan Rivers.<ref name="variety">Template:Cite news</ref> Hughes used his jokes to get an entry-level job at Needham, Harper & Steers as an advertising copywriter in Chicago in 1970<ref name="latimes">Template:Cite news</ref> and later in 1974 at Leo Burnett Worldwide. During this period, he created what became the famous Edge "Credit Card Shaving Test" ad campaign.

Hughes's work on the Virginia Slims account frequently took him to the Philip Morris headquarters in New York City, which allowed him to visit the offices of National Lampoon magazine.<ref name="bardofyouth"/> Soon thereafter, Hughes became a regular contributor;<ref name=Salon2013>Template:Cite web</ref> editor P. J. O'Rourke recalled that "John wrote so fast and so well that it was hard for a monthly magazine to keep up with him."<ref name="orourke20150322">Template:Cite web</ref> One of Hughes's first stories, inspired by his family trips as a child,<ref name="variety" /> was "Vacation '58",<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> later to become the basis for the film National Lampoon's Vacation.<ref name=Salon2013 /> Among his other contributions to the Lampoon, the April Fools' Day stories "My Penis" and "My Vagina" gave an early indication of Hughes's ear for the particular rhythm of teenspeak, as well as for the various indignities of teenage life in general.

1982–1986: Breakthrough and teen films

His first credited screenplay, National Lampoon's Class Reunion, was written while he was still on staff at the magazine. The resulting film became the second disastrous attempt by the flagship to duplicate the runaway success of National Lampoon's Animal House. Hughes's next screenplay for the imprint, however, National Lampoon's Vacation,<ref name=Salon2013 /> would become a major hit in 1983. This, along with the success of another Hughes script that same year, Mr. Mom, earned him a three-film deal with Universal Pictures.<ref name="Spy article">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Hughes's directorial debut, Sixteen Candles (1984), won almost unanimous praise when it was released in 1984, due in no small part to its more honest depiction of navigating adolescence and the social dynamics of high school life in stark contrast to the Porky's-inspired comedies made at the time. It was the first in a string of efforts about teenage life set in or around high school, including The Breakfast Club (1985), Weird Science (1985), and Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986), all of which he wrote and directed, and Pretty in Pink (1986) and Some Kind of Wonderful (1987), which he wrote and produced.

1987–2008: Beyond teen movies

To avoid being pigeonholed as a maker of only teen movies, Hughes branched out in 1987 by writing, directing, and producing the hit comedy Planes, Trains and Automobiles starring Steve Martin and John Candy. His later output was not so well received critically, with films like Dutch (1991), written and produced by Hughes, performing poorly at the box office. Films like Uncle Buck and National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation, however, proved popular. His final film as a director was 1991's Curly Sue. By that time, in 1991, his John Hughes Entertainment production company had signed various deals with 20th Century Fox and Warner Bros.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Actor John Candy created many memorable roles in films written, directed or produced by Hughes, including National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987), The Great Outdoors (1988), Uncle Buck (1989), Home Alone (1990), Career Opportunities and Only the Lonely (both 1991). Over the years, Hughes and Candy developed a close friendship. Hughes was greatly shaken by Candy's sudden death from a heart attack in 1994. "He talked a lot about how much he loved Candy—if Candy had lived longer, I think John would have made more films as a director", says Vince Vaughn, a friend of Hughes.<ref name="bardofyouth" />

Hughes's greatest commercial success came with Home Alone (1990), a film he wrote and produced about a child accidentally left behind when his family goes away for Christmas, forcing him to protect himself and his house from a pair of inept burglars. Hughes completed the first draft of Home Alone in just nine days.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Home Alone was the top-grossing film of 1990, and remains the most successful live-action family comedy of all time. He followed up with the sequels Home Alone 2: Lost in New York in 1992 and Home Alone 3 in 1997. Some of the subsequent films he wrote and produced during this time also contained elements of the Home Alone formula, including the successful Dennis the Menace (1993) and the box office flop Baby's Day Out (1994). He also wrote screenplays under the pseudonym Edmond Dantes (or Dantès), after the protagonist of Alexandre Dumas's novel The Count of Monte Cristo. Screenplays credited to the Dantes nom de plume include Maid in Manhattan, Drillbit Taylor and Beethoven.<ref name="variety" />

Unproduced screenplays

• National Lampoon's Jaws 3: People 0 – a parody sequel to the popular film series<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (1979)
• Motorheads vs. Sportos, also known as Just Like Romeo and Juliet or Suburban Westside Story
• The History of Ohio from the Beginning of Time to the End of the Universe, also known as National Lampoon's Dacron, Ohio<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (1980; with P. J. O'Rourke)
• The Joy of Sex: A Dirty Love Story<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (1982; some drafts with Dan Greenburg)
• Debs – a satire on Texas debutantes<ref name="A Life in Film">Template:Cite book</ref> (1983; Aaron Spelling Productions)
• The New Kid<ref name="LostJH" /> (1986)
• Oil and Vinegar – a soon-to-be-married man and a hitchhiking girl end up talking about their lives during the length of the car ride<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (1987)
• Bartholomew Vs. Neff – a vehicle that would have starred Sylvester Stallone and John Candy as feuding neighbors<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (1991)
• Black Cat Bone: The Return of Huckleberry Finn<ref name="LostJH">Template:Cite web</ref> (1991)
• The Nanny<ref name="20th Previews Foxy Lineup">Template:Cite magazine</ref> (1991)
• The Bugster<ref name="20th Previews Foxy Lineup"/> (1991)
• Ball 'n' Chain<ref name="20th Previews Foxy Lineup"/> (1991)
• Live-action Peanuts film – Warner Bros. acquired the film rights to make a live-action Charlie Brown film, with Hughes set to both produce and write<ref name="LostJH" /> (1993)
• The Pajama Game – planned Warner Bros. remake
• Damn Yankees – another planned Warner Bros. remake
• The Bee – a feature-length Disney film that actor Daniel Stern was attached to direct<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> (1994)
• Tickets – about teens who wait overnight for free tickets to a farewell concert<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (1996)
• The Grigsbys Go Broke – about a wealthy family who loses their fortune, forcing them to move to the other side of the tracks<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (2003)

Personal life

In 1970, the then-20-year old Hughes married Nancy Ludwig,Template:R whom he had met in high school. Together they had two children: John Hughes III (b. 1976) and James Hughes (b. 1979). They were together until his death in 2009. Nancy Hughes died on September 15, 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Michael Weiss argued that Hughes's films expressed a Reagan Republican worldview.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In response to this, P. J. O'Rourke wrote that:

Later life

In 1994, Hughes retired from the public eye and moved back to the Chicago area. The following year, Hughes and Ricardo Mestres, both of whom had production deals with Walt Disney Pictures, formed the short-lived joint venture production studio Great Oaks Entertainment.<ref name=variety1994>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hughes worked in Chicago, while Mestres was based in Los Angeles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The company produced the films Jack, 101 Dalmatians, and Flubber, but Hughes and Mestres ended their partnership in 1997.<ref name=variety1997>Template:Cite news</ref> The 1998 film Reach the Rock, which was produced as part of the partnership between Hughes and Mestres, was subsequently credited as "a Gramercy Pictures release of a John Hughes and Ricardo Mestres production".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the following years, Hughes rarely granted interviews to the media, save a select few in 1999 to promote the soundtrack album of Reach the Rock.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The album was compiled by Hughes's son, John Hughes III, and released on his son's Chicago-based record label Hefty Records.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also recorded an audio commentary for the 1999 DVD release of Ferris Bueller's Day Off.

Death

On August 5, 2009, Hughes and his wife traveled to New York City to visit their son James and their new grandson. James said his father appeared to be in good health that night and that the family had made plans for the next day. On the morning of August 6, Hughes was taking a walk close to his hotel on West 55th Street in Manhattan when he suffered a heart attack.<ref name="bardofyouth"/> He was rushed to Roosevelt Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at age 59.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hughes's funeral was held on August 11 in Chicago; he was buried at Lake Forest Cemetery.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was attended by his wife, his two children, and his grandchildren, along with celebrities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="John Wilden Hughes, Jr"/>

Legacy

The pilot episode of the NBC comedy Community, broadcast on September 17, 2009, was dedicated to Hughes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The episode included several references to The Breakfast Club and ended with a cover of "Don't You (Forget About Me)". The One Tree Hill episode titled "Don't You Forget About Me", broadcast on February 1, 2010, ended with a scene similar to the ending scene of Sixteen Candles. It also contained references to other Hughes movies such as Home Alone. The 2011 Bob's Burgers episode "Sheesh! Cab, Bob?" also paid homage to Sixteen Candles. The teen comedy Easy A (2010) starring Emma Stone paid tribute to Hughes and his films at the very end, where Stone's character states she wishes her life were a John Hughes movie, by showing various clips of Sixteen Candles, The Breakfast Club, and Ferris Bueller's Day Off.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While primarily satirizing later 90's teen comedies, The parody film Not Another Teen Movie references a number of John Hughes' 80's films including Sixteen Candles, Breakfast Club, and Pretty in Pink, and is set at a fictional "John Hughes High School".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After Hughes's death, many of those who knew him commented on the impact Hughes had on their lives and on the film industry. Molly Ringwald said, "I was stunned and incredibly sad to hear about the death of John Hughes. He was and will always be such an important part of my life. ... He will be missed – by me and by everyone that he has touched. My heart and all my thoughts are with his family now."<ref name="perezhilton">Template:Cite web</ref> Matthew Broderick also released his own statement, saying, "I am truly shocked and saddened by the news about my old friend John Hughes. He was a wonderful, very talented guy and my heart goes out to his family."<ref name="perezhilton" /> The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) included a tribute to Hughes's work. A retrospective of clips from Hughes's films was followed by cast members from several of them, including Molly Ringwald, Matthew Broderick, Macaulay Culkin, Judd Nelson, Ally Sheedy, Anthony Michael Hall and Jon Cryer,<ref name=popsugar>Template:Cite web</ref> gathering on stage to commemorate Hughes and his contributions to the film industry.<ref name="gather.com">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2018, The New Yorker published an article written by Ringwald in which she critiqued Hughes's films "in the age of #MeToo", beginning with a discussion of how she explained to her ten-year-old daughter what happened in a Breakfast Club scene when her character seems to be sexually assaulted under a desk.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In this article and later statements, Ringwald clarified that despite her affection for Hughes and gratitude for what he did for her career, she views his sexualized depiction of young women as "problematic," when contrasted with modern attitudes.

Hughes's work has also influenced a new generation of millennial filmmakers,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> including M. H. Murray of Teenagers fame, who has cited Hughes as one of his main influences. In interviews,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Murray stated, "I loved how John Hughes wrote teens ... They were flawed in this genuine sort of way."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Kelly Fremon Craig, who wrote and directed The Edge of Seventeen, also cited Hughes as an influence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Hughes is referenced in the song "Hello Chicago" by the collaborative project between Jesu and Sun Kil Moon, and appears on the album 30 Seconds To The Decline Of Planet Earth.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Mark Kozelek recalls a phone conversation with Hughes in which Kozelek asked him for $15,000 in order to release his album Songs for a Blue Guitar (released by his band The Red House Painters). Hughes agreed, stating "You're young and on the rise, and I'm just an old man living in Chicago". British indie pop band The 1975 cites Hughes as an influence in the band's music. Maisie Peters released a song called "John Hughes Movie" in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hughes's films served as inspiration for the style and tone of the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming directed by Jon Watts, who took inspiration from films such as Ferris Bueller's Day Off.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Works

Film

Year	Title	Director	Writer	Producer
1982	National Lampoon's Class Reunion	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No
1983	Mr. Mom	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No
	National Lampoon's Vacation	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No
	Savage Islands	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No
1984	Sixteen Candles	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No
1985	The Breakfast Club	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
	National Lampoon's European Vacation	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No
	Weird Science	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No
1986	Pretty in Pink	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Partial
	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1987	Some Kind of Wonderful	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
	Planes, Trains and Automobiles	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1988	She's Having a Baby	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
	The Great Outdoors	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Partial
1989	Uncle Buck	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
	National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1990	Home Alone	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1991	Career Opportunities	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
	Only the Lonely	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes
	Dutch	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
	Curly Sue	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1992	Beethoven	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No
	Home Alone 2: Lost in New York	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1993	Dennis the Menace	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1994	Baby's Day Out	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
	Miracle on 34th Street	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1996	101 Dalmatians	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1997	Flubber	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
	Home Alone 3	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1998	Reach the Rock	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
2001	Just Visiting	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No
	New Port South	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Partial
2002	Maid in Manhattan	Template:No	Template:Partial	Template:No
2008	Drillbit Taylor	Template:No	Template:Partial	Template:No

Acting roles

Year	Title	Role	Note
1982	National Lampoon's Class Reunion	Girl with paper bag on head	Uncredited
1985	The Breakfast Club	Brian's dad
1986	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	Man running between cabs

Television

Writer

Year	Title	Note
1979	Delta House	5 episodes
1983	At Ease	Also creator and creative consultant for 1 episode
2000	American Adventure	Based on characters by Hughes

Television appearances

Year	Title	Note
1994	Hal Roach: Hollywood's King of Laughter	TV documentary
1995	Biography	To John with Love: A Tribute to John Candy
2001	E! True Hollywood Story	Sixteen Candles

Books

• National Lampoon Sunday Newspaper Parody (1978) (with P. J. O'Rourke)

See also

• John Hughes's unrealized projects
• Hughes Entertainment
• Shermer High School
• Don't You Forget About Me

Bibliography

• Jaime Clarke ed. Don't you forget about me: contemporary writers on the films of John Hughes. New York: Simon Spotlight Entertainment, 2007.
• Template:Cite web

External links

• Template:IMDb name
• John Hughes collected coverage from The Guardian
• Times Topic: John Hughes collected coverage from The New York Times
• Guest Book for John Hughes from Legacy.com
• Part 1 Part 2 1985 interview podcast from the American Film Institute
• Interview with John Hughes at Texas Archive of the Moving Image