Nut (goddess)
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox deity Nut Template:IPAc-en<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> (Template:Langx, Template:LangxTemplate:Citation needed), also known by various other transcriptions, is the goddess of the sky, stars, cosmos, mothers, astronomy, and the universe in the ancient Egyptian religion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
She was seen as a star-covered nude woman arching over the Earth,<ref name="Cavendish">Template:Cite book</ref> or as a cow. She was depicted wearing the water-pot sign (nw) that identifies her.
Names
[edit]The pronunciation of ancient Egyptian is uncertain because vowels were long omitted from its writing, although her name often includes the unpronounced determinative hieroglyph for "sky". Her name Template:Lang, itself also meaning "Sky",<ref>Template:Citation</ref> is usually transcribed as "Nut" but also sometimes appears in older sources as Nunut, Nenet, Nuit or Not.<ref name="budge">Budge, An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary (1920), p. 350.</ref>
She also appears in the hieroglyphic record by a number of epithets, not all of which are understood.
Goddess of the sky, stars
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Template:Ancient Egyptian religion Nut is a daughter of Shu and Tefnut. Her brother and husband is Geb. She had four childrenTemplate:SndOsiris, Set, Isis, and NephthysTemplate:Sndto which is added Horus in a Graeco-Egyptian version of the myth of Nut and Geb.<ref>Hart, George (200t). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. Routledge. p. 110</ref> She is considered one of the oldest deities among the Egyptian pantheon,<ref name="Ancient Egypt 2001" /> with her origin being found on the creation story of Heliopolis. She was originally the goddess of the nighttime sky, but eventually became referred to as simply the sky goddess. Her headdress was the hieroglyph of part of her name, a pot, which may also symbolize the uterus. Mostly depicted in nude human form, Nut was also sometimes depicted in the form of a cow whose great body formed the sky and heavens, a sycamore tree, or as a giant sow, suckling many piglets (representing the stars).
Some scholars suggested that the Egyptians may have seen the Milky Way as a celestial depiction of Nut.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Origins
[edit]A sacred symbol of Nut was the ladder used by Osiris to enter her heavenly skies. This ladder-symbol was called maqet and was placed in tombs to protect the deceased, and to invoke the aid of the deity of the dead. Nut and her brother, Geb, may be considered enigmas in the world of mythology. In direct contrast to most other mythologies which usually develop a sky father associated with an Earth mother (or Mother Nature), she personified the sky and he the Earth.<ref>Women of Ancient Egypt and the Sky Goddess Nut, by Susan Tower Hollis The Journal of American Folklore 1987 American Folklore Society.</ref>
Nut appears in the creation myth of Heliopolis which involves several goddesses who play important roles: Tefnut (Tefenet) is a personification of moisture, who mated with Shu (Air) and then gave birth to Sky as the goddess Nut, who mated with her brother Earth, as Geb. From the union of Geb and Nut came, among others, the most popular of Egyptian goddesses, Isis, the mother of Horus, whose story is central to that of her brother-husband, the resurrection god Osiris. Osiris is killed by his brother Set and scattered over the Earth in 14 pieces, which Isis gathers up and puts back together.
Portrayal in Ancient Greek sources
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In his De Iside et Osiride, the Greek philosopher Plutarch, who lived in the first century CE, presents a narrative likely inspired by real Egyptian mythology regarding the birth of Nut's children. In this work, Plutarch draws parallels between Egyptian and Greek deities.The early Egyptologist E. A. Wallis Budge argued that Plutarch's description of Ancient Egyptian beliefs incorporated elements that appear to be either imaginative embellishments or are based on misinformation. The account describes how Rhea, secretly consorting with Saturn, was cursed by the sun-god Helios to never give birth during any day of the year. Mercury, enamored with Rhea, intervened by gambling with the moon-goddess Selene and winning a seventieth portion of her moonlight, creating five additional days. These days were added to the 360-day calendar and became known in Egypt as the "Epact" or intercalary days, celebrated as the birthdays of the gods. Plutarch likely equated Rhea with the Egyptian goddess Nut.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She had five children on each of the five days: Osiris, later ruler of the gods and then god of the dead; Horus the Elder,Set, (equated with Typhon) Isis and Nephthys. The first two children were fathered by Helios, Isis by Mercury, and Set and Nephthys by Saturn. The third of the additional days, considered Sets birthday, was deemed to be an omen of bad luck.According to Plutarch, Set married Nephthys, while Isis and Osiris married even before birth, and conceived Horus the Elder in some traditions.<ref>Griffiths, J. Gwyn, ed. (1970). Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride. University of Wales Press, pp.135-137</ref> The Ancient Egyptian texts barely reference this episode, offering only a subtle hint that it was Nut's father, not her husband as Plutarch proposed, who was responsible for the pregnancy. Another ancient Egyptian text describes the moment as occurring "when the sky was full with gods, unknown to men, while the great Ennead slept."<ref>Meeks, Dimitri; Favard-Meeks, Christine (1996) [French edition 1993]. Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods. Translated by G. M. Goshgarian. Cornell University Press.p.78. ISBN 978-0-8014-8248-9</ref>
Titles
[edit]Some of the titles of Nut were:
- Coverer of the Sky: Nut was the goddess of the visible sky which is why she's depicted on all fours arching her back upward in a "covering" position that encompasses the semi-sphere of the visible sky as it can be observed from the perspective of the earth; and beneath her lies her brother Geb as the earth itself at her feet thus simulating the ground. As such she "covers" the rest of the sky which is not visible from the earth with her presence because of her role as the visible sky. During night time her body was believed to be covered in stars which were projected on her since she encompassed the earth shielding it from the open sky, and as such the stars would touch her instead and become visible on her body.
- She Who Protects: Among her jobs was to envelop and protect Ra, the sun god.<ref name="Ancient Egypt 2001">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, by Leonard H. Lesko, 2001.</ref>
- Mistress of All or "She who Bore the Gods": Originally, Nut was said to be lying on top of Geb (Earth) and continually having intercourse. During this time she birthed four children: Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys.<ref>Clark, R. T. Rundle. Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson, 1959.</ref> A fifth child named Arueris is mentioned by Plutarch.<ref>The Moralia – Isis & Osiris, 355 F, Uchicago.edu</ref> He was the Egyptian counterpart to the Greek god Apollo, who was made syncretic with Horus in the Hellenistic era as 'Horus the Elder'.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, Google Books</ref> The Ptolemaic temple of Edfu is dedicated to Horus the Elder and there he is called the son of Nut and Geb, brother of Osiris, and the eldest son of Geb.<ref>Emma Swan Hall, Harpocrates and Other Child Deities in Ancient Egyptian Sculpture, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt Vol. 14, (1977), pp. 55–58, retrieved from JSTOR.org</ref>
- She Who Holds a Thousand Souls: Because of her role in the re-birthing of Ra every morning and in her son Osiris' resurrection, Nut became a key goddess in many of the myths about the afterlife.<ref name="Ancient Egypt 2001"/>
Role
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Nut was the goddess of the sky and all heavenly bodies, a symbol of protecting the dead when they enter the afterlife. According to the Egyptians, during the day, the heavenly bodies—such as the Sun and Moon—would make their way across her body. Then, at dusk, they would be swallowed, pass through her belly during the night, and be reborn at dawn.<ref>Hart, George Routledge dictionary of Egyptian gods and goddesses Routledge; 2 edition (15 March 2005) Template:ISBN p.111 Books.google.co.uk</ref>
Nut is also the barrier separating the forces of chaos from the ordered cosmos in the world. She was pictured as a woman arched on her toes and fingertips over the Earth; her body portrayed as a star-filled sky. Nut's fingers and toes were believed to touch the four cardinal points or directions of north, south, east, and west.
Because of her role in saving Osiris, Nut was seen as a friend and protector of the dead, who appealed to her as a child appeals to its mother: "O my Mother Nut, stretch Yourself over me, that I may be placed among the imperishable stars which are in You, and that I may not die." Nut was thought to draw the dead into her star-filled sky, and refresh them with food and wine: "I am Nut, and I have come so that I may enfold and protect you from all things evil."<ref name="Ani page 57">"Papyrus of Ani: Egyptian Book of the Dead", Sir Wallis Budge, NuVision Publications, page 57, 2007, Template:ISBN</ref>
She was often painted on the inside lid of the sarcophagus, protecting the deceased. The vaults of tombs were often painted dark blue with many stars as a representation of Nut. The Book of the Dead says, "Hail, thou Sycamore Tree of the Goddess Nut! Give me of the water and of the air which is in thee. I embrace that throne which is in Unu, and I keep guard over the Egg of Nekek-ur. It flourisheth, and I flourish; it liveth, and I live; it snuffeth the air, and I snuff the air, I the Osiris Ani, whose word is truth, in peace.''
Book of Nut
[edit]The Book of Nut is a modern title of what was known in ancient times as The Fundamentals of the Course of the Stars. This is an important collection of ancient Egyptian astronomical texts, perhaps the earliest of several other such texts, going back at least to 2,000 BC. Nut, being the sky goddess, plays the primary role in the Book of Nut. The text also tells about various other sky and Earth deities, such as the star deities and the decans deities. The cycles of the stars and planets, as well as time keeping are also covered in the book.<ref>Alexandra von Lieven: Grundriss des Laufes der Sterne. Das sogenannte Nutbuch. The Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Ancient Eastern Studies, Kopenhagen 2007.</ref>
References
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