Blackford County, Indiana

Blackford County is located in the east central portion of the U.S. state of Indiana. The county is named for Judge Isaac Blackford, who was the first speaker of the Indiana General Assembly and a long-time chief justice of the Indiana Supreme Court.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Created in 1838, Blackford County is divided into four townships, and its county seat is Hartford City.<ref name="NACo">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Two incorporated cities and one incorporated town are located within the county. The county is also the site of numerous unincorporated communities and ghost towns. Occupying only Template:Convert, Blackford County is the fourth smallest county in Indiana.<ref name="2010Gazetteer">Template:Cite web</ref> As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 12,112.<ref name="census-quickfacts">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="census2010-dp1">Template:Cite web</ref> Based on population, the county is the 8th smallest county of the 92 in Indiana.<ref name="NACo" /> Although no interstate highways are located in Blackford County, three Indiana state roads cross the county, and an additional state road is located along the county's southeast border.<ref name="indiana-highway-map">Template:Cite web</ref> The county has two railroad lines. A north–south route crosses the county, and intersects with a second railroad line that connects Hartford City with communities to the west.<ref name="indiana-railroad-map">Template:Cite web</ref>

Before the arrival of European-American settlers during the 1830s, the northeastern portion of the future Blackford County was briefly the site of an Indian reservation for Chief Francois Godfroy of the Miami tribe.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The first European-American pioneers were typically farmers who settled on arable land near rivers. Originally, the county was mostly swampland, but more land became available for farming as the marshes were cleared and drained.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Over the next 30 years, small communities developed throughout the county. When the county's rail lines were constructed in the 1860s and 1870s, additional communities evolved around railroad stops.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Beginning in the late 1880s, the discovery of natural gas and crude oil in the county (and surrounding region) caused the area to undergo an economic boom period known as the Indiana Gas Boom.<ref name="AHistOilGas">Template:Harvnb</ref> Manufacturers relocated to the area to take advantage of the low-cost energy and railroad facilities. The boom period lasted about 15 years, and is reflected in Blackford County's population, which peaked in 1900 at 17,213.<ref name="forstall">Template:Harvnb</ref> The construction associated with the additional prosperity of the boom period caused a significant upgrade in the county's appearance, as wooden buildings were replaced with masonry structures. Much of the infrastructure built during that time remains today—including Montpelier's historic Carnegie Library and many of Hartford City's buildings in the Courthouse Square Historic District.<ref name="NRHP-HD">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Agriculture continues to be important to the county, and became even more important after the loss of several large manufacturers during the 20th century.<ref group="Note">The American Window Glass plant closed near the beginning of the Great Depression as fewer factories were needed because of a new window making process using machines that was much more productive than the more labor-intensive process used earlier.<ref name="StarGlass" /> Sneath Glass Company closed during the 1950s after plastics replaced many of the company's products.<ref name="Sneath" /> The Overhead Door Company moved its headquarters to a larger city (Dallas, Texas) in 1964, and the Hartford City plant was closed in 2000 after cutbacks during the 1980s.<ref name="OHDhist" /></ref> As of 2010, 72 percent of Blackford County is covered by either corn or soybean fields; additional crops, such as wheat and hay, are also grown.<ref group="Note">In 2010, 34 thousand acres of corn, and 42.4 thousand acres of soybeans, were planted in Blackford County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Total acreage for those two crops is 76,400. Blackford County's total area is 165.4 square miles or 105,856 acres, so over 72 percent of the county is devoted to those two crops.</ref>

History

Historic marker for Godfroy Reserve

Historic Marker in Montpelier, Indiana

1876 map showing Blackford County. One line moves north–south through Hartford City and Montpelier, and the other moves east–west through Hartford City.

1876 map of Blackford County

Following thousands of years of varying cultures of indigenous peoples, the historic Miami and Delaware Indians (a.k.a. Lenape) are the first-recorded permanent settlers in the Blackford County area, living on the Godfroy Reserve after an 1818 treaty.<ref name="Biographical715">Template:Harvnb</ref> The site is located in Blackford County's Harrison Township, east of Montpelier.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although the Godfroy Reserve was allotted to Miami Native Chief Francois (a.k.a. Francis) Godfroy, Delaware Indians were also allowed to stay there.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The Miami tribe was the most powerful group of Natives in the region, and Francois Godfroy (who was half French) was one of their chiefs. By 1839, Godfroy had sold the reserve, and the Natives had migrated west.<ref name="Biographical715" /> Benjamin Reasoner was the first European–American to enter future Blackford County, and its first land owner.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="LandRec">Template:Cite web</ref> He entered the area on July 9, 1831.<ref name="shinn1900-224">Template:Harvnb</ref> Reasoner and his sons built the county's first mill, on their farm.<ref name="76andBC">Template:Harvnb</ref>

The land that would become Blackford County was originally the western part of Jay County. A January 30, 1836, act of the Indiana General Assembly created Jay County, effective March 1, 1836.<ref name="MontJay84">Template:Harvnb</ref> In December 1836, a motion was made in the Indiana House of Representatives to review dividing Jay County, but that resolution was not adopted.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Two Blackford County communities, Matamoras and Montpelier, originally existed as part of Jay County. They lie along the Salamonie River in what became the northeast portion of Blackford County. John Blount founded Matamoras, arriving in 1833.<ref group="Note">"Blount" may have also been spelled "Blunt". In Bureau of Land Management records for the area that would become Blackford County, "John Blunt" is listed as a land purchaser in 1835. (Benjamin Reasoner is listed as the first land purchaser.)<ref name="LandRec" /></ref> This village is Blackford County's oldest community, and is the site of the county's largest water mill.<ref name="AHist117" /> The mill, constructed around 1843, was considered one of the finest in the state.<ref name="76andBC" /> Blackford County's other former Jay County community is Montpelier, west of Matamoras on the Salamonie River. Led by Abel Baldwin, the community was started in 1836 by groups of migrant settlers from Vermont. They named the settlement after the capital of their previous home state. Blackford County's Montpelier was platted in 1837 (before Matamoras), and is the county's oldest platted community.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Several sources list the creation year for Blackford County as 1837.<ref group="Note">At least three sources incorrectly say Blackford County began in 1837: Biographical and historical record of Jay and Blackford Counties...,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Montgomery and Jay,<ref name="MontJay84" /> and Shinn.<ref name="shinn1900-224" /></ref> However, the law was not finalized until 1838. Indiana bill of the House No. 152 was originally for the creation of a county named Windsor. The name "Windsor" was replaced with the name "Blackford" by the House of Representatives in January 1838.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> An "act for the formation of the county of Blackford" was approved on February 15, 1838.<ref name="GeneralA">Template:Harvnb</ref> This act intended that the county would be "open for business" on the first Monday in April 1838, which was April 2.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> However, the county was not organized.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Finally, on January 29, 1839, the original February 15 act was amended, stating that Blackford County shall "enjoy the rights and privileges" of an independent county. The act also appointed commissioners, and corrected a misprint that defined the southeast corner of the new county.<ref name="GeneralA" /><ref group="Note">Multiple dates are designated as the time Blackford County was “created” or “founded”. February 15, 1838, is the date Blackford County was created by legislation, and this date is used by at least one source as the county’s creation date.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The original legislation expected the county to be organized on April 2, 1838. An additional act clarified the county’s status on January 29, 1839, and the county was finally organized later that year.</ref>

Over the next two years, a political struggle continued to determine the location of the county seat. The tiny community of Hartford was repeatedly selected by the commissioners, but those decisions were challenged by individuals favoring Montpelier. While Licking Township (where Hartford lay) was the most populous township in the county, Montpelier was the county's oldest platted community. After a third and fourth act of the Indiana General Assembly, Hartford was finalized as the location of the county seat—and construction of a courthouse began.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> When it was noted that another Indiana community was also named Hartford, Blackford County's Hartford was renamed Hartford City.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

During the next 25 years, the county grew slowly. Plans were made for roads and railroads, and swampland was drained. The first railroad line was authorized in 1849. The plan was for the Fort Wayne & Southern Railroad Company to connect the Indiana cities of Fort Wayne and Muncie—running north–south through the Blackford County communities of Montpelier and Hartford City.<ref name="RR">Template:Harvnb</ref> Although construction began in the 1850s, it was not completed (by connecting Fort Wayne to Muncie) until 1870, and this delay caused it to be the second railroad to operate in Blackford County.<ref name="RR" /> By the time the railroad began operations, it was named Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville Railroad.<ref name="RR" /> The Lake Erie and Western Railroad acquired this railroad in 1890.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref group="Note">The railroad changed ownership and names more than once, and was also known as the Lake Erie and Western Railroad, the Nickel Plate Road, and the Norfolk and Western Railway. The line is currently owned by the Norfolk Southern Railway.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref></ref>

The first railroad to operate in Blackford County crossed somewhat east–west through the county's southern half. The railroad was named Union and Logansport Railroad Company by the time it entered Blackford County.<ref name="RR" /> This line was proposed in 1862, and completed to Hartford City in 1867—running through the Blackford County communities of Dunkirk, Crumley's Crossing, and Hartford City. The small community of Crumley's Crossing was renamed Converse, and two other communities (Millgrove and Renner) became established on this line. The railroad was eventually named Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad.<ref name="RR" /> Other names for the railroad since that time include the Panhandle division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Penn Central Transportation Company, Conrail, and Norfolk Southern Railway.<ref name="AHist19">Template:Harvnb</ref> A portion of this line is now abandoned, and the track has been removed between Converse and Hartford City, south of State Road 26.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Gas boom

Old map from the 1880s with drawings

Blackford County in 1887 with western portion of Jay County (east of Blackford) and northeast corner of Delaware County (south of Blackford).

In 1886, natural gas was discovered in two counties adjacent to Blackford County. The discoveries were in the small community of Eaton (south of Hartford City along railroad line) in Delaware County, and in the city of Portland in Jay County (east of Hartford City and Millgrove).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Hartford City Gas & Oil Company was formed in early 1887, and successfully drilled a natural gas well later in the year. The Montpelier Gas & Oil Mining company was organized in 1887.<ref name="AHistOilGas" /> While natural gas was found throughout Blackford County, crude oil was found mostly in the county's Harrison Township (between Montpelier and Mollie). Blackford County's first successful oil well, located south of Montpelier, began producing in 1890.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Montpelier was thought to be "the very heart of the greatest natural gas and oil field in the world".<ref name="AHist90" /> Oil was also found in parts of Washington Township, including a well that was thought to be "the most phenomenal well ever drilled in America".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 1896, Blackford County had 18 natural gas companies, headquartered in all four of the county's townships, including the communities of Hartford City, Montpelier, Roll, Dunkirk, Trenton (Priam Post Office), and Millgrove.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

In June 1880, only 171 people held manufacturing jobs in Blackford County.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The Indiana Gas Boom transformed the region, as manufacturers moved to the area to utilize the natural gas and railroad system. During 1901, Indiana state inspectors visited 21 manufacturing facilities in Blackford County, and these companies employed 1,346 people (compare to 171 two decades earlier).<ref name="DofI">Template:Harvnb</ref> Since these inspections were in Hartford City and Montpelier only, additional manufacturing employees from the county's small communities (such as Millgrove's glass factory) could be added to the count of 1,346. The county's two largest employers were glass factories: American Window Glass plant number 3 and Sneath Glass Company.<ref name="DofI" /> Hartford City's resources (low–cost energy, two railroads, and skilled workforce) were especially favored by glass factories, and a 1904 directory lists 10 of them.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref group="Note">Hartford City's workforce became an attraction for glass companies. The city had a community of skilled glass workers from Belgium.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref></ref> In addition to an economic transformation, another byproduct of the gas boom was an upgrade of Blackford County's appearance. Many of the county's landmark buildings were constructed during the gas boom, including the current courthouse and surrounding buildings in Hartford City's Courthouse Square Historic District.<ref name="NRHP-HD" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The city's water supply system was also built during that period.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Additional buildings include the Carnegie Library, and the historic Presbyterian Church.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Many of Montpelier's Downtown Historic District structures were built during the gas boom. Montpelier's historic Baptist Church and Montpelier's Carnegie Library were constructed in the early 1900s – near the end of the gas boom.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Post-gas boom

Hartford City's waterworks building with date on front of building of 1894

Hartford City's waterworks, built in 1894

Old red-brick church building with arched entrance and stained-glass window

Montpelier's historic Baptist Church, built during Montpelier's Oil Boom

The Indiana Gas Boom ended during the first decade of the 20th century,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> reducing the county's economy. Gas and oil workers left, some manufacturers moved, and service industries were forced to cut back operations. Adding to the county's problems, machines made the labor–intensive method originally used for producing window glass obsolete, causing many of the county's skilled glass workers at the large American Window Glass plant to lose their jobs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 1932, the window glass plant of the county's former largest employer was closed.<ref name="StarGlass">Template:Cite news</ref><ref group="Note">A second source says the American Window Glass plant closed in 1929 instead of 1932.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref></ref> According to the United States Census, Blackford County's population peaked at 17,123 in 1900, and it still has not returned to that zenith over 100 years later.<ref name="forstall" />

The end of the gas boom was especially difficult for the smaller communities in the county, since the loss of a single business has more of an impact on small communities. In the case of Millgrove, the community's major manufacturer (a glass factory) closed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> For other communities, such as Mollie, the loss of the gas and oil workers meant that the local post office was a "waste of time", and consumer demand at the general store was significantly diminished.<ref name="APostOffice" />

Improvements to the automobile and highways, which coincided with the end of the gas boom, also contributed to the decline of the county's smaller communities. The automobile changed "business and shopping patterns at the expense of the small-town merchant". Small–town residents began to drive to larger communities to purchase goods, because of the wider selection.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The improved quality of automobiles and roads competed with passenger service on the railroads (and interurban lines), causing a decline in passenger traffic on the rails. Small towns associated with railroad stations suffered from the loss in traffic. In Blackford County, passenger service on the Lake Erie and Western Railroad line (owned by the Nickel Plate Road by that time) was discontinued in 1931, and the last interurban train ran on January 18, 1941.<ref name="AHist19" />

Although many workers left the area after the gas and oil bust, Montpelier's population eventually stabilized—and Hartford City's grew. Some manufacturers remained because of a lack of better alternatives. Hartford City's Sneath Glass Company, a major employer, continued operations until the 1950s.<ref name="Sneath">Template:Cite news</ref> Hartford City leaders attracted businesses such as Overhead Door (1923) and 3M (1955) to replace the former companies.<ref name="AHist86" /><ref name="AHist88" /> Overhead Door was a major employer in Hartford City for over 60 years. In the 1960s, Overhead Door moved its headquarters from Hartford City to Dallas, Texas, although its Hartford City manufacturing plant continued until the 1980s as a major manufacturer, when it began reducing its local presence. It ceased the Indiana operation in 2000.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref group="Note">Grant's Overhead Door articleTemplate:Dead link in volume 70 of the International Directory of Company Histories has been reproduced on a web page.<ref name="OHDhist">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> </ref> The county lost another 200 jobs in 2011 when Hartford City's Key Plastics plant closed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Agriculture continues to be an important factor in the county's economy. Over 70 percent of Blackford County's land is occupied by soybean or corn fields. Additional crops and livestock are also raised. Good returns in agriculture are not always reflected in the economy of nearby towns, as industrial agriculture has reduced the number of workers it needs, and family farms have declined. Many small towns in the "Corn Belt", such as the communities in Blackford County, continue to decline in size and affluence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Geography

According to the 2010 census, Blackford County has a total area of Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert (or 99.70%) is land and Template:Convert (or 0.30%) is water,<ref name="2010Gazetteer" /> making it the fourth smallest county in the state. The county is located in East Central Indiana, about Template:Convert south of Fort Wayne, Indiana, and about Template:Convert northeast of Indianapolis.<ref group="Note">Mileages from Blackford County to Fort Wayne and Indianapolis are based on highway miles using county seat Hartford City for Blackford County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref></ref>

Adjacent counties

• Wells County (north)
• Jay County (east)
• Delaware County (south)
• Grant County (west)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The terrain of Blackford County shows the influence of glacial passage in the distant past.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> These glaciers were responsible for the rich farmland that became available after the county was cleared and drained.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> During the early 20th century, the Renner Stock Farm, in Licking Township, was known statewide for its quality cattle, hogs, and horses.<ref name="shinn1914-36">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref group="Note">A portion of Shinn's description of the Renner Stock Farm has been reproduced on a web page (scroll down).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref></ref>

Waterways

The county has some small streams, and several man-made lakes. The Salamonie River, flowing out of Jay County (Indiana) from the east, crosses the northeast corner of Blackford County. Big and Little Lick Creek flow westward in Licking and Jackson townships in the southern half of the county.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Early settlers were attracted to Lick Creek, and then the Salamonie River, because the nearby land had suitable drainage for farming.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The county's lakes include Lake Blue Water in Harrison Township; Cain's Lake, Shamrock Lakes and Lake Mohee in Licking Township; and Lake Placid in Jackson Township.<ref name="AHist146">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lake Blue Water is a spring-fed former stone quarry located one mile (1.6 km) east of Montpelier.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The Shamrock Lakes (a group of six lakes) were created between 1960 and 1965, and the first lake was originally intended to be a water supply for a farmer's cattle.<ref name="AHist146" />

Townships

• Harrison
• Jackson Township (thought to be named after President Andrew Jackson; created by County Commission September 22, 1839.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
• Licking
• Washington Township (named after President George Washington; created by County Commission June 29, 1839.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Communities

<imagemap>File:Blackford County Indiana diagram V4.jpg|Template:Center|alt=Map of Blackford County showing current and former communities, state highways, and railroads.|400px|thumb|right rect 280 175 385 230 Roll rect 590 175 675 250 Indiana SR 18 rect 740 140 885 200 Montpelier rect 999 140 1185 200 Matamoras rect 600 95 800 120 Wells County rect 100 285 505 330 Washington Township rect 710 285 1050 330 Harrison Township rect 770 500 900 570 Mollie rect 70 655 225 710 Renner rect 20 555 50 705 Grant County rect 350 740 510 800 Hartford City rect 350 540 510 600 Indiana SR 3 rect 1040 770 1200 830 Trenton rect 700 840 800 890 Indiana SR 26 rect 1360 415 1390 535 Jay County rect 70 920 380 960 Licking Township rect 805 920 1095 960 Jackson Township rect 70 1020 255 1090 Shamrock Lakes rect 880 1060 1050 1105 Millgrove rect 1025 1150 1275 1200 Converse/Crumley's Crossing rect 1200 1250 1380 1300 Dunkirk rect 1250 990 1360 1070 Indiana SR 167 rect 520 1350 720 1380 Delaware County rect 650 655 700 730 Norfolk Southern Railway rect 650 940 700 990 Former railroad line desc bottom-left </imagemap>

Cities

• Hartford City (county seat)
• Montpelier<ref name="AHist90">Template:Harvnb</ref>
• Dunkirk (mostly located in adjacent Jay County)<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Towns

• Shamrock Lakes (incorporated May 21, 1973)

Unincorporated communities

• Converse (formerly named Crumley's Crossing)
• Matamoras
• Millgrove
• Roll (formerly named Dundee)
• Trenton (former post office named Priam)

These communities are sometimes listed as ghost towns, most businesses in these communities have closed.<ref name="Ghost">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref group="Note">All five of Blackford County’s unincorporated communities are shown in UniversalMAP’s Northern Indiana road map (2009), and Indiana's digital state transportation map for 2009–2010.<ref name="indiana-highway-map" /></ref> However, residences are still maintained in these communities, and they are listed as populated places by the U.S. Geological Survey.<ref name="USGeo">Template:Cite web</ref> Millgrove, Roll, and Trenton all had post offices during the 19th or 20th century.<ref name="APost">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Extinct settlements

Blackford County has over 10 communities that do not exist anymore. In some cases, a church, farm or single residence remains at the extinct community's location.<ref name="Ghost" /> Among these former communities, Bowser Station, Dorsey Station, Mollie, Silas, and Slocum all had post offices during the 19th century.<ref name="APost" /> Mollie's post office lasted until 1907.<ref name="APostOffice">Template:Cite news</ref>

• Bowser Station—This community was a railroad stop in southern Licking Township, and had a post office during the 1870s.<ref name="APost" /><ref group="Note">An 1876 Blackford County map in the David Rumsey Map Collection shows both Dorsey Station and Bowser Station.<ref name="Rumsey">Template:Cite web</ref></ref>
• Dorsey Station—This Harrison Township community was a railroad stop, and had a post office during the 1870s.<ref name="APost" /><ref name="Rumsey" />
• Frog Alley—This Washington Township community had a church and school. "Frog Alley" arose because of the swampy condition of the area. The school, which began in 1863, lasted until 1923.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
• Greenland—Located in Harrison Township at 400 North and 600 East.<ref name="Ghost" />
• Little Chicago—Located in northwest corner of Harrison Township, and in Wells County.<ref name="Ghost" />
• Mollie—This community thrived in the 1890s as a railroad stop with a grain elevator, post office, and general store.<ref name="AHist117">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Harrison Township oil fields were located nearby.<ref name="APostOffice" />
• Pleasantdale—Located in Harrison Township, at 300 North and 600 East.<ref name="Ghost" />
• Renner (Licking Township) - a railroad stop at the Renner Stock Farm. Housing for the farm's employees was also located there. It thrived from the 1890s until the 1920s.<ref name="shinn1914-36" /> Renner is still listed as a populated place by the U.S. Geological Survey, but its "population" is a farm.<ref name="USGeo" />
• Silas— (Washington Township) - the land was purchased in 1848, and the owner established a church and school. By 1880, a general store was established at that location, and its owner was community namesake Silas Rayl. During the first decade of the 20th century, the Silas general store closed, contributing to the demise of the community.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
• Slocum (southeastern Harrison Township, exact location not known) - had a post office 1886–1902.<ref name="APost" />
• Luck (Harrison Township at 250 North and 800 East)<ref name="Ghost" />
• Winterhurst (Licking Township, at 200 South and Template:Convert East)<ref name="Ghost" />

Demographics

As of the 2010 United States Census, Blackford County's population density was Template:Convert, well below the average for Indiana, which was Template:Convert.<ref name="census-quickfacts" /> Blackford County had 12,766 people, 5,236 households, and 3,567 families residing within its borders. The racial makeup of the county was 97.7 percent white, 0.4 percent black or African American, 0.2 percent Native American, 0.1 percent Asian, 0.3 percent from other races, and 1.3 percent from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.9 percent of the population.<ref name="census2010-dp1" />

The average household size was 2.41, and the average family size was 2.88. Families accounted for 68.1 percent of the county's 5,236 households, and 75.5 percent of these families included a husband and wife living together. Children under the age of 18 were living in 38.9 percent of the family households. Non-family households accounted for 31.9 percent of total households, and 86.8 percent of them were occupied by someone living alone. People 65 years and older, living alone, accounted for 40.1 percent of non-family households—or 12.8 percent of all types of households.<ref name="census2010-dp1" />

In terms of age distribution, 22.8 percent of the population were under the age of 18, and 21.6 percent were 62 years of age or older. The median age was 42.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.<ref name="census2010-dp1" />

As of the 2000 United States Census, the median income for a household in the county was $34,760, and the median income for a family was $41,758. Males had a median income of $30,172 versus $21,386 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,543. About 6.0 percent of families and 8.7 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.3 percent of those under age 18 and 8.6 percent of those age 65 or over.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In terms of ancestry, 16.7 percent were German, 15.5 percent were American, 9.3 percent were Irish and 7.8 percent were English.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2020 census

Blackford County Racial Composition<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Race	Num.	Perc.
White (NH)	11,278	93.1%
Black or African American (NH)	54	0.44%
Native American (NH)	38	0.3%
Asian (NH)	24	0.2%
Pacific Islander (NH)	0	0%
Other/Mixed (NH)	466	3.85%
Hispanic or Latino	252	2.1%

Government

Template:See also Template:PresHead Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresRow Template:PresFoot The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana and the Indiana Code. The county council is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are elected from county districts. The council members serve four-year terms and are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget and special spending. The council also has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes and service taxes.<ref name="inc3623">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="inc2102">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2010, the county budgeted approximately $3.95 million for the district's schools and $3.18 million for other county operations and services, for a total annual budget of approximately $7.1 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The executive body of the county is a board of commissioners. They are elected county-wide, in staggered four–year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners are charged with executing the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue and managing day-to-day functions of the county government.<ref name=inc3623/><ref name=inc2102/>

The county maintains a small claims court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years and must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judge is assisted by a constable who is elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state level circuit court.<ref name=inc2102/>

The county has several other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor and circuit court clerk. Each serves a four–year term and oversees a different part of county government. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations and be residents of the county.<ref name=inc2102/>

Each township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides poor relief and manages cemetery care, among other duties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Climate and weather

Template:Climate chart Blackford County has a typical Midwestern humid continental seasonal climate, and its Köppen climate classification is Dfa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are four distinct seasons, with winters being cold with moderate snowfall, while summers can be warm and humid.<ref name="IClimate">Template:Cite web</ref> In recent years, average temperatures in county seat Hartford City have ranged from a low of Template:Convert in January to a high of Template:Convert in July, although a record low of Template:Convert was recorded in January 1994 and a record high of Template:Convert was recorded in June 1988. Average monthly precipitation ranged from Template:Convert in February to Template:Convert in June.<ref name="weather" />

March and April are considered tornado season in Indiana.<ref name="IClimate" /> Blackford County endured an F4 storm on Palm Sunday (April 11) in 1965. This storm was one of many tornadoes that occurred in the Midwest on that day. F4 tornadoes have maximum speeds of Template:Convert, and this one crossed Blackford County farmland east of Roll. Although there were no fatalities in Blackford County from this tornado, two people were killed in neighboring Wells County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The county has recorded at least five other tornadoes. The most recent tornadoes occurred in Hartford City in 2002. However, those Hartford City tornadoes were rated F1 on the Fujita scale—much less dangerous than an F4 tornado.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Blackford County has a record for hail. Hailstones Template:Convert in diameter fell in Hartford City on April 9, 2001. In a tie with the city of Cayuga, those hailstones are the largest ever recorded in the state of Indiana.<ref name="IClimate" />

The biggest recorded snowstorm was the Great Blizzard of 1978, which occurred on January 26–27, 1978. A federal state of emergency was declared for Indiana at that time.<ref name="IClimate" /> Indiana governor Otis R. Bowen authorized the use of National Guard equipment, facilities, and personnel throughout the state.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Low temperatures, high winds, and deep snow caused Hartford City to appear vacant, as schools and businesses closed. Wind gusts to Template:Convert caused snowdrifts Template:Convert high, making travel almost impossible. Snowmobiles were the only viable means of transportation, and volunteers from Hartford City's Snowmobile Club provided emergency assistance.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Economy

Autumn Soybean fields awaiting harvest in Blackford County

Autumn Soybean fields awaiting harvest in Blackford County

Blackford County's economy is supported by a labor force of approximately 5,900 workers with an unemployment rate for June 2013 of 9.8 percent.<ref name="StatsIndiana">Template:Cite web</ref> There are industrial parks in Montpelier and Hartford City, and both cities are served by railroad line owned by Norfolk Southern.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Over 30 employers of varying size are located in the county.<ref name="BCED">Template:Cite web</ref> The Blackford County School System has the most employees, with locations in both Hartford City and Montpelier.<ref name="BCED" /> 3M Company is currently the largest manufacturer in the county, and has been located in Hartford City since its purchase of the Hartford City Paper Mill in 1955.<ref name="AHist88">Template:Harvnb</ref> Another business employing more than 100 people is Blackford County Community Hospital, located in Hartford City.<ref name="BCED" /> Emhart Gripco is Montpelier's leading employer, with over 100 employees.<ref name="BCED" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Four categories account for over half the county's employment: manufacturing, government, retail trade, and health care.<ref name="StatsIndiana" /> The largest category is manufacturing, with about 19 percent of the county's workforce. In addition to local Blackford County businesses, larger local economies in the more populous counties to the south and west offer employment and commerce, particularly in the city of Muncie in Delaware County, and the city of Marion in Grant County. Both counties employ more workers than their local workforce can provide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="STATS Indiana">Template:Cite web</ref> Agriculture has a significant impact on the county, although farm workers account for only about 5 percent of the county's workers.<ref name="StatsIndiana" /> In 2007, the county had 250 farms occupying Template:Convert,<ref name="USDA2007">Template:Cite web</ref> so four-fifths of Blackford County is farmland. Nearly Template:Convert are devoted to soybeans and corn. Wheat, hay, and oats are also grown. Livestock include over 24,000 hogs and pigs.<ref name="USDA2007" />

Transportation

Map of Blackford County

Map of Blackford County

There are no interstate highways in Blackford County, although Interstate 69 passes near the county's western border.<ref name="indiana-highway-map" />

State Road 3 enters the county from Delaware County on the south. It runs north through Hartford City and enters Wells County near Roll.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> State Road 18 runs west–east through the north end of the county, on its way from Marion to the Ohio border; it passes through Montpelier and Matamoras.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

State Road 26 also runs from west to east, entering from Upland in Grant County and crossing Hartford City at State Road 3. It continues through Trenton to Jay County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

State Road 167 runs along the eastern border of the county for about Template:Convert as it goes north from Dunkirk; it terminates when it reaches State Road 26.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A Norfolk Southern Railway railroad line enters the county from the south after leaving Eaton; it runs about a mile to the east of State Road 3 until it reaches Hartford City where it veers to the northeast and passes through Montpelier. It continues into Wells County to the north.<ref name="indiana-railroad-map" /> Norfolk Southern also owns Blackford County's east–west line in southern Blackford county. An Template:Convert section of this line, between Converse and Hartford City, was abandoned during the last decade, and track has been removed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The line is still in service north of State Road 26, between Hartford City and Upland in Grant County. In October 2009, Central Railroad Company of Indianapolis pursued a leasing agreement to operate the east–west line with Norfolk Southern Railway in Blackford County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the line currently does not appear on the Central Railroad Company of Indianapolis system map.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Education and health care

The county's five public schools are administered by the Blackford County School Corporation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the 2010–11 school year, a total of 1,943 students attended these schools.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The county school system was reorganized in 1963, after a county-wide vote favored a single school system for the entire county.<ref name="AHist28">Template:Harvnb</ref> As a result, Hartford City and Montpelier High Schools graduated their last classes in 1969, and a new high school serving the entire county was constructed in time for the 1969–1970 school year.<ref name="AHist28" /> Like the county, the new high school was named after Isaac Newton Blackford, and is called Blackford High School. The school is located a few miles north of Hartford City, near the center of the county. The school was designed for 1,200 students, and initial enrollment totaled to 1,150 students, serving grades 9 through 12.<ref name="AHist28-29">Template:Harvnb</ref> Current high school enrollment is less than 650.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> All students in grades 7 and 8 attend Blackford Junior High School.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although the county was served by eight elementary schools during the 1980s, consolidations have decreased the number of elementary schools to three.<ref name="AHist28-29" /> Montpelier Elementary School serves kindergarten through grade 6.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Hartford City, Southside Elementary School serves kindergarten through grade 3; students in grades 4–6 attend Northside Elementary School.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Four universities are near to Blackford County:

• Ball State University (Muncie)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Ivy Tech State College-East Central (Muncie)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Indiana Wesleyan University (a private school in Marion)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Taylor University (a private school in Upland)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Montpelier and Hartford City both have public libraries. The Public Library of Montpelier and Harrison Township was built in 1907 and 1908.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The building is known as the Montpelier Carnegie Library because it was made possible by a grant from philanthropist (and former business magnate) Andrew Carnegie. The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hartford City's Public library, built in 1903, was also funded by a grant from Carnegie. The Carnegie Fund required local towns to do fundraising to match the grants, and to commit to operating the libraries after their construction. In many localities, women's groups were instrumental in organizing and doing fundraising for the libraries, both at the time of construction and since.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another library located in Hartford City belongs to the Blackford County Historical Society, and a museum is housed in the same building.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Blackford County Health Department is located in Hartford City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The county's hospital is Indiana University Health Blackford Hospital, a 15-bed facility in Hartford City. It opened January 2005.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Media

Template:See also The first newspaper in Blackford County was The Hartford City Times, started by Dr. John Moler in 1852. Moler ran a drug store and print shop, and the Times was mostly an advertiser.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> At least one source considers The Blackford County News, which was started later in 1852, as the county's first newspaper—possibly because the Times was mostly for advertising.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The Montpelier Examiner was first published in 1879, and that newspaper is the predecessor of The Montpelier Herald. The county's first daily newspaper, the Evening News, was started in 1894 by Edward Everett Cox in Hartford City. It was later renamed Hartford City News. After Cox's death in the 1930s, his family sold the Hartford City News to the owners of Hartford City's Times-Gazette, and the combined entity became the Hartford City News-Times.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It continued through the years under several owners. In the twenty-first century, the newspaper titled itself News-Times, and calls itself "Blackford County’s only daily newspaper".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The two major television markets that reach Blackford County are Indianapolis and Fort Wayne.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although a few lower-powered stations are located closer to Blackford County in cities such as Muncie, Marion, and Kokomo, these stations typically do not have a broadcast range that covers all of Blackford County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are no AM radio stations based in Blackford County, although several adjacent AM signals are available, including from Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Muncie, and Marion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Several adjacent FM radio signals are also available; there are also FM stations in Hartford City and Montpelier.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hartford City, Montpelier, and portions of the county's rural areas have internet access available.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable people

Template:Multiple image Astronaut Kevin A. Ford lived in Montpelier, Indiana, for several years and graduated from Blackford High School in 1978. He was born in Portland, Indiana, in 1960. Holding four academic degrees, Ford retired from active duty as a colonel in the United States Air Force in 2008. He was the pilot for the Space Shuttle Discovery during its August 2009 flight, and has logged over 332 hours in outer space.<ref name="NASA1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On October 23, 2012, Ford returned to the International Space Station aboard a Russian spacecraft.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Radio DJ Larry Monroe was born in Hartford City, Indiana, on August 29, 1942. He graduated from Hartford City High School in 1960. From 1981 until his death in 2014 he was one of the most popular radio personalities in Austin, Texas. His shows are rebroadcast every Monday evening on KDRP-LP.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Clarence G. Johnson, who lived in Hartford City from 1923 until he died in 1935, was the first president of Overhead Door Corporation.<ref name="OHDhist" /><ref name="AHist86" /> He was a pioneer in the development of garage doors, and holds numerous patents.<ref group="Note">Examples of Johnson's patents are United States Patent No. 1,784,292,<ref>US patent 1,784,292, "Double Overhead Door", issued December 9, 1930</ref> United States Patent No. 1,824,212,<ref>US patent 1,824,212, "Movable Sealing Strip for Doors", issued September 22, 1931</ref> and United States Patent No. 2,026,091.<ref>US patent 2,026,291, "Multiple Door Construction", issued 1935–12–31, assigned to Overhead Door Corporation</ref></ref> One of Johnson's more notable inventions is the first "electric operator for sectional upward-acting doors".<ref name="AHist86">Template:Harvnb</ref> Johnson's Overhead Door Corporation was a major employer in Blackford County for over 60 years, employing as many as 515 people during its peak years.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Former Indiana governor Maurice Clifford Townsend was born August 11, 1884, in Blackford County's Licking Township. After graduating from college in Marion, Indiana, Townsend served as superintendent of Blackford County schools, superintendent of Grant County schools, and as a representative of the Blackford-Grant District in the Indiana General Assembly. He was elected as Indiana's lieutenant governor in 1932. He won the 1936 election for governor, and served the single four-year term allowed by law.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> After his service in his home state, Townsend worked in the federal administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in agriculture–related assignments. One memorable achievement: he directed school buses be painted yellow for safety and identification purposes, an idea that spread nationwide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Golfer Erika Wicoff, a native of Hartford City, is one of the most decorated female athletes in Indiana University history, earning three Big Ten Player of the Year awards. She was the Big Ten women's golf champion in 1994, 1995 and 1996.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She later competed in the Ladies Professional Golf Association. Wicoff was inducted into the Indiana Athletics Hall of Fame in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Blackford County, Indiana

Notes and references

Cited works

• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book

External links

• Blackford County Website
• Blackford County Historical Society
• Blackford County United Way website
• Hartford City/Blackford County Chamber of Commerce website Template:Webarchive
• Blackford County Schools
• Blackford County Economic Development Corp