Wayne County, Michigan

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Wayne County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of 2020, the United States census placed its population at 1,793,561, making it the 19th-most populous county in the United States.<ref name="QF">Template:Cite web</ref> The county seat is Detroit.<ref name="GR6">Template:Cite web</ref> The county was founded in 1796 and organized in 1815.<ref name="Clarke"/> Wayne County is included in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is one of several U.S. counties named after Revolutionary War-era general Anthony Wayne.

History

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File:Wayne County by proclamation 1796.jpg

Original Wayne County of the Northwest Territory

File:Detroit Police car in 1955.jpg

Wayne County in 1955

Wayne County was the sixth county in the Northwest Territory, formed August 15, 1796, from portions of territorial Hamilton County, territorial Knox County and unorganized territory. It was named for the U.S. general "Mad Anthony" Wayne. It originally encompassed the entire area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, most of the Upper Peninsula, as well as smaller sections that are now part of northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. By proclamation of the Territorial Secretary and Acting Governor, Winthrop Sargent, on August 15, 1796, the boundaries of Wayne County were declared to begin at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River then west to Fort Wayne, then to the southernmost point of Lake Michigan and along the western shore north to the territorial boundary in Lake Superior and then along the territorial boundary through Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Erie back to the starting point.<ref name="Sargent">Template:Cite book</ref> The first division of the county into townships occurred November 1, 1798, into the four townships of Detroit, Hamtramck, Mackinaw, and Sargent. The extent of Wayne county at that time included all the present state of Michigan in addition to parts of Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin, so that the townships erected at that time were vastly larger than the corresponding divisions of the present time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Guardianbuilding.jpg

The historic Guardian Building in Detroit is the Wayne County headquarters.

On January 14, 1803, the Governor of Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, issued a similar proclamation defining the boundaries as beginning at a point where an east and west line passing through the southernmost extreme of Lake Michigan would intersect a north and south line, passing through the westernmost extreme of the lake, then north to the territorial boundary, then along said boundary line to a point where an east and west line passing through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan would intersect the same, then along this last mentioned line to the place of beginning. This boundary would include Chicago, Illinois, and a sizable strip of Wisconsin along Lake Michigan.<ref name="Harrison">Template:Cite book</ref>

These boundaries would be adjusted as Indiana and Illinois became states and as other counties were formed within Michigan Territory.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert is land and Template:Convert (9.0%) is water.<ref name="GR1">Template:Cite web</ref> Its water area includes parts of the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair.

Wayne County borders on Oakland County and Macomb County to the north, Washtenaw County to the west, Essex County, Ontario, Canada to the east, and Monroe County to the south.

The eastern (and sometimes southern) boundary is a water boundary in the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair with Essex County, Ontario. Automotive traffic crosses this boundary at the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge. Due to the southwestern course of the river, this small portion of Canada actually lies to the south of Wayne County. The southern communities of the county are usually referred to as Downriver, in reference to their location downstream of downtown Detroit.

Grosse Ile is the largest island in the county and is connected to the mainland by the Wayne County Bridge and the Grosse Ile Toll Bridge. The highest elevation (Template:Convert) in the county is near Northville, in Maybury State Park.

Adjacent counties

Washtenaw County (west)
Monroe County (south/southwest)
Essex County, Ontario, Canada (east/southeast)
Lambton County, Ontario, Canada (east/northeast across Lake St. Clair)
Macomb County (north/northeast)
Oakland County (north)

National protected area

Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge (part)

Transportation

Wayne County Department of Public Services

The Wayne County Department of Public Services was formed in 1906 as the Wayne County Road Commission. It was the government agency in Wayne County, Michigan responsible for building and maintaining the county's roads and highways.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Its first commissioners were Edward N. Hines, Cassius R. Benton, and automobile manufacturer Henry Ford. While the commission was authorized by an 80% positive vote of county voters in a 1906 referendum, it was controversial and there was a Michigan state supreme court case pressed which found it unconstitutional. Commissioners Benton and Ford quit, but commissioner Hines persisted and led the commission through reorganization getting around the obstacles.<ref name="mps" />Template:Rp Hines was a commissioner continuously from 1906 to 1938. Hines is credited with the idea of putting a painted line down a roadway's center to divide traffic, and other innovations that were later widely adopted.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The commission claims credit for constructing the country's first mile of concrete-paved rural highway, a section of Woodward Avenue just outside the Detroit city limits.<ref name="mps" />

A number of the county road commissions' works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name=mps>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="nris">Template:NRISref</ref>

The county road commission was merged into the general county government,<ref name=mps/>Template:Rp becoming the Roads Division of the Department of Public Services.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Transit

File:CA-QC road sign I-310.svg Detroit station is located in the New Center neighborhood and serves the Amtrak Wolverine intercity trains.
File:Bus Sign.svg The Detroit Bus Station is located in the Corktown neighborhood and serves intercity buses to destinations across the Midwest.
The Detroit Department of Transportation and Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation provide local and regional bus service.
The QLine operates streetcar service down Woodward Avenue.

Major highways

Template:Jct through the Downriver communities, then through the southwest-side neighborhoods of Detroit and serves as the northern border of Downtown Detroit as the Fisher Freeway. It then turns away from the Fisher onto the Chrysler Freeway at a complex interchange with I-375 and an unnumbered extension which connects with M-3, then follows M-1, which is less than a mile away through the remainder of Detroit, connecting eastern Wayne County to Toledo and Flint to the south and north respectively. It runs non-stop to the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge to the north and to Florida to the south.
Template:Jct runs east–west through the central parts of Wayne County, connecting it to Port Huron eastbound and Chicago westbound. To the west it provides an uninterrupted route as far as Montana and connects to the northern side of the Detroit Metro Airport. In Detroit it is known as the Edsel Ford Freeway.
Template:Jct has its eastern terminus in the county, in Detroit. It follows Grand River Avenue until the city's northwest side, there it turns due west to I-275, where it turns north to concurrent with I-275. West of Detroit to I-275 it is known as the Jeffries Freeway; in Detroit it is the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway, but it is sometimes still known as the Jeffries.
Template:Jct, most of whose mileage is in Wayne County, serves the southern side of the Detroit Metro Airport.
Template:Jct is the nation's shortest Interstate Highway to be signed. However some highways are shorter but are not signed at all. It serves as the eastern boundary of Downtown Detroit and is a southern extension of the Chrysler Freeway. There are currently plans in the works to turn I-375 into a 6-lane boulevard.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Construction will start in 2025 and is expected to finish by 2028.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Jct has its eastern terminus in Downtown Detroit at Cass Avenue. From there it travels through the west side of Detroit and through Dearborn and other points west and is a useful alternative to I-94. US 12 continues west through Michigan, passing through several US cities including Chicago and Minneapolis, eventually ending in the Pacific Northwest in Aberdeen, Washington. Locally it is known as Michigan Avenue.
Template:Jct traverses through Downriver and the far west sides of Dearborn and Detroit and is a useful alternative to I-75. Locally it is known as Telegraph Road.
Template:Jct entered the county by two ways. Initially it was via Woodward Avenue but when the Lodge Freeway was completed U.S. Route 10 was relocated onto it; the Woodward route became M-1. Later the existing highway was truncated in Bay City and M-10 replaced it on the Lodge.
Template:Jct entered Wayne County on Grand River Avenue and ended in Downtown Detroit.
Template:Jct was the designated name for Dix-Toledo Highway in Downriver and Fort Street and Gratiot Avenue in Detroit. The construction of I-75 resulted in the truncation of U.S. Route 25 to Cincinnati.
Template:Jct followed Michigan Avenue out of Downtown Detroit and out of Wayne County. Is now a routing of U.S. Route 12.
Template:Jct has its southern terminus in Downtown Detroit at Adams Street. It travels through Midtown Detroit and New Center and through Highland Park. It serves as an alternative to I-75 and M-10. Locally known as Woodward Avenue. M-1 was a result of US-10 being redesignated to the Lodge Freeway.
Template:Jct has its southern terminus in Downtown Detroit at Randolph and Jefferson Avenue. It proceeds northeasterly through Detroit's northeast side and beyond towards Mount Clemens and points further north. Locally known as Gratiot Avenue. M-3 was the result of the removal of US-25 from Michigan.
Template:Jct begins at the northern intersection with I-96 on Detroit's northwest side and follows Grand River Avenue out of the county.
Template:Jct runs from I-96 to Conant Street in Detroit, passing through Highland Park. The freeway portion is known as the Davison Freeway.
Template:Jct starts at the same intersection where M-3 starts in Downtown Detroit and travels further into the city on the Lodge Freeway and connects it to Southfield.
Template:Jct starts at the interchange with I-96 and I-275 in Livonia and travels out into rural areas, serving Plymouth and Ann Arbor.
Template:Jct starts in Lincoln Park's city center and runs along Southfield Road to Allen Park and becomes the Southfield Freeway, traveling through the west side of Detroit.
Template:Jct begins at M-3 in Detroit, running through the city and connecting it to the Thumb area of the state. Locally known as Van Dyke Avenue.
Template:Jct, which is entirely in Wayne County, starts at Griswold Street in Downtown Detroit and connects the city's southwest side to Downriver, ending near Flat Rock at I-75, for whom which M-85 serves as an alternative. Locally known as West Fort and South Fort, divided at the River Rouge.
Template:Jct only runs a short distance through Detroit's northeast side, starting at M-3. In the city it follows Gunston Street and Hoover Street.
Template:Jct follows the county line between M-5 and I-94. Locally known as West 8 Mile and East 8 Mile, divided at John R. Street.
Template:Jct starts at Wyoming Street on the Detroit-Dearborn limit and continues through the western suburbs as Ford Road.
Template:Jct became part of US 16, which is also removed from Michigan.
Template:Jct once followed Ecorse Road into Lincoln Park, then ran concurrently with U.S. Route 25 to Downtown Detroit.
Template:Jct connected US 24 in Monroe to Flat Rock; it once connected to US 112 in Canton along Huron River Drive and Belleville Road.
Template:Jct entered Wayne County during World War II, and the years following, on an expressway, providing access to the Willow Run Airport in Van Buren Township and turned onto present-day Interstate 94 in Romulus Township. In Taylor Township it had interchanges with both M-17 and US 24, then ended at US 112 in Dearborn.
File:Dixie Highway marker.svg Dixie Highway ran through Wayne County as early as 1915. Back then it was one of the only routes that connected the county to the Southern United States. Today there are no traces of the old highway in the county.

Airports

File:Airport Sign.svg Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport is located in the Downriver community of Romulus. It serves as a hub for Delta Air Lines and Spirit Airlines and is one of the two airports operated by the Wayne County Airport Authority.
File:Airport Sign.svg Willow Run Airport is located in Van Buren Township and has four runways (a fifth was recently converted into a taxiway). No scheduled flights operate out of Willow Run and is one of the two airports operated by the Wayne County Airport Authority.
File:Airport Sign.svg Grosse Ile Municipal Airport is located about Template:Convert south of Grosse Ile Township's downtown area. It has two paved runways. No scheduled flights operate out of this airport as well.
File:Airport Sign.svg Coleman A. Young International Airport is also known as the Detroit City Airport, which is not to be confused with the larger and nearby Detroit Metro Airport. It is located just a short drive from Downtown Detroit along M-3. It also has two runways and no scheduled flights, although it has been attempted in the past.

Demographics

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2020 census

**Wayne County, Michigan – Racial and ethnic composition**
Template:Nobold
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>Template:Cite web</ref>	Pop 2010<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	Template:Partial<ref name=2020CensusP2>Template:Cite web</ref>	% 2000	% 2010	Template:Partial
White alone (NH)	1,028,984	902,180	857,132	49.92%	49.55%	47.79%
Black or African American alone (NH)	864,627	732,801	669,277	41.95%	40.25%	37.32%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	6,582	5,635	4,265	0.32%	0.31%	0.24%
Asian alone (NH)	34,837	45,590	64,604	1.69%	2.50%	3.60%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH)	398	304	322	0.02%	0.02%	0.02%
Other race alone (NH)	3,191	2,387	7,974	0.15%	0.13%	0.44%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)	45,336	36,427	72,338	2.20%	2.00%	4.03%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	77,207	95,260	117,649	3.75%	5.23%	6.56%
Total	2,061,162	1,820,584	1,793,561	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

File:Ethnic Origins in Wayne County, MI.png

Ethnic origins in Wayne County

2010 Census

The 2010 United States census<ref name=AmFactFinder>Template:Cite web</ref> indicates Wayne County had a 2010 population of 1,820,584. This is a decrease of 240,578 people from the 2000 United States census. Overall, the county had an -11.7% growth rate during this ten-year period. In 2010 there were 702,749 households and 450,651 families in the county. The population density was Template:Convert. There were 821,693 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert. 52.3% were White, 40.5% Black or African American, 2.5% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 0.8% of some other race and 2.4% of two or more races. 5.2% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 7.5% were of German, 6.8% Polish and 5.2% Irish ancestry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

There were 702,749 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.4% were husband and wife families, 20.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.9% were non-families, and 30.7% were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the county, 25.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 9.7% was from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.

The 2010 American Community Survey 1-year estimate<ref name=AmFactFinder/> indicates the median income for a household in the county was $39,408 and the median income for a family was $49,176. Males had a median income of $26,823 versus $17,744 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,948. About 18.6% of families and 23.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.8% of those under the age 18 and 11.7% of that age 65 or over.

Religion

According to 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Wayne County was the Archdiocese of Detroit, with 297,283 Catholics worshipping at 149 parishes, followed by 92,394 non-denominational adherents with 144 congregations, 76,422 NBC Baptists with 110 congregations, an estimated 67,775 Muslims with 38 congregations, 28,021 ABCUSA Baptists with 32 congregations, 22,687 Missouri Synod Lutherans with 52 congregations, 16,043 CoGiC Pentecostals with 66 congregations, 14,689 UMC Methodists with 53 congregations, 14,107 PC-USA Presbyterians with 36 congregations, and 13,199 AME Methodists with 29 congregations. Altogether, 43.3% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations, although members of historically African-American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2014, Wayne County had 780 religious organizations, the 12th most among all US counties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Government

File:Detroit December 2019 02 (Wayne County Building).jpg

Wayne County Building

Wayne County is Michigan's first "charter county", with a home rule charter setting up its structures within limits set in state law and constitution. Most Michigan county governments are structured according to state law, without a locally adopted charter. The county is governed pursuant to the Home Rule Charter of Wayne County, Michigan, and the Wayne County Code is the codification of Wayne County's local ordinances. Unless a violation of the code or other ordinance is specifically designated as a municipal civil infraction (or unless expressly otherwise required by applicable state or federal laws), the violation is a misdemeanor.<ref>Wayne County Code § 1-25</ref>

The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records for all areas except Detroit, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. Most other local government functions – police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. – are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Elected officials

County Executive: Warren Evans (Democratic)
Prosecuting Attorney: Kym Worthy (Democratic)
Sheriff: Raphael Washington (Democratic)
County Clerk: Cathy M. Garrett (Democratic)
County Treasurer: Eric Sabree (Democratic)
Register of Deeds: Bernard J. Youngblood (Democratic)
Wayne County Commission: Alisha Bell, Chair (Democratic) 15 members, elected from districts (14 Democrats, 1 Republican)
Circuit Court (3rd Circuit encompasses Wayne County): 61 judges (non-partisan)
Probate Court: 8 judges (non-partisan)

(information as of February 2021)

Department of Public Services

Formerly the Wayne County Road Commission, the Department of Public Services is the government agency in Wayne County responsible for building and maintaining the county's roads and highways. A number of the former agency's works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name=mps/><ref name="nris"/>

Corrections

The Wayne County Jail Division operates The Andrew C. Baird Detention Facility in Downtown Detroit, The Old Wayne County Jail in Downtown Detroit, and The William Dickerson Detention Facility in Hamtramck.<ref>"Jail Division Template:Webarchive." Wayne County. Retrieved on November 5, 2012. "570 Clinton Street, Detroit, MI 48226" and "525 Clinton Street, Detroit, MI 48226" and "3501 Hamtramck Dr, Hamtramck, MI 48212"</ref>

Politics

Wayne County has backed the Democratic presidential nominee in every election since 1932, at times by large margins. From 1896 to 1928, it had always voted Republican for president, or at least more Republican than Democratic. Its large population has helped swing the election to Democrats in many statewide elections since then, with candidates running up large margins here offsetting Republican majorities in most rural counties of Michigan. In fact, between 1944 and 2012, the county had the largest margin of victory for the Democratic candidate in Michigan in every presidential election except for 1976 and 1984, both times coming in second place to Gogebic County in the Upper Peninsula by less than 1.5%.

More recently, however, the margin of victory for the Democrats has started to shrink. Beginning in 2016, neighboring Washtenaw County, home of the University of Michigan, has surpassed Wayne County as the most Democratic county in Michigan; and in 2024, Ingham County, home of Michigan State University, also voted more Democratic than Wayne County. In 2020, Donald Trump became the first Republican since 1988 to crack 30% of the vote in the county.

The 2024 election saw an even bigger shift, with Trump taking more than one-third of the county's vote, and Kamala Harris turning in the worst performance for a Democrat in Wayne County in 36 years, winning by less than 30% for the first time since 1988. The shift was due in part to many Arab American and American Muslim voters in Dearborn and Hamtramck voting for a third-party candidate or for Trump, to protest the Biden Administration's handling of the Gaza War.

The last Republican candidate to carry Wayne County in a statewide election was Candice Miller when she won re-election to the Secretary of State office in 1998.