Chiasmus

In rhetoric, chiasmus (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) or, less commonly, chiasm (Latin term from Greek Template:Lang Template:Transliteration, "crossing", from the Greek Template:Lang, Template:Transliteration, "to shape like the letter Χ"), is a "reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses – but no repetition of words".<ref>Corbett and Connors, 1999. p. 58–59, 74</ref>

A similar device, antimetabole, also involves a reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses in an A-B-B-A configuration, but unlike chiasmus, presents a repetition of words.<ref>Baldick,2008. p. 17</ref>

Examples

Chiasmus balances words or phrases with similar, though not identical, meanings:

"Dotes" and "strongly loves" share the same meaning and bracket, as do "doubts" and "suspects".

Additional examples of chiasmus:

For comparison, the following is considered antimetabole, in which the reversal in structure involves the same words:

Both chiasmus and antimetabole can be used to reinforce antithesis.<ref>Corbett and Connors, 1999. p. 59.</ref> In chiasmus, the clauses display inverted parallelism. Chiasmus was particularly popular in the literature of the ancient world, including Hebrew, Greek, Latin and K'iche' Maya,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> where it was used to articulate the balance of order within the text. Many long and complex chiasmi have been found in Shakespeare<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Chiasmus is also found throughout the Quran<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Book of Mormon.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Conceptual chiasmus

Chiasmus can be used in the structure of entire passages to parallel concepts or ideas. This process, termed "conceptual chiasmus", uses a criss-crossing rhetorical structure to cause an overlapping of "intellectual space".<ref name="Ceccarelli 2001 5">Template:Cite book</ref> Conceptual chiasmus utilizes specific linguistic choices, often metaphors, to create a connection between two differing disciplines.<ref name="Ceccarelli 2001 5"/> By employing a chiastic structure to a single presented concept, rhetors encourage one area of thought to consider an opposing area's perspective.

Effectiveness

File:Chiastic.svg

Chiasmus represented as an "X" structure. When read left to right, top to bottom, the first topic (A) is reiterated as the last, and the middle concept (B) appears twice in succession.

Chiasmus derives its effectiveness from its symmetrical structure. The structural symmetry of the chiasmus imposes the impression upon the reader or listener that the entire argument has been accounted for.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In other words, chiasmus creates only two sides of an argument or idea for the listener to consider, and then leads the listener to favor one side of the argument.

Thematic chiasmus

The Wilhelmus, the national anthem of the Netherlands, has a structure composed around a thematic chiasmus: the 15 stanzas of the text are symmetrical, in that verses one and 15 resemble one another in meaning, as do verses two and 14, three and 13, etc., until they converge in the eighth verse, the heart of the song. Written in the 16th century, the Wilhelmus originated in the nation's struggle to achieve independence. It tells of the Father of the Nation William of Orange who was stadholder in the Netherlands under the king of Spain. In the first person, as if quoting himself, William speaks to the Dutch people and talks about both the outer conflict – the Dutch Revolt – as well as his own, inner struggle: on one hand, he tries to be faithful to the king of Spain,<ref>CF.hum.uva.nl</ref> on the other hand, he is above all faithful to his conscience: to serve God and the Dutch people. This is made apparent in the central 8th stanza: "Oh David, thou soughtest shelter from King Saul's tyranny. Even so I fled this welter". Here the comparison is made between the biblical David and William of Orange as merciful and just leaders who both serve under tyrannic kings. As the merciful David succeeds the unjust Saul and is rewarded by God with the kingdom of Israel, so too, with the help of God, will William be rewarded a kingdom; being either or both the Netherlands, and the kingdom of God.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• Antanaclasis
• Antimetabole
• Arch form
• Chiastic structure
• Contrapposto
• Figure of speech
• Golden line (a Latin poetic line based on an abAB structure)
• Palindrome
• Rhetoric
• Russian reversal
• Silver line (a Latin poetic line based on an abBA structure)
• Spoonerism
• Synchysis (the reverse of the chiasmus)
• The Throne Verse
• Transpositional pun

Sources

• Baldrick, Chris. 2008. Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press. New York. Template:ISBN
• Corbett, Edward P. J. and Connors, Robert J. 1999. Style and Statement. Oxford University Press. New York, Oxford. Template:ISBN
• Forsyth, Mark. 2014. The Elements of Eloquence. Berkley Publishing Group/Penguin Publishing. New York. Template:ISBN
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External links

• Chiasmus, Rhetorical Figures, by Gideon O. Burton (professor of rhetoric and composition, BYU), at humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric
• Chiasmus Explained at LiteraryDevices