Pennington County, South Dakota

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Pennington County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 109,222,<ref name="2020 Census (City)">Template:Cite web</ref> making it the second most populous county in South Dakota, and was estimated to be 115,979 in 2024.<ref name="QF"/> Its county seat is Rapid City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The county was created on January 11, 1875, and was organized on April 19, 1877.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is named for John L. Pennington, fifth Governor of Dakota Territory, who held office in 1875 when the county was formed.<ref>"Pennington County, SD History" Template:Webarchive. Pennington County official website. Retrieved January 8, 2011.</ref> Pennington County is included in the Rapid City metropolitan statistical area. It is also the location of Mount Rushmore.

History

In 1874, US Army commander George A. Custer led a group into the Black Hills area. He and some of his officers climbed the crest now called Black Elk Peak, and made a toast to US General William S. Harney. They named the peak for Harney, and this name was used until 2016. This expedition reported that gold could be found in the Black Hills, which spurred a gold rush into the future county area. The mining settlements that sprang up were in violation of the second Treaty of Fort Laramie signed with the Sioux Nation in 1868. By 1875, settlement was sufficient to justify creation of a local governing organization, so Pennington County was created on January 11, 1875, and it was fully organized by April 19, 1877. The county's boundaries were adjusted in 1877 and in 1898.

The county seat was initially at Sheridan, a mining camp.<ref>Sheridan became a ghost town after the gold rush; it was inundated in 1939 by Sheridan Lake.</ref> (Sheridan is credited with hosting the first Federal Court west of the Missouri River.) In 1878, the county seat was moved to Rapid City.<ref name=PCH/><ref>History of SD Counties/Pennington (accessed February 8, 2019)</ref>

In 1923, Doane Robinson, superintendent of the SD State Historical Society, began promoting the concept of a giant sculpture carved from a Black Hills mountain. By 1927 this concept took substance, when work on Mount Rushmore began.

Shortly after the US entered World War II, an Army training airbase was established in Pennington County. It has continued until the present, now known as Ellsworth Air Force Base. Supporting this activity has provided a substantial portion of the county's economic base since that time.<ref name=PCH>History - Pennington County (accessed February 8, 2019)</ref>

Geography

File:WLA hmns Mesohippus baidi 2.jpg

Extinct Mesohippus horse, found in Pennington County, on display at the Houston Museum of Natural Science

Pennington County is located on the west line of South Dakota. Its west boundary line abuts the east boundary line of the state of Wyoming. Its west end contains the nation's highest peak east of the continental divide, Black Elk Peak. The rugged arid western end contains forest and gullies, descendending to rough rolling hill country in the east. The Cheyenne River flows north-northeastward through the center of the county and then along its northeastern border on its way to discharge in the Missouri River, while Rapid Creek flows east-southeastward through the western part, to discharge into the Cheyenne at the county's midpoint.<ref name="PCSD">Template:Cite web</ref> The county terrain varies in elevation from Black Elk Peak at Template:Convert to its NE corner, at Template:Convert ASL.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert is land and Template:Convert (0.28%) is water.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is the third-largest county in South Dakota by total area, and is larger than the state of Delaware.

Major highways

Transit

Adjacent counties

Meade County – north
Ziebach County - northeast
Haakon County – northeast
Jackson County – southeast
Oglala Lakota County – south
Custer County – southwest
Weston County, Wyoming – west
Lawrence County – northwest

National protected areas

Badlands National Park (part)
- Badlands Wilderness
Black Hills National Forest (part)
- Black Elk Wilderness (part)
Buffalo Gap National Grassland (part)
Minuteman Missile National Historic Site (part)
Mount Rushmore National Memorial

Lakes and reservoirs

Source:<ref name=PCSD/>

Deerfield Lake
Pactola Reservoir
Shearer Lake
Sheridan Lake

Demographics

Template:US Census population

As of the third quarter of 2024, the median home value in Pennington County was $326,400.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

As of the 2023 American Community Survey, there are 45,698 estimated households in Pennington County with an average of 2.37 persons per household. The county has a median household income of $70,768. Approximately 11.6% of the county's population lives at or below the poverty line. Pennington County has an estimated 63.0% employment rate, with 34.1% of the population holding a bachelor's degree or higher and 94.7% holding a high school diploma.<ref name="QF">Template:Cite web</ref>

The median age in the county was 40.2 years.

Pennington County, South Dakota – racial and ethnic composition
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Race / ethnicity (NH = non-Hispanic)	Pop. 1980<ref name=1980CensusScope>Template:Cite web</ref>	Pop. 1990<ref name=1990CensusScope>Template:Cite web</ref>	Pop. 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>Template:Cite web</ref>	Pop. 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>Template:Cite web</ref>	Template:Partial<ref name=2020CensusP2>Template:Cite web</ref>
White alone (NH)	64,148 (91.17%)	71,882 (88.37%)	75,797 (85.58%)	82,438 (81.66%)	82,743 (75.76%)
Black or African American alone (NH)	875 (1.24%)	1,249 (1.54%)	722 (0.82%)	1,013 (1.00%)	1,363 (1.25%)
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	3,643 (5.18%)	5,518 (6.78%)	6,773 (7.65%)	9,042 (8.96%)	10,927 (10.00%)
Asian alone (NH)	360 (0.51%)	884 (1.09%)	763 (0.86%)	1,041 (1.03%)	1,463 (1.34%)
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	—	—	51 (0.06%)	76 (0.08%)	78 (0.07%)
Other race alone (NH)	91 (0.13%)	33 (0.04%)	66 (0.07%)	71 (0.07%)	411 (0.38%)
Mixed race or multiracial (NH)	—	—	2,052 (2.32%)	3,223 (3.19%)	6,662 (6.10%)
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	1,244 (1.77%)	1,777 (2.18%)	2,341 (2.64%)	4,044 (4.01%)	5,575 (5.10%)
Total	70,361 (100.00%)	81,343 (100.00%)	88,565 (100.00%)	100,948 (100.00%)	109,222 (100.00%)

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, there were 109,222 people, 44,909 households, and 27,584 families residing in the county.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The population density was Template:Convert. There were 49,153 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the county was 77.42% White, 1.30% African American, 10.71% Native American, 1.37% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 1.26% from some other races and 7.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 5.10% of the population.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 100,948 people, 41,251 households, and 26,323 families residing in the county. The population density was Template:Convert. There were 44,949 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the county was 83.56% White, 1.04% African American, 9.66% Native American, 1.04% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.81% from some other races and 3.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 4.01% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 38.0% were German, 14.3% were Irish, 11.0% were Norwegian, 10.2% were English, and 3.6% were American.

Of the 41,251 households, 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.2% were non-families, and 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.93. The median age was 36.8 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $46,849 and the median income for a family was $57,278. Males had a median income of $38,626 versus $30,251 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,894. About 9.4% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.7% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

Law enforcement & emergency services

The Pennington County Sheriff's Office provides county-wide law enforcement services to the county. There are 118 deputies in the Patrol Division, in addition court services, investigations, and operation of the Pennington County Jail. The sheriff's office is headquartered in Rapid City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The sheriff's office issues concealed pistol permits to county residents.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The current Sheriff is Brian Mueller.

The Sheriff's Office also operates the Pennington County Search and Rescue (PCSAR) team, a volunteer search and rescue (SAR) team based in Rapid City, was established in 1973, prompted by a 1972 flood in Rapid City. It serves residents and tourists in the county and the Black Hills area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Communities

Cities

Towns

Census-designated places

Unincorporated communities

Source:<ref name=PCSD/>

Ajax
Colonial Pine Hills
Creighton
Ellsworth AFB
Farmingdale
Hisega
Imlay
Owanka
Merritt (partial)
Mystic
Pedro
Rochford
Rockerville
Scenic
Silver City
Three Forks
Wicksville

Ghost towns

Townships

Ash
Castle Butte
Cedar Butte
Conata
Crooked Creek
Fairview
Flat Butte
Huron
Imlay
Lake Creek
Lake Flat
Lake Hill
Owanka
Peno
Quinn
Rainy Creek/Cheyenne
Scenic
Shyne
Sunnyside
Wasta

Unorganized territories

Central Pennington
Dalzell Canyon
East Central Pennington
Mount Rushmore
Northeast Pennington
Rapid City East
West Pennington

Politics

Education

School districts include:<ref>Template:Cite map - Text list</ref>

References

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External links

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