Maverick County, Texas

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File:Maverick County, Texas, Courthouse IMG 1714.JPG

The new county courthouse

The Maverick County Jail, established 1949, is adjacent to the county courthouse.

Maverick County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 57,887.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its county seat is Eagle Pass.<ref name="GR6">Template:Cite web</ref> The county was created in 1856 and organized in 1871.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is named for Samuel Maverick, cattleman and state legislator.

The Eagle Pass, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Maverick County. It is east of the Mexican border.

History

File:Maverick County Jail Guards, 1891.jpg

Soldiers in Eagle Pass in 1891, photo courtesy Southern Methodist University

Native Americans

Prehistoric hunter-gatherer peoples were the first inhabitants, and their artifacts have been found in various areas of the county. Lipan Apache, Shawnee,Template:Citation needed and Coahuiltecan culture followed.<ref name="Maverick County">Template:Cite web</ref> The abandonment of Fort Duncan on March 20, 1861, during the Civil War, enabled the Indian population to gain control of the region; both American and Mexican inhabitants suffered tremendous loss of life and property. The fort was reoccupied in 1868.<ref name="Fort Duncan">Template:Cite web</ref> In early 1871, a number of Black Seminole Indians living along the border were organized into a company of scouts and brought to Fort Duncan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The last Indian raid in the county occurred in 1877. Three traders were murdered and mutilated by Lipan Apaches. The site of the incident, Template:Convert northeast of Eagle Pass, became known as Deadman's Hill.<ref name="Maverick County"/>

Spanish explorations

The El Camino Real, later known as the Old San Antonio Road, that crosses the Rio Grande, begins in East Texas and crosses southern Maverick County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The trail was originally blazed by Alonso De León in 1690, and is said to have been traversed by more early Spanish explorers and settlers than any other section of the state.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1989, the legislature authorized the Old San Antonio Road Preservation Commission to coordinate the 1991 300th anniversary of the trail's founding.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Saltillo alcade Fernando de Azcué in 1665 pursued Indians into the county.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1675, Fernando del Bosque traversed the area near Quemado, and Franciscans with the expedition are said to have celebrated the first Mass on Texas soil.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1688, Alonso De León followed the Camino Real across the county en route to Fort St. Louis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Domingo Terán de los Ríos, the first Governor of Spanish Texas, led an expedition through the county in 1691.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Spanish Texas Governor Martín de Alarcón crossed the county in 1718 on the expedition that resulted in the founding of San Antonio.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Governor of the Mexican provinces of Coahuila and Texas, Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo, in 1720 passed through on an expedition that brought goats, 2800 horses and 6400 sheep that was the onset of Spanish ranching in Texas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Pedro de Rivera y Villalón crossed the county in 1727 as part of an expedition to inspect the frontier defenses of New Spain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Early settlers

File:Ranch road in Maverick County, TX DSCN0860.JPG

Ranch road in Maverick County

Antonio Rivas was the first known rancher on the land in 1765. The county still has a considerable ranching community.<ref name="Maverick County"/>

On March 27, 1849, Capt. Sidney Burbank established Fort Duncan, previously known as Camp Eagle Pass, on a site Template:Convert north of the ford at Adjuntos Pass.<ref name="Fort Duncan"/>

General William Leslie Cazneau, credited several years earlier with burying the Alamo casualties with full military honors, began ranching in the area around 1850. He partnered with Irish-born San Antonio banker and county settler John Twohig to lay out a plan of Eagle Pass in 1850. That same year, a Mexican garrison established Piedras Negras across the border.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Freight operator Friedrich Wilhelm Carl Groos secured a contract to haul supplies for the army at Fort Duncan. At his urging, several early settlers of Eagle Pass were emigres of the Mexican river villages and missions of San Juan Bautista, San José, Santo Domingo, San Nicolás, La Navaja, and San Isidro.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Emigres Refugio and Rita Alderete de San Miguel used the profits of their freighting business to establish a large-scale cattle, sheep, and horse ranch on Elm Creek in 1853. They were joined in ranching operations by stranded pilgrims on the California Gold Rush trail and discharged Fort Duncan soldiers. Among these was Infantry veteran Jesse Sumpter, who also worked at many odd jobs before becoming sheriff in the newly formed Maverick County.<ref name="Maverick County"/>

Landscape pioneer Frederick Law Olmsted visited Eagle Pass in 1854, and noted the many slave hunters and runaway slaves residing in Piedras Negras, as well as the many saloons and gambling houses, which catered to Fort Duncan's soldiers and other unsavory characters.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1855, Texas Governor Elisha M. Pease authorized a raid into Mexico. An international incident was brought about by James H. Callahan and William R. Henry, whose pursuit of Lipan Apache raiders and runaway slaves into Mexico ended in the looting and torching of Piedras Negras, after an encounter with Mexican forces at La Marama on the Río Escondido.<ref name="Maverick County"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

County established and growth

Maverick County was established from Kinney County and named for Samuel A. Maverick in 1856. The county was organized some years later on September 4, 1871. The estimated population of the county in 1860 was 726. Eagle Pass voted 83–3 against secession from the Union.<ref name="Maverick County"/>

Fort Duncan was occupied by Confederate troops during the Civil War. Eagle Pass was chosen as a trade depot for the Military Board of Texas. Eagle Pass was a major terminus of the Cotton Road, custom house and Confederate port of entry into Mexico 1863–65. A cotton press was installed at Piedras Negras to handle the enormous quantities coming across the Rio Grande. At the close of the Civil War, General Joseph Orville Shelby's brigade never surrendered, but hoped to continue their fight across the border. On July 4, 1865, Shelby stopped in the middle of the Rio Grande to bury the last Confederate flag to fly over his troops. To the sound of drum and bugle, he wrapped the flag around the plume of his hat, weighted it with a stone from the river bank, and lowered it into the river.<ref name="Maverick County"/> Shelby's unit became known as “The Undefeated” and was used as a basis for the 1969 John Wayne-Rock Hudson film by the same name.<ref name="Maverick County"/>

Saloons, gambling houses, and smuggling operations proliferated in and around Eagle Pass during Reconstruction. The infamous J. King Fisher and his followers dominated the era in the region.<ref name="Maverick County"/>

Telegraph lines reached Eagle Pass in 1875. In 1880, the main line of the Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio Railway was extended west from San Antonio, connecting to the Mexican Railway in Piedras Negras.<ref name="Maverick County"/>

Irrigation has been vital to area farmers. In 1885, rancher Patrick W. Thomson formed the Eagle Pass Irrigation Company to construct a huge gravity-flow irrigation system to draw water from the Rio Grande. Thompson died in 1910, but his efforts came to fruition as the Maverick County Irrigation Canal system, operational by April 1932.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

March 3, 1911, when Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois and Philip O. Parmalee made the first official military reconnaissance flight, looking for Army troops between Laredo and Eagle Pass, Texas, with a ground exercise in progress. In 1942, the Army Air Force built a single-engine advanced flying school Template:Convert north of Eagle Pass.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Oil and gas exploration in the county began in the 1950s, with the largest fields being the 1969 Fitzpatrick and Wipff, and the 1970 Burr.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The coal industry of Maverick County is located along a section of the Olmos Coal Formation immediately north of Eagle Pass. Mining operations developed by Dolch at Dolchburg and by the Olmos Coal, Coke, and Oil Company at Olmos were the largest coal producers in Texas around the turn of the 20th century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Pack-Way Grocery, U.S. 277, TX DSCN1441.JPG

The former Pack-Way Grocery between Eagle Pass and Quemado.

Industries located in the county in 1977 included a cotton gin and two cattle feedlots with capacities of 25,000 cattle at El Indio, one at Normandy, and another between Eagle Pass and El Indio. A spinach-packing shed was at the southern edge of Eagle Pass. Industries which have located in the Eagle Pass–Maverick County area since 1977 include the Eagle Pass Manufacturing Company (a division of Hicks-Ponder, Inc) and the Williamson-Dickie Manufacturing Co, both makers of work clothing; the Reynolds Mining Corp fluorspar plant and the Tejas Barite plant; Alta-Verde Industries and Maverick Beef Producers, and the Big River Catfish Farm.<ref name="Maverick County"/>

In 1982, 88 percent of all land in the county was considered farmland and ranches, but only 2 percent of the farmland was under cultivation, and most of that was irrigated. Primary crops were hay, oats, and wheat.<ref name="Maverick County"/>

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert is land and Template:Convert (1.0%) is water.<ref name="GR1">Template:Cite web</ref>

Major highways

Adjacent counties and municipios

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Kinney County (north)
Zavala County (east)
Dimmit County (east)
Uvalde County (northeast)
Webb County (south)
Guerrero, Coahuila, México (south)
Jiménez, Coahuila, Mexico (west)
Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico (south)

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Demographics

Template:US Census population

**Maverick County, Texas – Racial and ethnic composition**
Template:Nobold
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>Template:Cite web</ref>	Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>Template:Cite web</ref>	Template:Partial<ref name=2020CensusP2>Template:Cite web</ref>	% 2000	% 2010	Template:Partial
White (NH)	1,610	1,552	1,574	3.40%	2.86%	2.72%
Black or African American (NH)	53	75	129	0.11%	0.14%	0.22%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)	444	506	835	0.94%	0.93%	1.44%
Asian (NH)	164	140	182	0.35%	0.26%	0.31%
Pacific Islander (NH)	0	2	4	0.00%	0.00%	0.01%
Other race alone (NH)	6	15	110	0.01%	0.03%	0.19%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)	82	54	117	0.17%	0.10%	0.20%
Hispanic or Latino	44,938	51,914	54,936	95.01%	95.68%	94.90%
Total	47,297	54,258	57,887	100%	100%	100%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 57,887 people, 16,647 households, and 13,402 families residing in the county.

As of the census<ref name="GR8">Template:Cite web</ref> of 2000, 47,297 people, 13,089 households, and 11,230 families resided in the county. The population density was Template:Convert. There were 14,889 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the county was 70.89% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 1.34% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 24.08% from other races, and 2.95% from two or more races. About 95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 13,089 households, 51.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.50% were married couples living together, 16.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.20% were not families. About 12.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.60 and the average family size was 3.98.

In the county, the population was distributed as 36.90% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 17.70% from 45 to 64, and 9.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $21,232, and for a family was $23,614. Males had a median income of $20,956 versus $15,662 for females. The per capita income for the county was $8,758. About 34.80% of the population and 32.00% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 40.60% of those under the age of 18 and 40.90% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Based on per capita income, Maverick County is one of the poorest counties in the United States.

According to the 2000 census, Maverick County has the nation's highest percentage of people who speak Spanish at home, at 91%.

Politics

Like most of heavily Hispanic South Texas, Maverick County has leaned towards the Democratic Party. In 1972, Maverick County was one of only eight counties in Texas where George McGovern received a majority of the vote.<ref>David Leip Atlas</ref> The county held a very long Democratic streak; until 2024, the last Republican to carry the county was Herbert Hoover in 1928.<ref>Geographie Electorale</ref> In recent times it cast a majority of its votes for U.S. Senator John Kerry in the 2004 U.S. presidential election. President George W. Bush received 4,025 votes to Kerry's 5,948. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election it cast a higher majority of 8,554 votes for Barack Obama.<ref>The New York Times Electoral Map</ref> In 2020, however, Maverick County joined the rest of South Texas in swinging heavily towards the Republican Party. President Donald Trump managed to put up nearly 45% of the vote and narrow the margin to less than 10%, the Republican Party's best result in the county since President Richard Nixon's landslide victory in 1972. The 2024 election continued this trend, in which the county flipped Republican by a large margin, casting nearly 59% of its vote for Trump. Maverick had the largest shift to Trump out of any county in the country in the 2024 election.