Alpha

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Other uses Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Use dmy dates Template:Greek Alphabet

Alpha Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell<ref>Template:OED</ref> (uppercase Template:Script, lowercase Template:Script)Template:Efn is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of one. Alpha is derived from the Phoenician letter aleph Template:Angbr, whose name comes from the West Semitic word for 'ox'.<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin letter Template:Angbr and the Cyrillic letter Template:Angbr.

Uses

Greek

In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced Template:IPAblink and could be either phonemically long ([aː]) or short ([a]). Where there is ambiguity, long and short alpha are sometimes written with a macron and breve today: Template:Lang.

Template:Wikt-lang = Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:IPA "a time"
Template:Wikt-lang = Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:IPA "tongue"

In Modern Greek, vowel length has been lost, and all instances of alpha simply represent the open front unrounded vowel Template:IPA.

In the polytonic orthography of Greek, alpha, like other vowel letters, can occur with several diacritic marks: any of three accent symbols (Template:Lang), and either of two breathing marks (Template:Lang), as well as combinations of these. It can also combine with the iota subscript (Template:Lang).

Greek grammar

In the Attic–Ionic dialect of Ancient Greek, long alpha Template:IPA fronted to Template:IPAblink (eta). In Ionic, the shift took place in all positions. In Attic, the shift did not take place after epsilon, iota, and rho (Template:Lang; Template:Lang). In Doric and Aeolic, long alpha is preserved in all positions.<ref>Herbert Weir Smyth. Greek grammar for colleges. paragraph 30 Template:Webarchive and note Template:Webarchive.</ref>

Doric, Aeolic, Attic Template:Lang Template:Lang – Ionic Template:Lang Template:Lang, "country"
Doric, Aeolic Template:Lang Template:Lang – Attic, Ionic Template:Lang Template:Lang, "report"

Privative a is the Ancient Greek prefix Template:Lang or Template:Lang Template:Lang, added to words to negate them. It originates from the Proto-Indo-European Template:Lang (syllabic nasal) and is cognate with English un-.

Copulative a is the Greek prefix Template:Lang or Template:Lang Template:Lang. It comes from Proto-Indo-European Template:Lang.

Mathematics and science

Template:Main The letter alpha represents various concepts in physics and chemistry, including alpha radiation, angular acceleration,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> alpha particles, alpha carbon and strength of electromagnetic interaction (as fine-structure constant).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Alpha also stands for thermal expansion coefficient of a compound in physical chemistry. In ethology, it is used to name the dominant individual in a group of animals. In aerodynamics, the letter is used as a symbol for the angle of attack of an aircraft and the word "alpha" is used as a synonym for this property.

In astronomy, α is often used to designate the brightest star in a constellation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In mathematics, the letter alpha is used to denote the area underneath a normal curve in statistics to denote significance level<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> when proving null and alternative hypotheses. It is also commonly used in algebraic solutions representing quantities such as angles. In mathematical logic, α is sometimes used as a placeholder for ordinal numbers. It is used for Stoneham numbers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Most occurrences of alpha in science are the lowercase alpha. The uppercase letter alpha is not generally used as a symbol because it tends to be rendered identically to the uppercase Latin A.

The proportionality operator "∝" (in Unicode: U+221D) is sometimes mistaken for alpha.

International Phonetic Alphabet

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the letter ɑ, which looks similar to the lower-case alpha, represents the open back unrounded vowel.

History and symbolism

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Origin

The Phoenician alphabet was adopted for Greek in the early 8th century BC, perhaps in Euboea.<ref>The date of the earliest inscribed objects; A.W. Johnston, "The alphabet", in N. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis, eds, Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 2003:263-76, summarizes the present scholarship on the dating.</ref> The majority of the letters of the Phoenician alphabet were adopted into Greek with much the same sounds as they had had in Phoenician, but ʼāleph, the Phoenician letter representing the glottal stop Template:IPA, was adopted as representing the vowel Template:IPA; similarly, hē Template:IPA and ʽayin Template:IPA are Phoenician consonants that became Greek vowels, epsilon Template:IPA and omicron Template:IPA, respectively.

Plutarch

Plutarch, in Moralia,<ref>Symposiacs, Book IX, questions II & III On-line text Template:Webarchive at Adelaide library</ref> presents a discussion on why the letter alpha stands first in the alphabet. Ammonius asks Plutarch what he, being a Boeotian, has to say for Cadmus, the Phoenician who reputedly settled in Thebes and introduced the alphabet to Greece, placing alpha first because it is the Phoenician name for ox—which, unlike Hesiod,<ref>Hesiod, in Works and Days (see on Perseus Project Template:Webarchive), advises the early Greek farmers, "First of all, get a house, then a woman and third, an ox for the plough."</ref> the Phoenicians considered not the second or third, but the first of all necessities. "Nothing at all," Plutarch replied. He then added that he would rather be assisted by Lamprias, his own grandfather, than by Dionysus' grandfather, i.e. Cadmus. For Lamprias had said that the first articulate sound made is "alpha", because it is very plain and simple—the air coming off the mouth does not require any motion of the tongue—and therefore this is the first sound that children make.

According to Plutarch's natural order of attribution of the vowels to the planets, alpha was connected with the Moon.

Alpha and Omega

File:Königsberg Marienkirche - Fenster 1a AlphaOmega.jpg

Stained glass featuring Alpha and Omega in the Template:Ill

Template:Main

As the first letter of the alphabet, Alpha as a Greek numeral came to represent the number 1. Therefore, Alpha, both as a symbol and term, is used to refer to the "first", or "primary", or "principal" (most significant) occurrence or status of a thing.

The New Testament has God declaring himself to be the "Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last." (Revelation 22:13, KJV, and see also 1:8).

Consequently, the term "alpha" has also come to be used to denote "primary" position in social hierarchy, examples being the concept of dominant "alpha" members in groups of animals.

Unicode

All code points with Template:Sc or Template:Sc<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but without Template:Sc (for accented Greek characters, see Greek diacritics: Computer encoding):

Notes

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References

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