Doric Greek

Doric or Dorian (Template:Langx), also known as West Greek, was a group of Ancient Greek dialects; its varieties are divided into the Doric proper and Northwest Doric subgroups. Doric was spoken in a vast area, including northern Greece (Acarnania, Aetolia, Epirus, western and eastern Locris, Phocis, Doris, and possibly ancient Macedonia), most of the Peloponnese (Achaea, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Argolid, Aegina, Corinthia, and Megara), the Southern Aegean (Kythira, Milos, Thera, Crete, Karpathos, and Rhodes), as well as the colonies of some of those regions in Cyrene, Magna Graecia, the Black Sea, the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea. It was also spoken in the Greek sanctuaries of Dodona, Delphi, and Olympia, as well as at the four Panhellenic festivals; the Isthmian, Nemean, Pythian, and Olympic Games.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

By Hellenistic times, under the Achaean League, an Achaean Doric koine appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the Attic-based Koine Greek to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC.<ref name="Buck">Template:Cite journal</ref> The only living descendant of Doric is the Tsakonian language which is still spoken in Greece today;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> though critically endangered, with only a few hundred – mostly elderly – fluent speakers left.<ref name="Moseley">Template:Cite book</ref>

It is widely accepted that Doric originated in the mountains of Epirus in northwestern Greece, the original seat of the Dorians. It then expanded to all other regions and the colonisations that followed. The presence of a Doric state (Doris) in central Greece, north of the Gulf of Corinth, led to the theory that Doric had originated in northwest Greece or maybe beyond in the Balkans. The dialect's distribution towards the north extends to the Megarian colony of Byzantium and the Corinthian colonies of Potidaea, Epidamnos, Apollonia and Ambracia; there, it further added words to what would become the Albanian language,<ref name="ReferenceC">Template:Cite journal; Albanian version BUShT 1962:1.219-227</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> probably via traders from a now-extinct "Adriatic Illyrian" intermediary.<ref name="huld">Template:Cite journal</ref> In the north, local epigraphical evidence includes the decrees of the Epirote League, the Pella curse tablet, three additional lesser known Macedonian inscriptions (all of them identifiable as Doric),<ref>O'Neil, James. 26th Conference of the Australasian Society for Classical Studies, 2005.</ref> numerous inscriptions from a number of Greek colonies. Furthermore, there is an abundance of place names used to examine features of the northern Doric dialects. Southern dialects, in addition to numerous inscriptions, coins, and names, have also provided much more literary evidence through authors such as Alcman, Pindar, and Archimedes of Syracuse, among others, all of whom wrote in Doric. There are also ancient dictionaries that have survived; notably the one by Hesychius of Alexandria, whose work preserved many dialectal words from throughout the Greek-speaking world.

Varieties

Doric proper

File:Doric Greek Dialects.png

Doric Greek dialects

Where the Doric dialect group fits in the overall classification of ancient Greek dialects depends to some extent on the classification. Several views are stated under Greek dialects. The prevalent theme of most views listed there is that Doric is a subgroup of West Greek. Some use the terms Northern Greek or Northwest Greek instead. The geographic distinction is only verbal and ostensibly is misnamed: all of Doric was spoken south of "Southern Greek" or "Southeastern Greek."

Be that as it may, "Northern Greek" is based on a presumption that Dorians came from the north and on the fact that Doric is closely related to Northwest Greek. When the distinction began is not known. All the "northerners" might have spoken one dialect at the time of the Dorian invasion; certainly, Doric could only have further differentiated into its classical dialects when the Dorians were in place in the south. Thus West Greek is the most accurate name for the classical dialects.

Tsakonian, a descendant of Laconian Doric (Spartan), is still spoken on the southern Argolid coast of the Peloponnese, in the modern prefectures of Arcadia and Laconia. Today it is a source of considerable interest to linguists, and an endangered dialect.

Laconian

File:GreeceLaconia.png

Laconia in Greece

Laconian was spoken by the population of Laconia in the southern Peloponnese and also by its colonies, Taras and Herakleia in Magna Graecia. Sparta was the seat of ancient Laconia.

Laconian is attested in inscriptions on pottery and stone from the seventh century BC. A dedication to Helen dates from the second quarter of the seventh century. Taras was founded in 706 and its founders must already have spoken Laconic.

Many documents from the state of Sparta survive, whose citizens called themselves Lacedaemonians after the name of the valley in which they lived. Homer calls it "hollow Lacedaemon", though he refers to a pre-Dorian period. The seventh century Spartan poet Alcman used a dialect that some consider to be predominantly Laconian. Philoxenus of Alexandria wrote a treatise On the Laconian dialect.

Argolic

File:GreeceArgolis.png

Argolis in Greece

Argolic was spoken in the thickly settled northeast Peloponnese at, for example, Argos, Mycenae, Hermione, Troezen, Epidaurus, and as close to Athens as the island of Aegina. As Mycenaean Greek had been spoken in this dialect region in the Bronze Age, it is clear that the Dorians overran it but were unable to take Attica. The Dorians went on from Argos to Crete and Rhodes.

Ample inscriptional material of a legal, political and religious content exists from at least the sixth century BC.

Corinthian

File:GreeceCorinth.png

Corinthia in Greece

Corinthian was spoken first in the isthmus region between the Peloponnesus and mainland Greece; that is, the Isthmus of Corinth. The cities and states of the Corinthian dialect region were Corinth, Sicyon, Archaies Kleones, Phlius, the colonies of Corinth in western Greece: Corcyra, Leucas, Anactorium, Ambracia and others, the colonies in and around Italy: Syracuse, Sicily and Ancona, and the colonies of Corcyra: Dyrrachium, and Apollonia. The earliest inscriptions at Corinth date from the early sixth century BC.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They use a Corinthian epichoric alphabet. (See under Attic Greek.)

Corinth contradicts the prejudice that Dorians were rustic militarists, as some consider the speakers of Laconian to be. Positioned on an international trade route, Corinth played a leading part in the re-civilizing of Greece after the centuries of disorder and isolation following the collapse of Mycenaean Greece.

Northwest Doric

The Northwest Doric (or "Northwest Greek", with "Northwest Doric" now considered more accurate so as not to distance the group from Doric proper) group is closely related to Doric proper.<ref name=Filos227>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Whether it is to be considered a part of the southern Doric Group or the latter a part of it or the two considered subgroups of West Greek, the dialects and their grouping remain the same. West Thessalian and Boeotian had come under a strong Northwest Doric influence.

While Northwest Doric is generally seen as a dialectal group,<ref name=Filos227/> dissenting views exist, such as that of Méndez-Dosuna, who argues that Northwest Doric is not a proper dialectal group but rather merely a case of areal dialectal convergence.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Throughout the Northwest Doric area, most internal differences did not hinder mutual understanding, though Filos, citing Bubenik, notes that there were certain cases where a bit of accommodation may have been necessary.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

The earliest epigraphic texts for Northwest Doric date to the 6th–5th century BC.<ref name=Filos227/> These are thought to provide evidence for Northwest Doric features, especially the phonology and morphophonology, but most of the features thus attributed to Northwest Doric are not exclusive to it.<ref name=Filos227/> The Northwest Doric dialects differ from the main Doric Group dialects in the below features:<ref>Mendez Dosuna, Doric dialects, p. 452 online at Google Books).</ref>

1. Dative plural of the third declension in Template:Lang (-ois) (instead of Template:Lang (-si)): Template:Lang Akarnanois hippeois for Template:Lang Akarnasin hippeusin (to the Acarnanian knights).
2. Template:Lang (en) + accusative (instead of Template:Lang (eis)): en Naupakton (into Naupactus).
3. Template:Lang (-st) for Template:Lang (-sth): Template:Lang genestai for genesthai (to become), Template:Lang mistôma for misthôma (payment for hiring).
4. ar for er: amara /Dor. amera/Att. hêmera (day), Elean wargon for Doric wergon and Attic ergon (work)
5. Dative singular in -oi instead of -ôi: Template:Lang, Doric Template:Lang, Attic Template:Lang (to Asclepius)
6. Middle participle in -eimenos instead of -oumenos

Four or five dialects of Northwestern Doric are recognised.

Phocian

This dialect was spoken in Phocis and in its main settlement, Delphi. Because of that it is also cited as Delphian.Template:Citation needed Plutarch says that Delphians pronounce b in the place of p (Template:Lang for Template:Lang)<ref>Template:Cite book Greek questions 9.</ref>

Locrian

Locrian Greek is attested in two locations:

• Ozolian Locris, along the northwest coast of the Gulf of Corinth around Amfissa (earliest Template:Circa);<ref>IG IX,1² 3:609</ref>
• Opuntian Locris, on the coast of mainland Greece opposite northwest Euboea, around Opus.

Elean

The dialect of Elis (earliest Template:Circa)<ref>Die Inschriften von Olympia, IvO 1.</ref> is considered, after Aeolic Greek, one of the most difficult for the modern reader of epigraphic texts.<ref>Sophie Minon, Les Inscriptions Éléennes Dialectale, reviewed by Stephen Colvin (online).</ref>

Epirote

Template:Main Spoken at the Dodona oracle, (earliest Template:Circa–500 BC)<ref>Lamelles Oraculaires 77.</ref> firstly under control of the Thesprotians;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> later organized in the Epirote League (since Template:Circa).<ref>Cabanes, L'Épire de la mort de Pyrrhos a la conquête romaine (272–167 av. J.C.). Paris 1976, p. 534,1.</ref>

Ancient Macedonian

Most scholars maintain that ancient Macedonian was a Greek dialect,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> probably of the Northwestern Doric group in particular.<ref name=Hammond1>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Michael Meier-Brügger: Indo-European linguistics. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2003, p. 28 (online on Google books): "The Macedonian of the ancient kingdom of northern Greece is probably nothing other than a northern Greek dialect of Doric".</ref><ref name= Crespo2017>Template:Cite book</ref> Olivier Masson, in his article for The Oxford Classical Dictionary, talks of "two schools of thought": one rejecting "the Greek affiliation of Macedonian" and preferring "to treat it as an Indo-European language of the Balkans" of contested affiliation (examples are Bonfante 1987, and Russu 1938); the other favouring "a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect" with numerous adherents from the 19th century and on (Fick 1874; Hoffmann 1906; Hatzidakis 1897 etc.; Kalleris 1964 and 1976).<ref name= OxfordCD1>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Masson himself argues with the largely Greek character of the Macedonian onomastics and sees Macedonian as "a Greek dialect, characterised by its marginal position and by local pronunciations" and probably most closely related to the dialects of the Greek North-West (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote). Brian D. Joseph acknowledges the closeness of Macedonian to Greek (even contemplating to group them into a "Hellenic branch" of Indo-European), but retains that "[t]he slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible".<ref>Brian D. Joseph: "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.): Facts about the world's major languages: an encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Online paper Template:Webarchive, 2001.</ref> Johannes Engels has pointed to the Pella curse tablet, written in Doric Greek: "This has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".<ref>Johannes Engels: "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95. In: Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington: A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Chapter 5. John Wiley & Sons, New York 2011.</ref> Miltiades Hatzopoulos has suggested that the Macedonian dialect of the 4th century BC, as attested in the Pella curse tablet, was a sort of Macedonian 'koine' resulting from the encounter of the idiom of the 'Aeolic'-speaking populations around Mount Olympus and the Pierian Mountains with the Northwest Greek-speaking Argead Macedonians hailing from Argos Orestikon, who founded the kingdom of Lower Macedonia.<ref name= Hatzopoulos2017>Template:Cite book</ref> However, according to Hatzopoulos, B. Helly expanded and improved his own earlier suggestion and presented the hypothesis of a (North-)'Achaean' substratum extending as far north as the head of the Thermaic Gulf, which had a continuous relation, in prehistoric times both in Thessaly and Macedonia, with the Northwest Greek-speaking populations living on the other side of the Pindus mountain range, and contacts became cohabitation when the Argead Macedonians completed their wandering from Orestis to Lower Macedonia in the 7th c. BC.<ref name= Hatzopoulos2017 /> According to this hypothesis, Hatzopoulos concludes that the Macedonian Greek dialect of the historical period, which is attested in inscriptions, is a sort of koine resulting from the interaction and the influences of various elements, the most important of which are the North-Achaean substratum, the Northwest Greek idiom of the Argead Macedonians, and the Thracian and Phrygian adstrata.<ref name= Hatzopoulos2017 />

Achaean Doric

Achaean Doric most probably belonged to the Northwest Doric group.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was spoken in Achaea in the northwestern Peloponnese, on the islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos in the Ionian Sea, and in the Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia in Southern Italy (including Sybaris and Crotone). This strict Doric dialect was later subject to the influence of mild Doric spoken in Corinthia. It survived until 350 BC.<ref>Classification of the West Greek dialects at the time about 350 B.C. by Antonín Bartoněk, Amsterdam, Adolf M. Hakkert, 1972, p. 186.</ref>

Achaean Doric koine

By Hellenistic times, under the Achaean League, an Achaean Doric koine appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the Attic-based Koine Greek to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC.<ref name="Buck" />

Northwest Doric koine

File:Macedonia and the Aegean World c.200.png

Political situation in the Greek world around the time at which the Northwest Doric koine arose

The Northwest Doric koine refers to a supraregional North-West common variety that emerged in the third and second centuries BC, and was used in the official texts of the Aetolian League.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name=Filos230_3>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Such texts have been found in W. Locris, Phocis, and Phtiotis, among other sites.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It contained a mix of native Northwest Doric dialectal elements and Attic forms.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was apparently based on the most general features of Northwest Doric, eschewing less common local traits.<ref name=Filos230_3/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Its rise was driven by both linguistic and non-linguistic factors, with non-linguistic motivating factors including the spread of the rival Attic-Ionic koine after it was recruited by the Macedonian state for administration, and the political unification of a vast territories by the Aetolian League and the state of Epirus. The Northwest Doric koine was thus both a linguistic and a political rival of the Attic-Ionic koine.<ref name=Filos230_3/>

Phonology

Vowels

Long a

Proto-Greek long *ā is retained as ā, in contrast to Attic developing a long open ē (eta) in at least some positions.

• Doric gā mātēr ~ Attic gē mētēr 'earth mother'

Compensatory lengthening of e and o

In certain Doric dialects (Severe Doric), *e and *o lengthen by compensatory lengthening or contraction to eta or omega, in contrast to Attic ei and ou (spurious diphthongs).

• Severe Doric -ō ~ Attic -ou (second-declension genitive singular)
• -ōs ~ -ous (second-declension accusative plural)
• -ēn ~ -ein (present, second aorist infinitive active)

Contraction of a and e

Contraction: Proto-Greek *ae > Doric ē (eta) ~ Attic ā.

Synizesis

Proto-Greek *eo, *ea > some Doric dialects' io, ia.

Proto-Greek *a

Proto-Greek short *a > Doric short a ~ Attic e in certain words.

• Doric hiaros, Artamis ~ Attic hieros 'holy', Artemis

Consonants

Proto-Greek *-ti

Proto-Greek *-ti is retained (assibilated to -si in Attic).

• Doric phāti ~ Attic phēsi 'he says' (3rd sing. pres. of athematic verb)
• legonti ~ legousi 'they say' (3rd pl. pres. of thematic verb)
• wīkati ~ eikosi 'twenty'
• triākatioi ~ triākosioi 'three hundred'

Proto-Greek *ts

Proto-Greek *ts > -ss- between vowels. (Attic shares the same development, but further shortens the geminate to -s-.)

• Proto-Greek *métsos > Doric messos ~ Attic mesos 'middle' (from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos, compare Latin medius)

Digamma

Initial *w (ϝ) is preserved in earlier Doric (lost in Attic).

• Doric woikos ~ Attic oikos 'house' (from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-, *woyḱ-, compare Latin vīcus 'village')

Literary texts in Doric and inscriptions from the Hellenistic age have no digamma.

Accentuation

For information on the peculiarities of Doric accentuation, see Template:Section link.

Morphology

Template:Confusing Numeral tetores ~ Attic tettares, Ionic tesseres "four".

Ordinal prātos ~ Attic–Ionic prōtos "first".

Demonstrative pronoun tēnos "this" ~ Attic–Ionic (e)keinos

t for h (from Proto-Indo-European s) in article and demonstrative pronoun.

• Doric toi, tai; toutoi, tautai
• ~ Attic-Ionic hoi, hai; houtoi, hautai.

Third person plural, athematic or root aorist -n ~ Attic -san.

• Doric edon ~ Attic–Ionic edosan

First person plural active -mes ~ Attic–Ionic -men.

Future -se-ō ~ Attic -s-ō.

• prāxētai (prāk-se-etai) ~ Attic–Ionic prāxetai

Modal particle ka ~ Attic–Ionic an.

• Doric ai ka, ai de ka, ai tis ka ~ ean, ean de, ean tis

Temporal adverbs in -ka ~ Attic–Ionic -te.

• hoka, toka

Locative adverbs in -ei ~ Attic/Koine -ou.

• teide, pei.

Future tense

The aorist and future of verbs in -izō, -azō has x (versus Attic/Koine s).

• Doric agōnixato ~ Attic agōnisato "he contended"

Similarly k before suffixes beginning with t.

Glossary

Common

• Template:Lang aigades (Attic Template:Lang aiges) "goats"
• Template:Lang aiges (Attic Template:Lang kymata) "waves"
• Template:Lang halia (Attic Template:Lang ekklēsia) "assembly" (Cf. Heliaia)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang brykainai (Attic Template:Lang hiereiai) "priestesses"<ref name="No document found">Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang bryketos (Attic Template:Lang brygmos, Template:Lang brykēthmos) "chewing, grinding, gnashing with the teeth"<ref name="No document found"/>
• Template:Lang damiorgoi (Attic Template:Lang archontes) "high officials". Cf. Attic Template:Lang dēmiourgos "public worker for the people (dēmos), craftsman, creator"; Hesychius Template:Lang "prostitutes". Zamiourgoi Elean.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang Elôos Hephaestus Template:Lang<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang karrōn (Attic Template:Lang kreittōn) "stronger" (Ionic kreissōn, Cretan kartōn )<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang korygēs (Attic Template:Lang kēryx) "herald, messenger" (Aeolic karoux)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang laios (Homeric, Attic and Modern Greek Template:Lang aristeros) "left".Cretan: Template:Lang laia, Attic aspis shield, Hesych. Template:Lang laipha Template:Lang laiba, because the shield was held with the left hand. Cf.Latin:laevus<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang laia (Attic, Modern Greek Template:Lang leia) "prey"
• Template:Lang le(i)ō (Attic Template:Lang ethelō) "will"
• Template:Lang oinōtros "vine pole" (: Greek Template:Lang oinos "wine"). Cf. Oenotrus
• Template:Lang mogionti (Ionic Template:Lang pyressousi) "they are on fire, have fever" (= Attic Template:Lang mogousi "they suffer, take pains to")
• Template:Lang myrmēdônes (Attic Template:Lang myrmēkes) "ants". Cf. Myrmidons<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang optillos or optilos 'eye' (Attic ophthalmos) (Latin oculus) (Attic optikos of sight, Optics)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang paomai (Attic Template:Lang ktaomai) "acquire"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang rhapidopoios poet, broiderer, pattern-weaver, boot-maker<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (rhapis needle for Attic rhaphis<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>)
• Template:Lang skana (Attic skênê) tent, stage, scene) (Homeric klisiê) (Doric skanama encampment)
• Template:Lang tanthalyzein (Attic Template:Lang tremein) "to tremble"
• Template:Lang tunē or tounē 'you nominative' (Attic συ) dative Template:Lang teein (Attic Template:Lang soi)
• Template:Lang chanaktion (Attic Template:Lang mōron)(chan goose<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>)

Doric proper

Argolic

• Template:Lang Ballacrades title of Argive athletes on a feast-day (Cf.achras wild pear-tree)<ref>Plutarch Greek question 51</ref>
• Template:Lang Daulis mimic festival at Argos (acc. Pausanias 10.4.9 daulis means thicket)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Dionysism and Comedy [1] by Xavier Riu</ref> (Hes.daulon fire log)
• Template:Lang droon strong (Attic ischyron, dynaton)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang kester youngman (Attic neanias)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang kyllarabis discus and gymnasium at Argos<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang semalia ragged, tattered garments Attic rhakē, cf. himatia clothes)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang ôbea eggs (Attic Template:Lang ôa )

Cretan

• Template:Lang agela "group of boys in the Cretan agōgē". Cf. Homeric Greek Template:Lang agelē "herd"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Cretan apagelos not yet received in agelê, boy under 17<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>)
• Template:Lang adnos holy, pure (Attic Template:Lang hagnos) (Ariadne)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang aWtos (Attic autos) Hsch. aus Template:Lang<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang akara legs<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Attic skelê)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang hamakis once (Attic hapax)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang argetos juniper, cedar (Attic arkeuthos)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang auka power (Attic alkê)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang aphrattias strong
• Template:Lang balikiôtai Koine synepheboi (Attic hêlikiotai 'age-peers' of the same age hêlikia)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang britu sweet (Attic glyku)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang damioô, Cretan and Boeotian. for Attic zêmioô to damage, punish, harm<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang dampon first milk curdled by heating over embers (Attic puriephthon, puriatê)
• Template:Lang dôla ears (Attic ôta)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Tarentine ata<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>)
• Template:Lang Welchanos<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> for Cretan Zeus and Welchanios, Belchanios, Gelchanos<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Elchanios Cnossian month)
• Template:Lang wergaddomai I work (Attic ergazomai)
• Template:Lang Wêma garment (Attic heima) (Aeolic emma) (Koine (h)immation)(Cf.Attic amphi-ennumi I dress, amph-iesis clothing)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang ibên wine (Dialectal Template:Lang Woînos Attic oinos) (accusative Template:Lang ibêna)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang itton one (Attic hen Template:Lang)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang karanô goat<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang kosmos<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and kormos<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> archontes in Crete, body of kosmoi (Attic Template:Lang order, ornament, honour, world – kormos trunk of a tree)
• Template:Lang kypheron, kuphê head (Attic kephalê)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang lakos rag, tattered garment (Attic rhakos) (Aeolic brakos long robe, lacks the sense 'ragged')<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang malkenis (Attic parthenos) Hsch: malakinnês.
• Template:Lang othrun mountain (Attic oros) (Cf.Othrys)
• Template:Lang rhyston spear
• Template:Lang seipha darkness (Attic zophos, skotia) (Aeolic dnophos)
• Template:Lang speusdos title of Cretan officer (Cf.speudô speus- rush)
• Template:Lang tagana (Attic tauta) these things
• Template:Lang tiros summer (Homeric, Attic theros)
• Template:Lang tre you, accusative ( Attic se )

Laconian

• Template:Lang abêr storeroom Template:Lang
• Template:Lang awôr dawn (Attic ἠώς êôs) (Latin aurora)
• Template:Lang adda need, deficiency (Attic endeia) Aristophanes of Byzantium(fr. 33)
• Template:Lang addauon dry (i.e. azauon) or addanon (Attic xêron)
• Template:Lang aikouda (Attic aischunē) Template:Lang
• Template:Lang haimatia blood-broth, Spartan Melas Zomos Black soup) (haima haimatos blood)
• Template:Lang aïtas (Attic Template:Lang erōmenos) "beloved boy (in a pederastic relationship)"
• Template:Lang akkor tube, bag (Attic askos)
• Template:Lang akchalibar bed (Attic skimpous)(Koine krabbatos)
• Template:Lang ambrotixas having begun, past participle(amphi or ana..+ ?) (Attic aparxamenos, aparchomai) (Doric -ixas for Attic -isas)
• Template:Lang ampesai (Attic amphiesai) to dress
• Template:Lang apaboidôr out of tune (Attic ekmelôs) (Cf.Homeric singer Aoidos) / emmelôs, aboidôr in tune
• Template:Lang apella (Attic Template:Lang ekklēsia) "assembly in Sparta" (verb apellazein)
• Template:Lang arbylis (Attic Template:Lang aryballos) (Hesychius: ἀρβυλίδα λήκυθον. Λάκωνες)
• Template:Lang attasi wake up, get up (Attic anastêthi)
• Template:Lang babalon imperative of cry aloud, shout (Attic kraugason)
• Template:Lang bagaron (Attic χλιαρόν chliaron 'warm') (Cf. Attic φώγω phōgō 'roast') (Laconian word)
• Template:Lang bapha broth (Attic zômos) (Attic Template:Lang baphê dipping of red-hot iron in water (Koine and Modern Greek βαφή vafi dyeing)
• Template:Lang weikati twenty (Attic εἴκοσι eikosi)
• Template:Lang bela sun and dawn Laconian (Attic helios Cretan abelios)
• Template:Lang bernômetha Attic klêrôsômetha we will cast or obtain by lot (inf. berreai) (Cf.Attic meiresthai receive portion, Doric bebramena for heimarmenê, allotted by Moirai)
• Template:Lang beskeros bread (Attic artos)
• Template:Lang bêlêma hindrance, river dam (Laconian)
• Template:Lang bêrichalkon fennel (Attic marathos) (Template:Lang bronze)
• Template:Lang bibasis Spartan dance for boys and girls
• Template:Lang bidyoi bideoi, bidiaioi also "officers in charge of the ephebes at Sparta"
• Template:Lang biôr almost, maybe (Attic Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang Template:Lang) wihôr (ϝίὡρ)
• Template:Lang blagis spot (Attic kêlis)
• Template:Lang boua "group of boys in the Spartan agōgē"
• Template:Lang bo(u)agos "leader of a boua at Sparta"
• Template:Lang bullichês Laconian dancer (Attic Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang bônêma speech (Homeric, Ionic eirêma eireo) (Cf.Attic phônêma sound, speech)
• Template:Lang gabergor labourer (ga earth wergon work) (Cf.geôrgos farmer)
• Template:Lang gaiadas citizens, people (Attic Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang gonar mother Laconian (gonades children Eur. Med. 717)
• Template:Lang dabelos torch (Attic dalos)(Syracusan daelos, dawelos)(Modern Greek davlos) (Laconian Template:Lang Template:Lang (Attic kauthêi) it should be burnt)
• Template:Lang diza goat (Attic aix) and Hera aigophagos Goat-eater in Sparta
• Template:Lang eirēn (Attic Template:Lang ephēbos) "Spartan youth who has completed his 12th year"
• Template:Lang eispnēlas (Attic Template:Lang erastēs) one who inspires love, a lover (Attic eispneô inhale, breathe)
• Template:Lang exôbadia (Attic Template:Lang; Template:Lang ears)
• Template:Lang ephoroi (Attic Template:Lang archontes) "high officials at Sparta". Cf. Attic Template:Lang ephoros "overseer, guardian"
• Template:Lang Thoratês Apollon thoraios containing the semen, god of growth and increase
• Template:Lang thrônax drone (Attic kêphên)
• Template:Lang kapha washing, bathing-tub (Attic loutêr) (Cf.skaphê basin, bowl)
• Template:Lang keloia (kelya, kelea also) "contest for boys and youths at Sparta"
• Template:Lang kirafox (Attic Template:Lang) (Hsch kiraphos).
• Template:Lang mesodma, messodoma woman and Template:Lang Template:Lang (Attic Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang myrtalis Butcher's broom (Attic oxumursinê) (Myrtale real name of Olympias)
• Template:Lang pasor passion (Attic pathos)
• Template:Lang por leg, foot (Attic Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang pourdain restaurant (Koine mageirion) (Cf.purdalon, purodansion (from pyr fire hence pyre)
• Template:Lang salabar cook (Common Doric/Attic Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang sika 'pig' (Attic hus) and grôna female pig.
• Template:Lang siria safeness (Attic Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang psithômias ill, sick (Attic asthenês) Template:Lang
• Template:Lang psilaker first dancer
• Template:Lang ôba (Attic Template:Lang kōmē) "village; one of five quarters of the city of Sparta"

Magna Graecia's Doric

• Template:Lang astyxenoi Metics, Tarentine
• Template:Lang bannas king basileus, wanax, anax<ref>Raphael Kühner, Friedrich Blass, Ausführliche Grammatik der Griechischen Sprache [2]</ref>
• Template:Lang beilarmostai cavalry officers Tarentine (Attic ilarchai) (ilē, squadron + Laconian harmost-)
• Template:Lang dostore 'you make' Tarentine (Attic Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang Thaulia "festival of Tarentum", Template:Lang thaulakizein 'to demand sth with uproar' Tarentine, Template:Lang thaulizein "to celebrate like Dorians", Template:Lang Thaulos "Macedonian Ares", Thessalian Template:Lang Zeus Thaulios, Athenian Template:Lang Zeus Thaulon, Athenian family Template:Lang Thaulonidai
• Template:Lang rhaganon easy Thuriian (Attic Template:Lang) (Aeolic Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang skytas 'back-side of neck' (Attic Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang tênês till Tarentine (Attic Template:Lang Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang tryphômata whatever are fed or nursed, children, cattle (Attic thremmata)
• Template:Lang huetis jug, amphora Tarentine (Attic hydris, hydria)(huetos rain)

North-West

Aetolian-Acarnanian

• Template:Lang agridion 'village' Aetolian (Attic chôrion)(Hesychius text: Template:Lang dim. of agros countryside, field)
• Template:Lang aeria fog Aetolian (Attic omichlê, aêr air)(Hsch.Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang kibba wallet, bag Aetolian (Attic Template:Lang pêra) (Cypr. kibisis) (Cf.Attic Template:Lang kibôtos ark kibôtion box Suid. cites kibos)
• Template:Lang plêtomon Acarnanian old, ancient (Attic palaion,palaiotaton very old)

Delphic-Locrian

• Template:Lang deilomai will, want Locrian, Delphian(Attic boulomai) (Coan dêlomai) (Doric bôlomai) (Thessalian belloumai)
• Template:Lang Wargana female worker epithet for Athena (Delphic) (Attic Erganê) (Attic ergon work, Doric Wergon, Elean Template:Lang Wargon
• Template:Lang Werrô go away Locrian (Attic errô) (Hsch. berrês fugitive, berreuô escape)
• Template:Lang Wesparioi Lokroi Epizephyrian (Western) Locrians (Attic hesperios of evening, western, Doric wesperios) (cf. Latin Vesper)
• Template:Lang opliai places where the Locrians counted their cattle

Elean

• Template:Lang aWlaneôs without fraud, honestly IvO7 (Attic adolôs)(Hsch.alanes true)(Tarentinian alaneôs absolutely)
• Template:Lang amillux scythe (Attic drepanon) in accus. Template:Lang (Boeotian amillakas wine)
• Template:Lang attamios unpunished (Attic azêmios) from an earliest addamios (cf.Cretan, Boeotian damioô punish)
• Template:Lang babakoi cicadas Elean (Attic tettiges) (in Pontus babakoi frogs)
• Template:Lang baideios ready (Attic hetoimos) (heteos fitness)
• Template:Lang beneoi Elean<ref>Elis — Olympia — bef. c. 500–450 BC IvO 7</ref>
• Template:Lang borsos pole, stake (Attic stauros)
• Template:Lang bra brothers, brotherhood (Cf.Attic phratra)
• Template:Lang bratana ladle (Attic torune) (Doric rhatana) (cf. Aeolic bradanizô brandish, shake off)
• Template:Lang deirêtai small birds (Macedonian Template:Lang drêes or Template:Lang drêges) (Attic strouthoi) (Hsc. trikkos small bird and king by Eleans)
• Template:Lang Wratra law, contract (Attic rhetra)
• Template:Lang seros yesterday (Attic chthes)
• Template:Lang sterchana funeral feast (Attic perideipnon)
• Template:Lang philax young oak (Macedonian ilax, Latin ilex (Laconian dilax ariocarpus, sorbus)(Modern Cretan azilakas Quercus ilex)
• Template:Lang phorbuta gums (Attic oula) (Homeric pherbô feed, eat)

Epirotic

• Template:Lang anchôrixantas<ref>Epeiros — Dodona — 4th c. BC SEG 15:397</ref> having transferred, postponed<ref>The Oracles of Zeus: Dodona, Olympia, Ammon – Page 261 by Herbert William Parke</ref> Chaonian (Attic metapherô, anaballô) (anchôrizo anchi near +horizô define and Doric x instead of Attic s) (Cf. Ionic anchouros neighbouring) not to be confused with Doric anchôreô Attic ana-chôreô go back, withdraw.
• Template:Lang akathartia impurity (Attic/Doric akatharsia) (Lamelles Oraculaires 14)
• Template:Lang apotrachô run away (Attic/Doric apotrechô)<ref>Epeiros — Dodona — ~340 BC SEG 26.700 – Trans.</ref>
• Template:Lang aspaloi fishes Athamanian (Attic ichthyes) (Ionic chlossoi) (Cf.LSJ aspalia angling, aspalieus fisherman, aspalieuomai I angle metaph. of a lover, aspalisai: halieusai, sagêneusai. (hals sea)
• Template:Lang Aspetos divine epithet of Achilles in Epirus (Homeric aspetos 'unspeakable, unspeakably great, endless' (Aristotle F 563 Rose; Plutarch, Pyrrhus 1; SH 960,4)<ref>Alexander the Great: A Reader

[3] by Ian Worthing</ref><ref>Greek Mythography in the Roman World [4]
By Alan Cameron (Aspetides)[5]</ref><ref>(cf. Athenian secretary: Aspetos, son of Demostratos from Kytheros ~340 BC)[6]</ref><ref>Pokorny – aspetos</ref>

• Template:Lang gnôskô know (Attic gignôskô) (Ionic/Koine ginôskô) (Latin nōsco)(Attic gnôsis, Latin notio knowledge) (ref.Orion p. 42.17)
• Template:Lang diaitos (Hshc. judge kritês) (Attic diaitêtês arbitrator) Lamelles Oraculaires 16
• Template:Lang eskichremen lend out Template:Lang (Lamelles Oraculaires 8 of Eubandros) (Attic eis + inf. kichranai from chraomai use)
• Template:Lang Weidus knowing (Doric Template:Lang) weidôs) (Elean Template:Lang weizos) (Attic Template:Lang) eidôs) (PIE *weid- "to know, to see", Sanskrit veda I know) Cabanes, L'Épire 577,50
• Template:Lang kaston<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> wood Athamanian (Attic xylon<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> from xyô scrape, hence xyston); Sanskrit kāṣṭham ("wood, timber, firewood") (Dialectical kalon<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> wood, traditionally derived from kaiô<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> burn kauston<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> sth that can be burnt, kausimon fuel)
• Template:Lang lêïtêres Athamanian priests with garlands Hes.text Template:Lang(LSJ: lêitarchoi<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> public priests ) (hence Leitourgia
• Template:Lang manu<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> small Athamanian (Attic mikron, brachu) (Cf. manon<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> rare) (PIE *men- small, thin) (Hsch. banon thin) ( manosporos thinly sown manophullos with small leaves Thphr.HP7.6.2–6.3)
• Template:Lang Naios or Naos epithet of Dodonaean Zeus (from the spring in the oracle) (cf. Naiades and Pan Naios in Pydna SEG 50:622 (Homeric naô<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> flow, Attic nama spring) (PIE *sna-)
• Template:Lang pagaomai 'wash in the spring' (of Dodona) (Doric paga Attic pêgê running water, fountain)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Lang pampasia (to ask peri pampasias cliché phrase in the oracle) (Attic pampêsia<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> full property) (Doric paomai obtain)
• Template:Lang Peliganes or Peligones (Epirotan, Macedonian senators)
• Template:Lang prami do optative (Attic Template:Lang prattoimi) Syncope (Lamelles Oraculaires 22)
• Template:Lang tine (Attic/Doric tini) to whom (Lamelles Oraculaires 7)
• Template:Lang trithutikon triple sacrifice tri + thuo(Lamelles Oraculaires 138)

Achaean Doric

• Template:Lang kairoteron (Attic: ἐνωρότερον enôroteron) "earlier" (kairos time, enôros early cf. Horae)
• Template:Lang kephalidas (Attic: κόρσαι korsai) "sideburns" (kephalides was also an alternative for epalxeis 'bastions' in Greek proper)
• Template:Lang sialis (Attic: βλέννος blennos) (cf. blennorrhea) slime, mud (Greek sialon or sielon saliva, modern Greek σάλιο salio)

See also

• Griko language

Further reading

• Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. A companion to the Ancient Greek language. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Cassio, Albio Cesare. 2002. "The language of Doric comedy." In The language of Greek comedy. Edited by Anton Willi, 51–83. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. Greek: A history of the language and its speakers. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. The Greek language. London: Faber & Faber.

External links

• Doric Greek in Encyclopædia Britannica
• Grammar of the Greek Language (M1 Doric by Benjamin Franklin Fisk (1844)
• The Elements of Greek Grammar Doric by Richard Valpy, Charles Anthon (1834)
• Doric/Northwest Greek Brill's New Pauly Online