Tewkesbury Abbey
Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox church
The Abbey Church of St Mary the Virgin, Tewkesbury, commonly known as Tewkesbury Abbey, is located in the town of Tewkesbury in the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire, England. A former Benedictine monastery, it is now a parish church. Considered one of the finest examples of Norman architecture in Britain, it has "probably the largest and finest Romanesque" crossing tower in England.
Tewkesbury had been a centre for worship since the 7th century. A priory was established there in the 10th century. The present building was started in the early 12th century. It was unsuccessfully used as a sanctuary in the Wars of the Roses. After the dissolution of the monasteries, Tewkesbury Abbey became the parish church for the town. George Gilbert Scott led the restoration of the building in the late 19th century. The church and churchyard within the abbey precincts include tombs and memorials to many of the aristocracy of the area.
Services have been high church but now include Parish Eucharist, choral Mass, and Evensong. These services are accompanied by one of the church's three organs and choirs. There is a ring of twelve bells, hung for change ringing.
History
[edit]
The Chronicle of Tewkesbury records that the first Christian worship was brought to the area by Theoc, a missionary from Northumbria, who built his cell in the mid-7th century near a gravel spit where the Severn and Avon rivers join. The cell was succeeded by a monastery in 715,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> but nothing remaining of it has been identified.
In the 10th century the religious foundation at Tewkesbury became a priory subordinate to the Benedictine Cranborne Abbey in Dorset.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1087, William the Conqueror gave the manor of Tewkesbury to his cousin, Robert Fitzhamon, who, with Giraldus, Abbot of Cranborne,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> founded the present abbey in 1092.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Building of the present abbey church did not start until 1102,<ref name=":0" /> employing Caen stone imported from Normandy and floated up the Severn.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Robert Fitzhamon was wounded at Falaise in Normandy in 1105 and died two years later, but his son-in-law, Robert FitzRoy, the natural son of Henry I who was made Earl of Gloucester, continued to fund the building work. The abbey's greatest single later patron was Lady Eleanor le Despenser, last of the De Clare heirs of FitzRoy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the High Middle Ages, Tewkesbury became one of the richest abbeys of England.
After the Battle of Tewkesbury in the Wars of the Roses on 4 May 1471, some of the defeated Lancastrians sought sanctuary in the abbey.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The victorious Yorkists, led by King Edward IV, forced their way into the abbey; the resulting bloodshed caused the building to be closed for a month until it could be purified and re-consecrated.
At the dissolution of the monasteries, the last abbot, John Wakeman, surrendered the abbey to the commissioners of King Henry VIII on 9 January 1539. As a former monk of an endowed community, he received an annuity. This was the relatively large sum of 400 marks, but would have ceased when he was ordained as the first Bishop of Gloucester in September 1541.<ref>Template:DNB</ref> Meanwhile, the people of Tewkesbury saved the abbey from destruction. Insisting that it was their parish church which they had the right to keep, they bought it from the Crown for the value of its bells and lead roof which would have been salvaged and melted down, leaving the structure a roofless ruin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The price came to £453.
The bells merited their own free-standing belltower, an unusual feature in English sites. After the dissolution, the bell-tower was used as the gaol for the borough until it was demolished in the late 18th century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The central stone tower was originally topped with a wooden spire, which collapsed in 1559 and was never rebuilt. Restoration undertaken in the late 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott was reopened on 23 September 1879.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Work continued under the direction of his son John Oldrid Scott until 1910 and included the rood screen of 1892.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Flood waters from the nearby River Severn reached inside the abbey during severe floods in 1760, and again on 23 July 2007.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Construction time-line
[edit]_contrasted.jpg){kind=link}
- 23 October 1121 – the choir consecrated
- 1150 – tower and nave completed
- 1178 – large fire necessitated some rebuilding
- ~1235 – Chapel of St Nicholas built
- ~1300 – Chapel of St. James built
- 1321–1335 – choir rebuilt with radiating chantry chapels
- 1349–59 – tower and nave vaults rebuilt; the lierne vaults of the nave replacing wooden roofing
- 1400–1410 – cloisters rebuilt
- 1438 – Chapel of Isabel (Countess of Warwick) built
- 1471 – Battle of Tewkesbury; bloodshed within church so great that it is closed for purification
The building
[edit]
The church itself is one of the finest Norman buildings in England.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Its massive crossing tower is noted in Pevsner's Buildings of England to be "probably the largest and finest Romanesque example in England".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Fourteen of England's cathedrals are of smaller dimensions, while only Westminster Abbey contains more medieval church monuments.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Notable monuments
[edit]Notable church monuments surviving in Tewkesbury Abbey include:
- 1107 – when the abbey's founder Robert Fitzhamon died in 1107, he was buried in the chapter house while his son-in-law Robert FitzRoy, Earl of Gloucester (an illegitimate son of King Henry I), continued building the abbey
- 1375 – Edward Despenser, Lord of the Manor of Tewkesbury, is remembered today chiefly for the effigy on his monument, which shows him in full colour kneeling on top of the canopy of his chantry, facing toward the high altar
- 1395 – Robert Fitzhamon's remains were moved into a new chapel built as his tomb
- 1471 – a brass plate on the floor in the centre of the sanctuary marks the grave of Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, the son of King Henry VI and end of the Lancastrian line, who was killed in the Battle of Tewkesbury – the only Prince of Wales ever to die in battle. He was aged only 17 at his death.
- 1478 – the bones of George, Duke of Clarence (brother of Edward IV and Richard III), and his wife Isabel (daughter of "Warwick, the Kingmaker") are housed behind a glass window in a wall of their inaccessible burial vault behind the high altar
- 1539 – the cadaver monument which Abbot Wakeman had erected for himself is only a cenotaph because he was not buried there
- Also buried in the abbey are several members of the Despenser, de Clare and Beauchamp families, all of whom were generous benefactors of the abbey. Such members include Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, and his wife, Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick, sister of "Warwick, the Kingmaker".
Other burials
[edit]- Brictric, a late-Saxon thegn
- John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon, (c. 1435 – 4 May 1471)
- Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)
- John Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset
- Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford
- Maud (or Matilda) de Burgh (c. 1288–1320), his wife
- Isabel Marshal, her heart
- John Courtenay, 7th Earl of Devon
- Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick
- Guy de Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan
- Eleanor de Clare
- Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester
- Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester
- Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester
- Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester
- Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester
- Amice FitzWilliam, 4th Countess of Gloucester (c. 1160–1220)
- Elizabeth de Burghersh, 3rd Baroness Burghersh
- Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester
- Hugh Despenser the Younger
- Richard de Beauchamp, 1st Earl of Worcester, (c.1394 – 18 March 1421/1422)
- Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester
- Richard le Despenser, 4th Baron Burghersh
- Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Arundel
- William la Zouche, 3rd Baron Zouche (c. 1355 – 4 May 1396)
- Elizabeth le Despenser
- Hugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer (1338)
- Elizabeth Montague (d.1359), his wife
- Samuel Jones (academy tutor)
The three organs
[edit]
Milton Organ
[edit]Template:Main The abbey's 17th-century organ – known as the Milton Organ – was originally made for Magdalen College, Oxford, by Robert Dallam. After the English Civil War it was removed to the chapel of Hampton Court Palace, where the poet Milton may have played it.<ref name="MT">Template:Cite journal</ref> It came to Tewkesbury in 1737. Since then, it has undergone several major rebuilds. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Grove Organ
[edit]In the north transept is the stupendous Grove Organ, built by the short-lived partnership of Michell & Thynne in 1885: [1].
Chamber organ
[edit]The third organ in the abbey is the Elliott chamber organ of 1812, mounted on a movable platform: [2].
List of organists
[edit]- James Cleavely, 1737–1767
- James Edward Chandler, 1767–1798
- Nathaniel Chandler, 1798–1847
- Nathaniel Chandler White, 1847–1857
- Thomas Vale, 1857
- Jabez Jones, 1857–1858<ref>The Ecclesiologist, Stevenson, 1855</ref>
- Mr. Caseley, 1858
- R.M. Ellis, 1858–1861
- Edward Gillman, 1861–1867
- John Thorniloe Horniblow, 1867–1878
- Henry Rogers, 1878–1880<ref>Kelly's Directory of Gloucestershire, 1879, p. 766</ref>
- Daniel Hemmingway, 1881–1891<ref>Kelly's Directory of Gloucestershire, 1885, p. 600</ref>
- Samuel Bath, 1891–1900<ref>Kelly's Directory of Gloucestershire, 1897, p.328</ref>
- Alfred W. V. Vine, 1900–1910
- Capt. Percy Baker, 1910–1943<ref>Who's who in Music; first post-War edition, 1949–50. Shaw Publishing</ref>
- Revd. Claude William Parnell, 1916–1918 (deputising for Percy Baker)
- Michael Stockwin Howard, 1943–1944<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
- Huskisson Stubington, 1944–1966
- Michael Peterson, 1966–1985<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- John Belcher, 1985–1996 (formerly organist of St Asaph Cathedral)<ref>Shaw, Watkins (1991) The Succession of Organists of the Chapel Royal and the Cathedrals of England and Wales from c. 1538. Oxford: Clarendon Press Template:ISBN</ref>
- Carleton Etherington, 1996–present
List of assistant organists
[edit]- Leonard William Tracy Arkell 1910–1912<ref>Who's who in Music. Shaw Publishing Ltd. First Post War Edition. 1949–50</ref>
- Richard Abdiel Chorley 1950–1985<ref>family archive Chorleys of Tewkesbury</ref>
The bells
[edit]
The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1962 and the ring is now made up of twelve bells, cast by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough.<ref name="Bagley">Template:Cite web</ref> A semitone bell<ref name = Bagley/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Flat 6th) and extra treble<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> were also cast by Taylor of Loughborough in 1991 and 2020 respectively, making a total of 14 available for change ringing.
The Old Clock Bells are the old 6th (Abraham Rudhall II, 1725), the old 7th (Abraham Rudhall I, 1696), the old 8th (Abraham Rudhall I, 1696) and the old 11th (Abraham Rudhall I, 1717).
The abbey bells are rung from 09:30am to 10:30am every Sunday. They are also rung on certain Sundays before Evensong. Practice takes place each Thursday from 7:30pm to 9:00pm.<ref name = Bagley/>
Churchyard
[edit]The churchyard contains war graves of two World War II Royal Air Force personnel.<ref name=cwgc>Template:Cite web</ref>
Abbey precincts
[edit]The market town of Tewkesbury developed to the north of the abbey precincts, of which vestiges remain in the layout of the streets and a few buildings: the Abbot's gatehouse, the Almonry barn, the Abbey Mill, Abbey House, the present vicarage and some half-timbered dwellings in Church Street. The abbey now sits partly isolated in lawns, like a cathedral in its cathedral close, for the area surrounding the abbey is protected from development by the Abbey Lawn Trust, a registered charity<ref>Template:EW charity</ref> originally funded by a United States benefactor in 1962.<ref>Template:Cite web.</ref>
Abbots
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- Gerald of Avranches (1102<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>–1109).<ref name=Knowles2001>David Knowles, et al, The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales: Volume 1, 940–1216, revised edition (Cambridge, U.K.: 2001) pp. 73, 255–256.</ref><ref name=VCHG2>William Page, Victoria County History of Gloucester, Volume II (London: 1907) pp. 62–65.</ref> Previously served as Abbot of Cranborne, when Tewkesbury was a dependent cell. Gerald was made Abbot when the abbey was transferred to Tewkesbury by William Rufus and Robert Fitz Haimon. He also previously served as chaplain to Hugh, Earl of Chester<ref>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online (ODNB), "Robert Fitz Haimon" by Judith A. Green.</ref>
- Robert (1109–1123)<ref name=Knowles2001 />
- Benedict (1124–1137) Previously served as Prior of Tewkesbury<ref name=Knowles2001 />
- Roger (1137–1161)<ref name=Knowles2001 />
- Fromund (1162–1178)<ref name=Knowles2001 />
- Robert (1182–1183)<ref name=Knowles2001 /><ref name=VCHG2 />
- Peter de Leia, Bishop of St Davids held the priory for three years (1183–1186)<ref name=Knowles2001 />
- Alan of Tewkesbury, (1186–1202).<ref>ODNB, "Alan of Tewkesbury" by A. J. Duggan.</ref> His tomb is in the south ambulatory of the choir
- Walter (1202–1213). Previously served as the Sacrist at Tewkesbury<ref name=Knowles2001 />
- Hugh or Template:Not a typo (1212–1215). Previously served as Prior of Tewkesbury<ref name=Knowles2001 />
- Peter of Worcester (1216–1232)<ref name=Smith2001>David M. Smith, and Vera London, eds. The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales: Volume II, 1216–1377, (London: 2001) pp. 73–74.</ref>
- Robert (1232–1254). Previously served as Prior of Tewkesbury.<ref name=Smith2001 /> A tomb thought to be his is in the south ambulatory
- Thomas de Stoke or Template:Not a typo (1255–1276). Previously served as Prior of St James' Priory, Bristol<ref name=VCHG2 /><ref name=Smith2001 />
- Richard of Norton (1276–1282)<ref name=VCHG2 /><ref name=Smith2001 />
- Thomas of Kempsey, Template:Not a typo, or Template:Not a typo (1282–1328)<ref name=VCHG2 /><ref name=Smith2001 />
- John de Cotes (1330–1347). Previously served as Prior of Tewkesbury<ref name=Smith2001 /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Thomas de Leghe (1347–1361)<ref name=VCHG2 /><ref name=Smith2001 />
- Thomas de Chesterton (1361–1389)<ref name=Smith2008>David M. Smith, ed. The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales: Vol. III, 1377–1540, (Cambridge, UK: 2008) pp. 73–74.</ref>
- Thomas Parker (1389–1420)<ref name=Smith2008 />
- William de Bristol, or Template:Not a typo (1425–1442)<ref name=Smith2008 />
- John de Abingdon (1444–1452)<ref name=Smith2008 />
- John Galeys, Template:Not a typo, or Template:Not a typo (1452–1468)<ref name=Smith2008 />
- John Streynesham, or Template:Not a typo (1468–1480)<ref name=Smith2008 />
- Richard Cheltenham, or Template:Not a typo (1480–1509)<ref name=Smith2008 />
- Henry Beely, Template:Not a typo, Template:Not a typo, or Template:Not a typo (1509–1534)<ref name=Smith2008 />
- John Wyche alias John Wakeman (1534–1540). Last Abbot before the surrender of the monastery on 9 January 1540. Appointed Bishop of Gloucester in September 1541<ref>[3] Template:Webarchive John Le Neve, et al., Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857: Volume 8, Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford and Peterborough Dioceses (London: 1996) p. 40.</ref>
Choirs
[edit]The abbey possesses, in effect, two choirs. The Abbey Choir sings at Sunday services, with children (boys and girls) and adults in the morning, and adults in the evening. Tewkesbury Abbey Schola Cantorum is a professional choir of men, boys and girls based at Dean Close Preparatory School and sings at weekday Evensongs as well as occasional masses and concerts.
The abbey previously had its own school to educate and provide choristers to sing the service of Evensong. The Abbey School was founded in 1973 by Miles Amherst and closed in 2006. The choir was then re-housed at Dean Close School, Cheltenham, and renamed the Tewkesbury Abbey Schola Cantorum.
Worship
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For the most part, worship at the abbey has been emphatically High Anglican. However, in more recent times there has been an acknowledgement of the value of less solemn worship, and this is reflected in the two congregational services offered on Sunday mornings. The first of these (at 9.15am) is a Parish Eucharist, with modern language and an informal atmosphere; a parish breakfast is typically served after this service. The main Sung Eucharist at 11am is solemn and formal, including a choral Mass; traditional language is used throughout, and most parts of the service are indeed sung, including the Collect and Gospel reading. Choral Evensong is sung on Sunday evenings, and also on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday during the week. A said Eucharist also takes place every day of the week, at varying times, and alternating between traditional and modern language. Each summer since 1969 (with the exception of 2007 when the town was hit by floods) the abbey has played host to Musica Deo Sacra, a festival combining music and liturgy. Photography in the abbey is restricted.<ref>Note: Photography is permitted in the Abbey but requires purchase of a day permit. Photography is not permitted, however, during services or within the sanctuary of the altar and is not permitted for publication or commercial gain without written permission of the vicar or churchwardens. See: "Discover Tewkesbury Abbey" pamphlet and Tewkesbury Abbey Camera/Video Permit</ref>
References
[edit]- Morris, Richard K. & Shoesmith, Ron (editors) (2003) Tewkesbury Abbey: history, art and architecture. Almeley: Logaston Press Template:ISBN
External links
[edit]Template:Monasteries in Gloucestershire Template:Benedictine houses of England and Wales Template:Greater Churches Template:Authority control
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- Tewkesbury Abbey
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- Anglo-Saxon monastic houses
- 12th-century church buildings in England
- Benedictine monasteries in England
- Church of England church buildings in Gloucestershire
- Christian monasteries established in the 8th century
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- Grade I listed monasteries
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- History of Gloucestershire
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- Burial sites of the De Clare family
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