Yuri (genre)
Template:Nihongo, also known by the wasei-eigo construction Template:Nihongo, is a genre of Japanese media focusing on intimate relationships between female characters. While lesbian relationships are a commonly associated theme, the genre is also inclusive of works depicting emotional and spiritual relationships between women that are not necessarily romantic or sexual in nature. Yuri is most commonly associated with anime and manga, though the term has also been used to describe video games, light novels, and literature.
Themes associated with yuri originate from Japanese lesbian fiction of the early twentieth century, notably the writings of Nobuko Yoshiya and literature in the Class S genre. Manga depicting female homoeroticism began to appear in the 1970s in the works of artists associated with the Year 24 Group, notably Ryoko Yamagishi and Riyoko Ikeda. The genre gained wider popularity beginning in the 1990s. The founding of Yuri Shimai in 2003 as the first manga magazine devoted exclusively to yuri, followed by its successor Comic Yuri Hime in 2005, led to the establishment of yuri as a discrete publishing genre and the creation of a yuri fan culture.
As a genre, yuri does not inherently target a single gender demographic, unlike its male homoerotic counterparts boys' love (BL, marketed towards a female audience) and gay manga (marketed towards a gay male audience). Although yuri originated as a genre targeted towards a female audience, yuri works have been produced that target a male audience, as in manga from Comic Yuri HimeTemplate:'s male-targeted sister magazine Comic Yuri Hime S.
Terminology and etymology
[edit]Yuri
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The word Template:Nihongo translates literally to "lily", and is a relatively common Japanese feminine name.<ref name="Charlton">Template:Cite web</ref> White lilies have been used since the Romantic era of Japanese literature to symbolize beauty and purity in women, and are a de facto symbol of the yuri genre.Template:Sfn
In 1976, Ito Bungaku, editor of the gay men's magazine Template:Nihongo, used the term Template:Nihongo in reference to female readers of the magazine in a column of letters titled Template:Nihongo.<ref name="heya-1" /><ref name="WhatIsYuri" /> While not all women whose letters appeared in Yurizoku no Heya were lesbians, and it is unclear whether the column was the first instance of the term yuri in this context, an association of yuri with lesbianism subsequently developed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> For example, the male-male romance magazine Allan began publishing Template:Nihongo3 in July 1983 as a personal ad column for "lesbiennes" to communicate.Template:Sfn
The term came to be associated with lesbian pornographic manga beginning in the 1990s, notably through the manga magazine Lady's Comic Misuto (1996–1999), which heavily featured symbolic lily flowers.Template:Sfn When the term yuri began being used in the west in the 1990s, it was similarly used almost exclusively to describe pornographic manga aimed at male readers featuring lesbian couples.<ref name="WhatIsYuri" /> Over time, the term drifted from this pornographic connotation to describe the portrayal of intimate love, sex, or emotional connections between women,<ref name="FriedmanInterview" /> and became broadly recognized as a genre name for works depicting same-sex female intimacy in the mid-2000s following the founding of the specialized yuri manga magazines Yuri Shimai and Comic Yurihime.Template:Sfn The Western use of yuri subsequently broadened beginning in the 2000s, picking up connotations from the Japanese use.<ref name="FriedmanInterview" /> American publishing companies such as ALC Publishing and Seven Seas Entertainment have also adopted the Japanese usage of the term to classify their yuri manga publications.<ref name="alc-yuri1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="seven-seas">Template:Cite web</ref>
In Korea and China, "lily" is used as a semantic loan from the Japanese usage to describe female-female romance media, where each use the direct translation of the term – baekhap (백합) in Korea and bǎihé (百合) in China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Girls' love
[edit]The wasei-eigo construction Template:Nihongo and its abbreviation "GL" were adopted by Japanese publishers in the 2000s, likely as an antonym of the male-male romance genre boys' love (BL).<ref name="WhatIsYuri" />Template:Sfn While the term is generally considered synonymous with yuri, in rare cases it is used to denote yuri media that is sexually explicit, following the publication of the erotic yuri manga anthology Girls Love by Ichijinsha in 2011. However, this distinction is infrequently made, and yuri and "girls' love" are almost always used interchangeably.Template:Sfn
Shōjo-ai
[edit]In the 1990s, western fans began to use the term Template:Nihongo to describe yuri works that do not depict explicit sex. Its usage was modeled after the western appropriation of the term Template:Nihongo to describe BL works that do not feature sexually explicit content.<ref name="WhatIsYuri" /> In Japan, the term shōjo-ai is not used with this meaning,<ref name="WhatIsYuri" /> and instead denotes pedophilic relationships between adult men and girls.<ref name="gl-1">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn
History
[edit]Before 1970: Class S literature
[edit]
Among the first Japanese authors to produce works about love between women was Nobuko Yoshiya,<ref name=aas-yuri>Template:Cite news</ref> a novelist active in the Taishō and Shōwa periods.<ref name="yoshiya">Template:Cite journal</ref> Yoshiya was a pioneer in Japanese lesbian literature, including the early twentieth century Class S genre.<ref name=androgyny>Template:Cite journal</ref> Her works popularized many of the ideas and tropes which drove the yuri genre for years to come.<ref name="Valens">Template:Cite web</ref> Class S stories depict lesbian attachments as emotionally intense yet platonic relationships, destined to be curtailed by graduation from school, marriage, or death.<ref name="yoshiya" /> The root of this genre is in part the contemporary belief that same-sex love was a transitory and normal part of female development leading into heterosexuality and motherhood.<ref name="Flower Tales">Template:Cite journal</ref> Class S developed in the 1930s through Japanese girls' magazines, but declined as a result of state censorship brought about by the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.Template:Sfn Though homosociality between girls would re-emerge as a common theme in post-war shōjo manga (comics for girls), Class S gradually declined in popularity in favor of works focused on male-female romances.Template:Sfn
Traditionally, Class S stories focus on strong emotional bonds between an upperclassman and an underclassman,<ref name=androgyny/> or in rare cases, between a student and her teacher.Template:Sfn Private all-girls schools are a common setting for Class S stories, which are depicted as an idyllic homosocial world reserved for women. Works in the genre focus heavily on the beauty and innocence of their protagonists, a theme that would recur in yuri.Template:Sfn Critics have alternately considered Class S as a distinct genre from yuri,Template:Sfn as a "proto-yuri",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a component of yuri.Template:Sfn
1970s and 1980s: The "dark age"
[edit]In 1970, manga artist Masako Yashiro published the shōjo manga Template:Nihongo, which focuses on a love triangle between two girls and a boy. Noted as the first non-Class S manga to depict an intimate relationship between women, Shīkuretto Rabu is regarded by some scholars as the first work in the yuri genre.Template:Sfn As both Yashiro and Shīkuretto Rabu are relatively obscure and the work focuses in part on male-female romance, most critics identify Shiroi Heya no Futari by Ryōko Yamagishi, published in 1971, as the first yuri manga.<ref name="AfterEllen1" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn The 1970s also saw shōjo manga that dealt with transgender characters and characters who blur gender distinctions through cross-dressing,<ref name="yuri-sex1">Template:Cite web</ref> which was inspired in part by the Takarazuka Revue, an all-female theater troupe where women play male roles.<ref name="bent-1">Template:Cite journal</ref> These traits are most prominent in Riyoko Ikeda's works,<ref name="yuricon" /> including The Rose of Versailles (1972–1973), Dear Brother (1975), and Claudine (1978).<ref name="alc-yuriko">Template:Cite web</ref> Some shōnen works of this period featured lesbian characters, though they were typically depicted as fanservice and comic relief.<ref name="gen-1">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Roughly a dozen yuri manga were published from the 1970s to the early 1990s, with the majority being published in the 1970s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Most of these stories are tragedies, focused on doomed relationships that end in separation or death.<ref name="Welker2006" /> Owing to the small number of works published during this period and their generally tragic focus, Yuri Shimai has referred to the 1970s and 1980s as the "dark age" of yuri.Template:Sfn Several theories have emerged to explain the bias towards tragic narratives present in this period. Writer and translator Frederik L. Schodt notes that the majority of shōjo manga published during this period were tragic, regardless of whether or not they were yuri.<ref name="Welker2006" /> James Welker of Kanagawa University argues that these narratives represent a form of "lesbian panic", where the character – and by extension, the author – refuses their own lesbian feelings and desires.<ref name="Welker2006" /> Verena Maser suggests that the decline of Class S removed the only context in which intimate relationships between women were possible,Template:Sfn while Yukari Fujimoto suggests that patriarchal forces were responsible for tragic endings in these stories.<ref name="Welker2006" />
1990s: Mainstream popularity
[edit]
By the 1990s, tragic story formulas in manga had declined in popularity.<ref name="yuri-esu">Template:Cite web Sources: Watashi no Ibasho wa Doko ni Aruno? by Yukari Fujimoto (Template:ISBN), Otoko Rashisa to Iu Byōki? Pop-Culture no Shin Danseigaku by Kazuo Kumada (Template:ISBN), and Yorinuki Dokusho Sōdanshitsu (Template:ISBN).</ref> 1992 saw the release of two major works for the development of yuri: Jukkai me no Jukkai (1992) by Template:Ill, which began to move the genre away from tragic outcomes and stereotyped dynamics;<ref name="symg">Template:Cite web</ref> and the anime adaptation of Sailor Moon (1991–1997) by Naoko Takeuchi, the first mainstream manga and anime series to feature a "positive" portrayal of a lesbian relationship in the coupling of Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune.<ref name="FriedmanInterview" /><ref name="yuricon">Template:Cite web</ref> The immense popularity of Sailor Moon allowed the series to be adapted into anime, films, and to be exported internationally, significantly influencing the shōjo and yuri genres.Template:Sfn Uranus and Neptune became popular subjects of dōjinshi (self-published manga, analogous to fan comics) and contributed to the development of yuri dōjinshi culture.<ref name=dou-yuri>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn
The success of Sailor Moon significantly influenced the development of yuri, and by the mid-1990s, anime, and manga featuring intimate relationships between women enjoyed mainstream success and popularity.<ref name="yuricon" /> Sailor Moon director Kunihiko Ikuhara went on to create Revolutionary Girl Utena (1997–1999), a shōjo anime series with female same-sex relationships as a central focus.<ref name="alc-afterellen">Template:Cite web</ref> This period also saw a revival of the Class S genre through the best-selling light novel series Maria-sama ga Miteru (1998–2004) by Template:Ill,<ref name="gl-mari1">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=esu-ex>Template:Cite web</ref> which by 2010 had 5.4 million copies in print.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another prominent author of this period is Kaho Nakayama, active since the early 1990s, with works involving love stories among women.<ref name="gl-mari1" /> The first Japanese magazines specifically targeted towards lesbians, many of which contained sections featuring yuri manga, also emerged during this period.<ref name="Carmilla interview" /> Stories in these magazines ranged from high school romance to lesbian life and love and featured varying degrees of sexual content.<ref name="Carmilla interview" /><ref name="active-1">Template:Cite web Works by Eriko Tadeno is an anthology of four stories and three short gag comics that were originally published in Phryné, Anise and Mist magazines.</ref>
2000s: Publishing and fan culture growth
[edit]Template:Anime and manga Faced with a proliferation of stories focused on homosociality, homoeroticism, and female homosexuality, some publishers sought to exploit the yuri market by creating manga magazines dedicated to the genre, coalescing around yuri as the preferred name for this genre in response to its popularity in dōjinshi culture.Template:Sfn In 2003, Yuri Tengoku and Yuri Shimai launched as the first manga magazines devoted exclusively to yuri.Template:Sfn This was followed by the female reader-oriented Comic Yuri Hime in 2005 and the male reader-oriented Comic Yuri Hime S in 2007; the two magazines merged under the title Comic Yuri Hime in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Stories in these magazines dealt with a range of themes, from intense emotional connections such as those depicted in Voiceful (2004–2006), to sexually-explicit schoolgirl romances like those portrayed in First Love Sisters (2003–2008),<ref name="seven-new" /> and realistic tales about love between adult women such as those seen in The Conditions of Paradise (2007).<ref name="ichi-shima">Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web</ref> Some of these subjects are seen in male-targeted works of this period as well,<ref name="bored-1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ann-yuri-1">Template:Cite news</ref> sometimes in combination with other themes, including mecha and science fiction.<ref name="yuri-ondvd">Template:Cite web
Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="hime-s">Template:Cite journal</ref> Examples include series such as Kannazuki no Miko (2004–2005), Blue Drop (2004–2008), and Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl (2004–2007). In addition, male-targeted stories tend to make extensive use of moe and bishōjo characterizations.<ref name="ichi-yuri1" />
The publication of yuri magazines had the effect of nurturing a "yuri culture" that influenced artists to create works depicting female same-sex relationships.Template:Sfn Further, articles in these magazines contributed to the history of the genre by retroactively labeling certain works as yuri, thus developing "a historical canon of the yuri genre."Template:Sfn Specifically, Verena Maser notes in her analysis of issues of Yuri Shimai, Comic Yurihime, and Comic Yurihime S published from 2003 to 2012 that eight of the ten most-referenced series in the magazines predate the 2003 formalization of yuri as a publishing genre: Apurōzu - Kassai (1981–1985), Sakura no Sono (1985–1986), Sailor Moon (1992–1996), Cardcaptor Sakura (1996–2000), Revolutionary Girl Utena (1997–1999), Maria-sama ga Miteru (1998–2012), Loveless (2002–present), and Strawberry Marshmallow (2002–present).Template:Sfn
2010s–present: Genre diversification
[edit]
While schoolgirl romances remained popular into the 2010s and 2020s, notably Kase-san (2010–2017), Citrus (2012–2018), Bloom Into You (2015–2019), and Whisper Me a Love Song (2019–present), yuri works during this period began to incorporate new genres, themes, and subject material.<ref name="Cathedral" /> The mid-2010s saw yuri works expand to genres such as science fiction and isekai, as well as the formalization of Template:Nihongo as a subgenre focused on stories involving adult women.<ref name="Cathedral">Template:Cite web</ref> The growth of digital platforms like Pixiv, Twitter, and Shōsetsuka ni Narō allowed for the creation and widespread distribution of yuri works outside of traditional manga magazine and dōjinshi publishing: My Lesbian Experience With Loneliness (2016) was originally published as a web comic, while the yuri fantasy works Sexiled (2018–2019), Roll Over and Die (2018–present), and I'm in Love with the Villainess (2018–present) began as web novels on Shōsetsuka ni Narō before being adapted into other mediums.<ref name="Cathedral" /> Yuri stories by openly lesbian creators also became more prominent, such as My Lesbian Experience With Loneliness.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The genre of comic essays, stories that focus on the author's life experiences, have also become popular, including the aforementioned My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness and Hiranishi Mieri's The Moment I Realized I Wasn't Straight.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Concepts and themes
[edit]Intimacy between women
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Yuri as a genre depicts intimate relationships between women, a scope that is broadly defined to include romantic love, intense friendships, spiritual love, and rivalry.Template:Sfn While lesbianism is a theme commonly associated with yuri, not all characters in yuri media are necessarily non-heterosexual; Welker states that the question whether yuri characters are lesbians is a "very complicated issue."Template:Sfn Characters in yuri works frequently do not define their sexual orientation in explicit terms, and the matter is instead left to reader interpretation.Template:Sfn
Rica Takashima notes Western and Japanese fans often have differing expectations for the level of intimacy depicted in yuri, which she ascribes to cultural differences between the groups.Template:Sfn She notes that yuri works that enjoy international popularity tend to be explicit and focused on "cute girls making out with each other," while Japanese fans "have a propensity for reading between the lines, picking up on subtle cues, and using their own imaginations to weave rich tapestries of meaning from small threads."Template:Sfn
Lack of genre and demographic exclusivity
[edit]Though yuri has been historically and thematically linked to shōjo manga since its emergence in the 1970s, yuri works have been published in all demographic groups for manga – not only shōjo (girls), but also josei (adult women), shōnen (boys) and seinen (adult men). Shōjo yuri works tend to focus on fanciful and fairy tale-inspired narratives that idolize Takarazuka Revue-inspired "girl prince" characters, while yuri works in the josei demographic tend to depict same-sex female couples with a greater degree of realism. Shōnen and seinen manga, conversely, tend to use yuri to depict relationships between "innocent schoolgirls" and "predatory lesbians". Manga magazines dedicated exclusively to yuri tend not to conform to any one specific demographic, and are thus inclusive of content ranging from schoolgirl romances to sexually-explicit content.<ref name="Friedman 2014 143–147" />
Often, works that are perceived and categorized as yuri in Japan are not regarded as such by international audiences. For example, while in the west Sailor Moon is regarded as a magical girl series with some yuri elements, in Japan the series is regarded by yuri magazines as a "monumental work" of the genre.Template:Sfn The Sailor Moon example further illustrates how fans, rather than publishers or creators, often determine whether a work is yuri; Sailor Moon was not conceived as a yuri manga or anime, but "became a yuri text"Template:Sfn based on how the work was interpreted and consumed by yuri fans.Template:Sfn<ref name="Friedman 2014 143–147" />
Nominal sexual content
[edit]
Yuri works generally do not depict graphic sex scenes. Unlike boys' love and Template:Transliteration, where explicit depictions of sexual acts are commonplace and stories typically climax with the central couple engaging in anal intercourse, sexual acts in yuri are rarely more explicit than kissing and the caressing of breasts.Template:Sfn Kazumi Nagaike of Oita University argues that this general avoidance of sex "does not mean that female sexual desire is effaced" in yuri, but rather that the absence of sex "clearly derives from the importance which is placed on the spiritual female-female bond."Template:Sfn
"Crimson Rose and Candy Girl"
[edit]The majority of yuri stories published in the 1970s and 1980s were tragedies, focused on doomed relationships that end in separation or death (see History above).<ref name="Welker2006" /> Yukari Fujimoto, a manga scholar at Meiji University, notes that the tragic plot of Shiroi Heya no Futari became a common yuri story archetype that she dubs "Crimson Rose and Candy Girl". These stories depict "Candy", a physically smaller character with lighter hair and a naive personality, who admires "Rose", who is generally taller, with long dark hair and a serious demeanor.<ref name="Welker2006" /> The characters bond over a common unhappiness, usually originating from their respective home lives.<ref name="crimsonrosecandy">Template:Cite web</ref> The attachment between Candy and Rose becomes the subject of rumors or even blackmail, even while Candy and Rose grow to acknowledge that their relationship has become romantic. The story concludes with Rose dying in order to protect Candy from scandal.<ref name="Welker2006" /> While tragic story formulas in yuri declined in popularity by the 1990s,<ref name="yuri-esu" /> the Rose and Candy archetypes continue to influence contemporary yuri stories, particularly those that depict senpai and kōhai relationships such as Bloom Into You.<ref name="crimsonrosecandy" />
Tachi and neko
[edit]In Japanese lesbian culture, the participants in a lesbian relationship are occasionally referred to as Template:Nihongo, which designates the active participant, and Template:Nihongo, which designates the submissive participant.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This distinction is comparable to that of the seme and uke distinction in BL, or to the butch and femme distinction in general lesbian culture.<ref name="Wellington" /> Characters in contemporary yuri rarely conform to these dichotomies,Template:Sfn though the dynamic of an active partner and a passive partner that the tachi and neko distinction represents does recur in the genre.<ref name="Wellington">Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Media
[edit]In Japan
[edit]In the mid-1990s and early 2000s, some Japanese lesbian lifestyle magazines contained manga sections, including the now-defunct magazines Anise (1996–97, 2001–03) and Phryné (1995).<ref name="Carmilla interview" /> Carmilla, an erotic lesbian publication,<ref name="Carmilla interview" /> released an anthology of lesbian manga called Girl's Only.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Additionally, Mist (1996–99), a ladies' comic manga magazine, contained sexually explicit lesbian-themed manga as part of a section dedicated to lesbian-interest topics.<ref name="Carmilla interview">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The first publication marketed exclusively as yuri was Sun Magazine's manga anthology magazine Yuri Shimai, which was released between June 2003 and November 2004 in quarterly installments, ending with only five issues.<ref name="pedia-yuri">Template:Cite web</ref> After the magazine's discontinuation, Comic Yuri Hime was launched by Ichijinsha in July 2005 as a revival of the magazine,<ref name="cyzo" /> containing manga by many of the authors who had had work serialized in Yuri Shimai.<ref name="pedia-yuri1">Template:Cite web</ref> Like its predecessor, Comic Yuri Hime was also published quarterly but went on to release bi-monthly on odd months from January 2011 to December 2016, after which it became monthly.<ref name="pedia-yuri1" /><ref name="twitter">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A sister magazine to Comic Yuri Hime, named Comic Yuri Hime S, was launched as a quarterly publication by Ichijinsha in June 2007.<ref name="pedia-yuri2">Template:Cite web</ref> Unlike either Yuri Shimai or Comic Yuri Hime, Comic Yuri Hime S was targeted towards a male audience.<ref name="ichi-yuri1">Template:Cite web</ref> However, in 2010 it was merged with Comic Yuri Hime.<ref name="merge">Template:Cite web</ref> Ichijinsha published light novel adaptations from Comic Yuri Hime works and original yuri novels under their shōjo light novel line Ichijinsha Bunko Iris starting in July 2008.<ref name="ichi-yuri2">Template:Cite web</ref>
Once Comic Yuri Hime helped establish the market, several other yuri anthologies were released, such as Template:Interlanguage link, Mebae,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Yuri Drill,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Yuri + Kanojo,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Eclair.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Houbunsha and Shinshokan also published their own yuri magazines, Tsubomi and Hirari respectively, with Tsubomi running from February 2009 to December 2012 for a total of 21 issues,<ref name=ann1>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=ann2>Template:Cite web</ref> and Hirari running from April 2010 to July 2014 for a total of 14 issues.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After a successful crowdfunding campaign, the creator-owned yuri anthology magazine Galette was launched in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Outside of Japan
[edit]The first company to release lesbian-themed manga in North America was Yuricon's publishing arm ALC Publishing.<ref name="yuri-mags" /> Their works include Rica Takashima's Rica 'tte Kanji!? (1995–1996) and their annual yuri manga anthology Yuri Monogatari, both of which were published in 2003.<ref name="yuri-mags">Template:Cite web</ref> The latter collects stories by American, European, and Japanese creators, including Akiko Morishima, Althea Keaton, Kristina Kolhi, Tomomi Nakasora, and Eriko Tadeno.<ref name="press-yuri">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ota-1" /> These works range from fantasy stories to more realistic tales dealing with themes such as coming out and sexual orientation.<ref name="ota-1">Template:Cite web</ref>
Besides ALC Publishing, the Los Angeles-based Seven Seas Entertainment has also incurred in the genre, with the English version of well known titles such as Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl (2004–2007) and Strawberry Panic! (2003–2007).<ref name="seven-seas" /> On October 24, 2006, Seven Seas announced the launch of their specialized yuri manga line, which includes titles such as Strawberry Panic!, The Last Uniform (2004–2006),<ref name="seven-seas" /> and Comic Yuri HimeTemplate:'s compilations such as Voiceful (2004–2006) and First Love Sisters (2003–2008).<ref name="seven-new">Template:Cite web</ref> Between 2011 and 2013, the now-defunct JManga released several yuri titles to its digital subscription platform, before terminating service on March 13, 2013.<ref name="termination">Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2017, Viz Media and Yen Press began publishing yuri manga,<ref name="viz-media">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="yenpress">Template:Cite news</ref> with Tokyopop following in 2018.<ref name="tokyopop">Template:Cite news</ref> Kodansha Comics announced its debut into publishing both yuri and BL manga in 2019, as well as Digital Manga launching a new imprint specializing in yuri dōjin manga.<ref name="Kodanshadebut">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="DMP">Template:Cite news</ref>
As yuri gained further recognition outside Japan, some artists began creating original English-language manga that were labeled as yuri or having yuri elements and subplots. Early examples of original English-language yuri comics include Steady Beat (2003) by Rivkah LaFille and 12 Days (2006) by June Kim, which were published between 2005 and 2006. Additionally, more English-developed visual novels and indie games have marketed themselves as yuri games.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some of these games include Highway Blossoms (2016) and Heart of the Woods (2019), both developed by Studio Élan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This has been aided by the Yuri Game Jam, a game jam established in 2015 that takes place annually.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
By the mid-2010s, yuri video games also began to be officially translated into English. In 2015, MangaGamer announced they would be releasing A Kiss for the Petals, the first license of a yuri game to have an English translation. MangaGamer went on to publish Kindred Spirits on the Roof in 2016, which was one of the first adult visual novels to be released uncensored on the Steam store.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Analysis
[edit]Demography
[edit]While yuri originated in female-targeted (shōjo, josei) works, the genre has evolved over time to also target a male audience. Various studies have been undertaken to examine the demography of yuri fandom.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Publisher studies
[edit]The first magazine to study the demographics of its readers was Yuri Shimai (2003–2004), who estimated the proportion of women at almost 70%, and that the majority of them were either teenagers or women in their thirties who were already interested in shōjo and BL manga.<ref name="Beautiful and Innocent">Template:Cite thesis</ref> In 2008, Ichijinsha made a demographic study for its two magazines Comic Yuri Hime and Comic Yuri Hime S, the first being targeted to women, the second to men. The study reveals that women accounted for 73% of Comic Yuri Hime readership, while in Comic Yuri Hime S, men accounted for 62%. The publisher noted, however, that readers of the latter magazine also tended to read the first, which led to their merger in 2010.<ref name="merge" /> Regarding the age of women for Comic Yuri Hime, 27% of them were under 20 years old, 27% were between 20 and 24 years old, 23% were between 25 and 29 years old, and 23% over 30 years old.<ref name="Beautiful and Innocent" /> As of 2017, the ratio between men and women is said to have shifted to about 6:4, thanks in part to the Comic Yuri Hime S merge and the mostly male readership YuruYuri brought with it.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Academic studies
[edit]Verena Maser conducted a study of Japanese yuri fandom demographics between September and October 2011. This study, mainly oriented towards the Yuri Komyu! community and the social network Mixi, received a total of 1,352 valid responses. The study found that 52.4% of respondents were women, 46.1% were men and 1.6% did not identify with either gender.Template:Sfn The sexuality of the participants was also requested, separated into two categories: "heterosexual" and "non-heterosexual". The results were as follows: 39.5% were heterosexual men, 30% were non-heterosexual women, 15.2% were heterosexual women, 4.7% were non-heterosexual men, and 1.2% identified as "other".Template:Sfn Regarding age, 69% of respondents were between 16 and 25 years old. Maser's study reinforced the notion of the yuri fandom being split somewhat equally between men and women, as well as highlighting the differing sexualities within it.Template:Sfn
Relation to lesbianism
[edit]Semantic relationship
[edit]The relationship between yuri and lesbianism is tenuous in Japan. While yuri was strongly associated with lesbianism in Japan in the 1970s and 1980s, the correlation between the terms has weakened over time.Template:Sfn Though Japanese fans, journalists, and publishers recognize that yuri and lesbianism share common characteristics, they can specifically segregate the terms as concepts, with Comic Yurihime editor Seitarō Nakamura stating that "in general, [yuri is] not [about] lesbians [rezubian] with a carnal relationship."Template:Sfn Japanese lesbian and queer magazines in the 1990s often opposed the conflation of yuri with lesbianism, likely due to its prior connotation with male-oriented pornography.Template:Sfn
Erin Subramian of Yuricon explains that most Japanese people see the term "lesbian" as describing either "abnormal people in pornography or strange people in other countries."Template:Sfn Maser concurs that yuri is a genre primarily focused on ideals of beauty, purity, innocence, and spirituality before sexual identity; focus is placed on "connection between hearts" rather than "connection between bodies."<ref name="Shōjo Manga Research: The Legacy of">Template:Cite journal</ref> Nagaike notes in her analysis of letters published in Comic Yuri Hime that many female readers of the magazine identify as heterosexual; she thus argues yuri is more closely aligned with homosociality than it is with homosexuality, even if the two concepts are not mutually exclusive.Template:Sfn Maser analyzes contradictory sources and concludes that the "line between yuri and 'lesbian'/'homosexuality'" is...blurry". She notes that in her sources, "the term rezubian [lesbian] is used in many instances, but that it is almost never made clear what exactly it is referring to".Template:Sfn
Sociopolitical relationship
[edit]Nagaike argues that yuri is a byproduct of the Template:Nihongo, which formed in pre-war all-girls schools in Japan. Isolated from the influence of patriarchy, adolescent girls created a "shōjo culture" that used Class S literature to disseminate and share homosocial cultural codes. Though this culture was significant in informing girls' attitudes about femininity and independence, it was ultimately ephemeral; upon leaving the single-sex school environment, girls became subject to patriarchal expectations of marriage and family.Template:Sfn
As mixed-sex education became more common in the post-war era and Class S literature declined as a means to disseminate homosocial bonds, cross-dressing and BL emerged as the primary modes in literature for women to criticize and resist patriarchy.Template:Sfn<ref name="Shōjo Manga Research: The Legacy of"/> The emergence of yuri allowed for a return to Class S-style homosociality, of which homosexuality is a component.Template:Sfn Thus, Nagaike asserts that yuri does not conform to the political vision of lesbianism espoused by philosophers like Monique Wittig that sees lesbianism as overthrowing "the political and sociological interpretation of women's identity;" rather, yuri is closer to Adrienne Rich's vision of a "lesbian continuum" that seeks to overthrow compulsory heterosexuality.Template:Sfn
See also
[edit]Template:Portal Template:Category see also Template:Columns-list
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]General and cited references
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Template:LGBTQ fiction Template:LGBT in Japan Template:Film genres Template:Animation industry in Japan