Magnus Ladulås

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Stack begin Template:Infobox royalty

Seal of King Magnus

File:Magnus III Barnlock of Sweden c 1440.jpg

14th-century depiction of King Magnus on a high tower wall of his burial church

File:Magnus III Barnlock of Sweden effigy by Lucas van der Werdt in 1574.jpg

Magnus's 16th century grave monument over his family crypts in Riddarholm Church

Template:Stack end Magnus Ladulås (Template:IPA, Template:Literal translation) or Magnus Birgersson (Template:Circa 1240 – 18 December 1290) was King of Sweden from 1275 until his death in 1290.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

He was a son of Birger Jarl, and became a king after a rebellion against his brother Valdemar. He was succeeded by his ten-year-old son Birger Magnusson with Torkel Knutsson acting as his guardian.

Medieval Swedish kings did not use regnal numbers as part of their title.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In modern literature he may be referred to as either Magnus I<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or Magnus III.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Centuries of Selfies pp. 22-23, 106</ref>

Epithet

The origin of the epithet Ladulås (Template:Literal translation) is not known for certain, due to the lack of source material from the latter half of the 14th century. It appears widely in written documents from the beginning of the 15th century, with the Visby Chronicle from 1412 being the oldest datable document. Lilla rimkrönikan from Template:Circa gives the traditional explanation, ascribing the epithet to the Ordinance of Alsnö. This act by Magnus freed the yeomanry from the duty to provide sustenance for travelling nobles and bishops, and "locked the barns".<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=moberg/>

Another theory is that Ladulås is a corruption of a second name Ladislaus, the Latin equivalent of the Slavic name Vladislav. (Magnus's maternal great-grandmother was Sophia of Minsk, a Rurikid princess.)<ref name=moberg>Template:Cite book</ref>

Early life

File:Birger Jarl crop.jpg

Magnus's father Birger Jarl

Magnus was born around 1240 as the second son of Birger Jarl (1200–66) and Princess Ingeborg, daughter of King Erik Knutsson and sister of King Erik Eriksson of Sweden. The early life of Magnus is poorly documented, but he seems to have received an extensive education.<ref name=":0" />

Erik Eriksson ruled until 1250 and died without an heir. After his death, Magnus' elder brother Valdemar (1239–1302) became king, but the true power was held by their father Birger Jarl who acted as a regent. In 1255, Magnus was granted the title of a Template:Lang, 'junior jarl'.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>

When Birger died in 1266, Magnus assumed his title as the Duke of Sweden. The title was not accompanied by any unified territory, but by a number of scattered estates and rights to collect taxes and fines. He also received Nyköping Castle in Södermanland.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

There is no indication that he would have received the powers of his father.<ref name=":1" /> According to the Erik's Chronicle, Magnus wanted to share the Royal power with his brother, which led to a conflict.<ref name=":0" />

Accession and marriage

In 1275, Duke Magnus started a rebellion against Valdemar, supported by his younger brother Erik and King Eric Klipping of Denmark. Valdemar was deposed by Magnus after the Battle of Hova in the forest of Tiveden on 14 June 1275 with the help of Danish and German horsemen. In July, Magnus was elected king at the Stones of Mora.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1276, Magnus married Helvig, daughter of Gerard I of Holstein. Through her mother, Elizabeth of Mecklenburg, Helvig was a descendant of Christina, the putative daughter of King Sverker II. A papal annulment of Magnus' alleged first marriage and a dispensation for the second (necessary because of consanguinity) were issued ten years later, in 1286. Helvig later acted as regent, probably 1290–1302 and 1320–1327.<ref name=":2" />

Reign

The deposed King Valdemar managed, with Danish help in turn, to regain provinces in Götaland in the southern part of the kingdom, and Magnus had to recognize that in 1277. However, Magnus regained them about 1278 and assumed the additional title rex Gothorum, King of the Goths, starting the tradition of "King of the Swedes and the Goths".

King Magnus's youngest brother, Bengt (1254–1291), then archdeacon, acted as his Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, and in 1284 Magnus rewarded him with the Duchy of Finland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Magnus died when his sons were yet underage. Magnus ordered his kinsman Torkel Knutsson, the Lord High Constable of Sweden as the guardian of his heir, the future King Birger, who was about ten years old at father's death.

Modern research

In spring 2011, archaeologists and osteologists from the Stockholm University were granted permission to open one of the royal tombs in the Riddarholmen Church, traditionally believed to contain the remains of Magnus Ladulås and some of his relatives. An osteological and odontological examination revealed the presence of five male and two female skeletons. Preliminary studies indicated a notable sickly disposition in one skeleton, previously presumed to belong to Magnus Ladulås based on descriptions of his ailments. Contrary to expectations, radiocarbon dating indicated that the skeletons were from the 15th and early 16th centuries, and could not belong to the king and his family.<ref name="vretemark"/>

In 2012, the research team was permitted to open the adjacent tomb, traditionally believed to contain King Karl Knutsson (Template:Circa 1408–1470). The analysis showed that these remains were from the 15th and early 16th century, and one skeleton matched the expected profile for King Karl. The location of Magnus Ladulås's grave remains unresolved. In 2014, the team discovered a previously unknown brick chamber between the two tombs, but further excavation was halted due to legal and administrative challenges.<ref name="vretemark">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Issue

From his alleged first (annulled) marriage to an unknown woman:

Erik (born c. 1275 – c. 1277)

From his second marriage to Helvig of Holstein:

Ingeborg (1277 – 1319); married King Eric VI of Denmark.
Birger (1280 – 1321), King of Sweden from 1290 to 1318
Erik (c. 1282 – 1318), duke, father to King Magnus Eriksson; the Erik's Chronicle is named after him
Valdemar (after 1282 – 1318), Duke of Finland. Erik and Valdemar died of starvation 1318 at Nyköping Castle while imprisoned by his brother, King Birger.
Rikissa (c. 1285 Template:Endash after 1347), Abbess of the convent of St. Clare's Priory, Stockholm.