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Edward Durell Stone

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Edward Durell Stone (March 9, 1902 – August 6, 1978) was an American architect known for the formal, highly decorative buildings he designed in the 1950s and 1960s. His works include the Museum of Modern Art, in New York City; the Museo de Arte de Ponce in Ponce, Puerto Rico; the United States Embassy in New Delhi, India; The Keller Center at the University of Chicago; the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., the EcoTarium, formerly known as the New England Science Center in Worcester, Massachusetts; and the campus of Windham College now Landmark College in Putney Vermont.Template:Cn

Early life

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Stone was born and raised in Fayetteville, Arkansas. He attended the University of Arkansas, where he joined the Sigma Nu fraternity,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Harvard and M.I.T., but did not earn a degree.Template:SfnTemplate:Page needed In 1927, he won the Rotch Travelling Scholarship, which afforded him the opportunity to travel through Europe on a two-year stipend.<ref>"Tech Student Wins Rotch Scholarship," Boston Herald, May 4, 1927.</ref> Stone was impressed by the new architecture he observed in Europe, buildings designed in what would come to be known as the International Style.Template:SfnTemplate:Page needed He returned to the United States in 1929 and took up residence in Manhattan.

Career

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Hired by the architectural firm of Schultze and Weaver, he designed interiors for the new Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. He subsequently worked for the Associated Architects of Rockefeller Center and became the principal designer of Radio City Music Hall.Template:SfnTemplate:Page needed

File:Mandel House.jpg
Richard H. Mandel House, Mt. Kisco, New York (1933)

Stone was an early advocate of the International Style. His first independent commission was the Richard H. Mandel House, in Mount Kisco, New York (1933).<ref>"House of Richard H. Mandel," Architectural Forum, August 1935.</ref> This was followed by the Ulrich Kowalski house, also in Mt. Kisco (1934),<ref>"Recent Work by Edward D. Stone," Architectural Forum, July 1941.</ref> and the Albert C. Koch house in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1936).Template:Refn<ref>"Grand Prize: Prize Houses Over $12,000," Architectural Forum, January 1939.</ref> In 1936, Stone was chosen as associate architect for the new Museum of Modern Art in New York City, designed in collaboration with Philip L. Goodwin.<ref>"Current Architecture: The Museum of Modern Art, New York City," Architectural Review, September 1939.</ref> Stone also designed a private residence for MoMA president Anson Conger Goodyear, the A. Conger Goodyear House, in Old Westbury, NY (1938).<ref>"Recent Work by Edward D. Stone".</ref> Both the Richard H. Mandel House and A. Conger Goodyear House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>National Register of Historic Places Single Property Listings Finding Aid: New York, (Tucson: National Park Service Intermountain Region Museum Services Program, 2017).</ref>

At the outset of World War II, Stone enlisted in the U.S. Army. He was promoted to the rank of major and served as chief of the Army Air Force Planning and Design Section.Template:SfnTemplate:Page needed Returning to New York after the war, Stone was commissioned to design the ten-story El Panama Hotel in Panama City, Panama (1946),<ref name="TAF">Template:Cite book</ref> the University of Arkansas Fine Arts Center in Fayetteville (1948),<ref>"University Art Center—Architect Stone's sure hand with countless details creates a harmonious home for seven arts under one Arkansas roof," Architectural Forum, September 1951.</ref> and the 850-bed Hospital del Seguro Social del Empleado in Lima, Peru (1950).Template:Refn<ref>"Big Double Hospital: Skillful handling of traffic and service flow by US architects integrates maternity and general health facilities for 850 Peruvian inpatients," Architectural Forum, June 1952.</ref>

File:US Embassy New Delhi.jpg
U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, India (1959)

Stone's best-known work was the Embassy of the United States in New Delhi, India (1959).<ref name="Goldberger">Template:Cite news</ref> Tasked with creating a modern building that respected the architectural heritage of its host country, he designed a temple-like pavilion on a raised podium.<ref>Jane C. Loeffler, The Architecture of Diplomacy (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1998).</ref> Frank Lloyd Wright called the embassy one of the most beautiful buildings he had ever seen,<ref>"It's news when Wright lauds an architect," Palo Alto Times, August 3, 1955.</ref> and it won a first honor award from the American Institute of Architects (AIA).Template:SfnTemplate:Page needed Subsequent commissions such as the Stanford University Medical Center in Palo Alto, California (1955),<ref>"Medicine's new 'Taj Mahal'," Architectural Forum, April 1958.</ref> the Stuart Pharmaceutical Company in Pasadena, California (1956),<ref>"Splendor in the Factory," Architectural Record, December 1959.</ref> and the United States pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (1957),<ref>"A final look at Brussels," Architectural Forum, October 1958.</ref> repeated elements originally designed for the embassy.<ref>Steven Bedford, "Stone, Edward Durell," in Encyclopedia of Architecture Design, Engineering & Construction, ed. by Joseph A. Wilkes and Robert T. Packard (New York: Wiley, 1989).</ref> The Stuart building and World's Fair pavilion both won awards from the AIA,Template:Sfn and Stone was elected to the Institute's College of Fellows in 1958.<ref name="HFA">Template:Cite news</ref>

Described as romanticist,Template:SfnTemplate:Page needed Stone's ornate designsTemplate:Dubious brought him commercial success.<ref name="Goldberger"/> By the 1960s, his firm was among the largest architectural practices in the United States, with over 200 employees and offices on both coasts.<ref>"100 Largest Architectural Firms in the U.S.," Architectural Forum, April 1963; "100 Largest Architectural Firms in the U.S.," Architectural Forum, April 1964; "Man with a billion on the drawing board," Business Week, October 8, 1966.</ref> Buildings from this period include the North Carolina State Legislative Building in Raleigh (1960),<ref>"New Statehouse for North Carolina," Architectural Forum, December 1963.</ref> the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology in Nilore (1961),<ref>"Architecture: Mogul Modern," Time, August 12, 1966.</ref> the National Geographic Society building in Washington, D.C. (1961),<ref>Ada Louise Huxtable, "Architecture: In Capitol: National Geographic Society's Building Sets a Standard for Washington," New York Times, December 11, 1963.</ref> the Museo de Arte in Ponce, Puerto Rico (1961),<ref>"Ponce: Design for a Temperate Climate," Architectural Record, April 1966.</ref> the uptown campus of the University at Albany (1962),<ref>Douglas Dales, "Model of College Shown by State," New York Times, June 12, 1962.</ref> the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. (1962),<ref>Robert Hughes, "The New Monuments," Time, September 13, 1971.</ref> the General Motors Building in New York City (1964), the PepsiCo World Headquarters, in Purchase, New York (1967),<ref>"From Park Avenue to an old polo Field: a lush new setting for PepsiCo's headquarters," Architectural Record, February 1972.</ref> and the EcoTarium in Worcester, Massachusetts,<ref>[1]</ref> the Florida State Capital complex in Tallahassee, <ref>"Florida: The Legislature: The multi-phased construction program of the new capitol complex in Tallahassee," Interior Design, January 1979.</ref> and the Standard Oil building (now known as the Aon Center) in Chicago, Illinois (all 1970).<ref>"Block-Buster Approach to Architecture," Progressive Architecture, April 1970.</ref>

Stone also was the architect of the former Windham College in Putney, Vermont. Windham closed in 1978 and its abandoned campus was taken over by the present-day Landmark College in 1985.

Furthermore, Stone also designed Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California. Harvey Mudd College is a highly ranked private liberal arts college, and according to Travel and Leisure Magazine in 2013, is one of "America's ugliest college campuses".

Stone retired in 1974 and died in 1978.Template:SfnTemplate:Page needed Following a New York City funeral his ashes were buried in his hometown of Fayetteville.Template:Sfn

Honors and awards

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Honorary degrees

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  • Doctor of Fine Arts, University of Arkansas, 1951<ref>"Art for Arkansas," "Interiors", July 1951, 12.</ref>
  • Doctor of Fine Arts, Colby College, 1959<ref>Hunting, "Edward Durell Stone".</ref>
  • Master of Fine Arts, Otis Art Institute of Los Angeles County, 1961<ref name="Otis">Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Doctor of Fine Arts, Hamilton College, 1962<ref>"Today's Youth Called Mature and Dedicated," New York Times, May 13, 1962.</ref>

Memberships and honors

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  • Medal of Honor, New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, 1955<ref>"Honors," Architectural Record, July 1955, 16.</ref>
  • American Institute of Architects, Fellow, 1958<ref name="HFA"/>
  • National Institute of Arts & Letters, Member, 1958<ref>Sandra Knox, "Prizes are given in Arts, Letters," New York Times, May 22, 1958.</ref>
  • National Urban League, Trustee, 1958<ref>"Negro Aid Termed Good for Business," New York Times, September 11, 1958.</ref>
  • American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Fellow, 1960<ref>"Academy Elects 116," New York Times, May 12, 1960.</ref>
  • American Federation of Arts, Trustee, 1960<ref>"Arts Group Elects 10," New York Times, April 22, 1960.</ref>
  • National Institute of Social Sciences, Gold Medal, 1961<ref>"Social Science Awards," New York Times, December 14, 1961; "Architects in the News: Elder Named at B.C.; Kahn, Stone, Saarinen Honored,” Architectural Record, May 1962, 58.</ref>
  • Building Stone Institute, Architect of the Year, 1964<ref>"Edward Durell Stone Cited by Building Stone Institute," New York Times, August 23, 1964; “People / Stone Wins Stone Award,” AIA Journal, October 1964, 84.</ref>
  • Horatio Alger Award, 1971<ref>"Alger Award Voted to Lowell Thomas," New York Times, May 12, 1971.</ref>

Architectural awards

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  • Silver Medal, Architectural League of New York, 1937 – Guest House for Henry R. Luce, Mepkin Plantation, Moncks Corner, South Carolina<ref>"Architects Award Prizes in 3 Fields," New York Times, April 22, 1937.</ref>
  • Silver Medal, Architectural League of New York, 1950 – A. Conger Goodyear Residence, Old Westbury, New York<ref name=AAA>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Gold Medal, Architectural League of New York, 1950 – Museum of Modern Art, New York City (Philip Goodwin, Associate)<ref name=AAA/>
  • Gold Medal, Architectural League of New York, 1950 – El Panama Hotel, Panama City, Panama<ref>"Wins Gold Medal Award Of Architectural League," New York Times, January 18, 1952.</ref>
  • First Honor Award, American Institute of Architects, 1958 – Stuart Pharmaceutical Co., Pasadena, CaliforniaTemplate:SfnTemplate:Page needed
  • Award of Merit, American Institute of Architects, 1958 – U.S. Pavilion, Brussels, BelgiumTemplate:SfnTemplate:Page needed
  • First Honor Award, American Institute of Architects, 1961 – U.S. Embassy, New Delhi, IndiaTemplate:SfnTemplate:Page needed
  • Award of Merit, American Institute of Architects, 1963 – Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula, Carmel, California<ref>Thomas Ennis, "Institute Honors 13 New Projects: Progress Toward ‘Delight in Environment’ Noted,” New York Times, June 2, 1963.</ref>
  • Honor Award, American Institute of Architects, 1967 – Ponce Museum of Art, Ponce, Puerto Rico<ref>John Leo, “Skidmore, Owings Is Presented With 5 Of Architects’ 20 Awards: Architects Give Annual Awards,” New York Times, May 16, 1967; “Edward Durell Stone Museo de Arte de Ponce,” AIA Journal, June 1967, 47.</ref>

Selected works

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File:2 Columbus Circle.jpg
2 Columbus Circle, New York City (1958), before the facade was altered and the interior renovated
File:NC Legislature.JPG
North Carolina State Legislative Building in Raleigh, North Carolina (1960)
File:Kennedy Center seen from the Potomac River, June 2010.jpg
Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington, D.C. (1962)
File:UAlbanyStateQuad.jpg
The Uptown Campus of the State University of New York at Albany (1962)
File:BuschMemorialStadium.jpg
Busch Stadium (1966), the home of the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team from 1966 to 2005 and the St. Louis Cardinals football team from 1966 to 1987
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Footnotes

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Notes

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Citations

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Works cited

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General references

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  • Everett, Derek R. "Modern Statehouses for Modern States: Edward Durell Stone's Capitol Architecture in North Carolina and Florida." Southern Historian, Vol. 28 (Spring 2007): pp. 74–91.
  • Head, Jeffrey. "Unearthing Stone." Metropolis magazine, Urban Journal, January 2008.
  • Heyer, Paul. Architects on Architecture: New Directions in America. (New York: Walker & Co., 1966): pp. 172–183.
  • Hunting, Mary Anne. "Edward Durell Stone, Perception and Criticism." (PhD diss., Graduate Center, City University of New York, 2007).
  • Hunting, Mary Anne. “Edward Durell Stone.” In Oxford Bibliographies in Architecture, Planning, and Preservation. New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.
  • Hunting, Mary Anne. "From Craft to Industry: Furniture designed by Edward Durell Stone for Senator Fulbright." The Magazine Antiques (May 2004): 110–121.
  • Hunting, Mary Anne. “Legacy of Stone: As Campus Buildings Rise and Fall, A Leading Mid-20th-Century Architect's Vision Endures,” Vanderbilt Magazine (Summer 2014): *18–19, 78–79.
  • Hunting, Mary Anne. "The Richard H. Mandel House in Bedford Hills, New York." Living with Antiques.The Magazine Antiques (July 2001): 72–83.
  • Hunting, Mary Anne. "Rediscovering the Work of Edward Durell Stone". Modern Magazine (Spring 2013): 70 and 72.
  • Ricciotti, Dominic. "Edward Durell Stone and the International Style in America: Houses of the 1930s." American Art Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 1988): pp. 48–73.
  • Ricciotti, Dominic. "The 1939 Building of the Museum of Modern Art: The Goodwin-Stone Collaboration." American Art Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Summer 1985): pp. 51–76.
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Two views on 2 Columbus Circle

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