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Brazzaville

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Template:Short description Template:Other uses Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement Brazzaville (Template:IPA) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo. Administratively, it is a department and a commune.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Constituting the financial and administrative centre of the country, it is located on the north side of the Congo River, opposite Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo).

The population of the capital is estimated to exceed 2.1 million residents, comprising more than a third of the national populace. Some 40% are employed in non-agricultural professions. During World War II, Brazzaville served as the de facto capital of Free France between 1940 and 1942.

In 2013, Brazzaville was designated a City of Music by UNESCO; since then it has also been a member of the Creative Cities Network.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Toponymy

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The prefix "Brazza" comes from the surname of the Italian count Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, who worked on exploration expeditions for France and is credited with founding the town.<ref name="Cybriwsky 2013">Template:Cite book</ref>

The place name Brazzaville unintentionally has the literal meaning of "City of the Armed Wing".<ref name="Cybriwsky 2013"/> The surname Brazza refers to the village of Brazzacco, in the commune of Moruzzo, Italy, whose name derives from the latin bracchium, meaning "armed wing".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the kongo language it has the names or variants of Ntamo, Ntambo, Kintamo, Kintambo, Tandala, Mavula and in the teke languages M'fa, Mfaa, Mfa, Mfoa.<ref name="Cybriwsky 2013"/><ref>Sylvie Ayimpam, Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930), Centre d'Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf), 2006, p. 4 and p. 9</ref><ref>André JACQUOT, Lexique Laadi (Koongo), L'Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (O.R.S.T.O.M.), 1974</ref><ref>Joseph ZIDI, Brazzaville : Les enjeux de la géographie des migrations (1800-2010), Université Marien Ngouabi de Brazzaville, 2016</ref><ref>MARTIN Phyllis M., Loisirs et société à Brazzaville pendant l'ère coloniale, KARTHALA Editions, 2006, p. 31</ref>

Geography

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File:Kindepuisbrazza.jpg
Kinshasa seen from Brazzaville. The two capitals are separated by the Congo River.
File:Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.jpg
View of Brazzaville from space

Brazzaville covers a large area to the north of the Congo River, just below the Pool Malebo. Mbamu, a large island within the Pool, is part of the Republic of Congo's territory.

Brazzaville is Template:Cvt inland from the Atlantic Ocean and approximately Template:Cvt south of the equator. Around the city are large plains. The town is relatively flat, and situated at an altitude of Template:Cvt. Downriver the Congo has numerous rapids, known as Livingston Falls, preventing navigation upriver to this point from its mouth at the Atlantic.

Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is located on the southern bank of the Congo, directly across from Brazzaville. To distinguish between the two African countries that have "Congo" in their names, the Republic of the Congo is sometimes called Congo-Brazzaville, as opposed to Congo-Kinshasa. Kinshasa is more than five times larger than Brazzaville in population. This is the only place in the world where two national capital cities developed on opposite banks of a river, within sight of each other.<ref name=Guardian1>Template:Cite web</ref>

In March 2018, the "Brazzaville Declaration" was signed to promote better management and conservation of the Cuvette Centrale, a region in Congo Basin and primarily in DRC. It is the world's largest tropical peatland, made up of swamp forests. Conservation of this area is important for the survival of megafauna, and also critical to the world's climate. Burning the peat would release too much carbon and raise the Earth's temperature. The declaration to save peatlands as the world's largest terrestrial organic carbon stock was signed by Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia, which also has peatlands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

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File:Brazzaville-Le Marché.jpg
Brazzaville Market in 1905
File:Gare de Brazzaville en 1941.jpg
Brazzaville railway station in 1941

Brazzaville was founded by the French colonial empire upon an existing indigenous Bateke settlement called Ncuna, during the Scramble for Africa when European nations established spheres of influence on the continent.<ref name=Scramble1>Template:Cite book</ref> The Italian-born explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza,<ref name="EB1911"/> who was granted French citizenship in 1874, officially founded the settlement on 10 September 1880; it commemorates his name.<ref name="Cybriwsky 2013"/><ref name=Scramble1/>

The local King, Makoko of the Téké, signed a treaty of protection with Brazza, which subjugated his lands to the French Empire.<ref name=Scramble1/> From October 1880 until May 1882, a small squad of troops led by Senegalese Sergeant Malamine Camara occupied the site, in order to prevent the land from falling into Belgian hands. Their forces were active on the south side of the river, where King Leopold II ruled the Belgian Congo for a period as a private holding. The first large-scale building work of the city began four years later, as the French competed with Léopoldville (now Kinshasa) which Belgian colonists were developing on the south side of the river.<ref name=Scramble1/>

The Berlin Conference of 1884 placed French control over this area on an official footing. The city became the capital of the French Congo in 1904.<ref name=Encyc1>Template:Cite book</ref> It continued as capital when French Equatorial Africa was founded in 1910, as a federation of French colonial states: it included Gabon, the Central African Republic, and Chad until 1960.<ref name=Encyc1/> From 1910 to 1915 the major municipal buildings were constructed, including a courthouse and headquarters for the Banque de l'AEF and Institut Pasteur.<ref name="YoulouDianzinga2006">Jean-Jacques Youlou & Scholastique Dianzinga, "Une capitale dans l'histoire"; Chapter 1 in Ziavoula (2006).</ref>

In 1934, the Congo–Ocean Railway opened, linking Brazzaville with the Atlantic port of Pointe-Noire and bypassing the rapids on the Congo River. Construction of the railway resulted in the deaths of more than 17,000 Africans, and the people revolted against the French in 1928.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During World War II, Brazzaville and the rest of French Equatorial Africa remained beyond the control of Vichy France, which served the Nazi occupation. The city served as the capital of Free France from 1940 to 1943.<ref name=YoulouDianzinga2006 /> In 1944, Brazzaville hosted a meeting of the French resistance forces and representatives of France's African colonies. The resulting Brazzaville Declaration represented an attempt to redefine the relationship between France and its African colonies.<ref name=Encyc1/>

Until the 1960s, the city was divided into European (the centre of the city) and African sections (Poto-Poto, Bacongo, and Makélékélé). In 1980, it became a "commune" separated from the surrounding Pool Department and divided into nine "arrondissements" along the French model of administration.

Since the late 20th century, the city has frequently been a staging ground for wars, including internal conflicts between rebel and government forces. It has been a base of conflicts between forces of the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Angola. During the 1990s, civil wars resulted in thousands of civilian deaths here and forced hundreds of thousands of refugees to flee the city.

More recently thousands of people leaving the DRC have made their way to Brazzaville; the local United Nations force and the DRC government have accused the city of deporting thousands of these refugees.<ref>"Deportation comments anger Congo Template:Webarchive", Independent Online (SAPA-AFP), 28 May 2014.</ref><ref>James Butty, "DRC Threatens Legal Action over Deportations from Congo-Brazzaville Template:Webarchive", VOA News, 27 May 2014.</ref>

In April 2016 fighting occurred between police and local militia units, with at least 18 people killed.<ref name=Guardian2>Template:Cite news</ref>

Demographics

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Template:Historical populations As of the 2023 census, the city had a population of 2.15 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The National Institute of Statistics for 2014 is 1.73 million. Kinshasa, DRC, had more than 10 million inhabitants in 2014.<ref name=Kinshasa>Template:Cite web</ref>

Together with Kinshasa, the combined conurbation of Kinshasa-Brazzaville has about 12 million inhabitants. Significant political and infrastructure challenges prevent the two cities from functioning with any meaningful connection.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Since the mid-19th century, the two cities have been rivals in trade, sports and power.<ref name=Guardian1/> There have been proposals to connect the two capitals by a Brazzaville–Kinshasa Bridge. In 2018, with relative peace re-established in the region, the African Development Bank and Africa50 signed a deal with both governments to develop the project.<ref>Siphelele Dludla, "DRC, Congo sign $500m deal to build Kinshasa-Brazzaville connecting bridge" Template:Webarchive, IOL, 8 November 2018</ref>

Government

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File:刚果布援助大桥夜景.jpg
Brazzaville Bridge at night

Template:See also Brazzaville, like Pointe-Noire, is a commune (municipality) and a department but not with the same area.<ref name="laws 12-14">Laws n° 12 to 14-2011 Template:Cite web</ref> It is governed by a municipal council and a departmental council. The mayor is the president of the municipal council.<ref>Brazzaville.cg (site officiel de la commune de Brazzaville), "L'administration municipale Template:Webarchive"; accessed 16 July 2017.</ref>

The commune is divided into nine arrondissements (boroughs), each with an official number:<ref name=arrond>Template:Cite web</ref>

  1. Makélékélé
  2. Bacongo
  3. Poto-Poto
  4. Moungali
  5. Ouenzé
  6. Talangaï
  7. Mfilou
  8. Madibou
  9. Djiri

The department includes the area of the commune and, since 2011, the new district of Ile Mbamou.<ref name="laws 12-14"/>

Economy

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File:Nabemba.jpg
Nabemba Tower

The location of Brazzaville near the pool of the Congo River enabled it to grow as an industrial, trading and port settlement. It was connected through trade by ships and boats traveling upriver to inland areas, which produced raw materials from the beginning of the colonial period.<ref name=Encyc1/> Construction of the railway connecting to Pointe-Noire increased the ability of city businessmen to get their products to the port for export. Industries present in Brazzaville include machine shops, textiles, tanning, and manufacturing. As a key port on the Congo River, Brazzaville still takes deliveries of raw materials, such as rubber, wood, and agricultural products. From here they are generally sent onward to Pointe-Noire for export.

Many companies, government organizations and NGOs have regional offices in the capital city, where they can work with government officials. The World Health Organization has its regional office for Africa located in Brazzaville.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Companies headquartered in Brazzaville include Equatorial Congo AirlinesTemplate:Cn and the mobile operator Warid Congo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Culture

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Roger Erell, a highly regarded architect, designed a house in the city for Charles de Gaulle when he was the leader of Free France here. Other buildings include the Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza Mausoleum, the Nabemba Tower, and the Congressional Palace (Brazzaville).

The Marien Ngouabi Mausoleum, Brazzaville Zoo, and the Poto-Poto School of Painting are also destinations for visitors and city residents.

Places of worship

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File:Cathédrale de Brazzaville avant 1926.jpg
The Sacred Heart Cathedral in 1926

Many Congolese converted to Catholicism during the French colonial period. Christian churches are most prevalent in the city, where the Roman Catholic Church has an archdiocese. Since then, churches have been established by new immigrants and by local adoption of evangelical Protestantism. Examples include the Basilica of Sainte-Anne-du-Congo in Brazzaville, Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Brazzaville and Gabon (Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa), Evangelical Church of Congo (World Communion of Reformed Churches), and Assemblies of God.<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 773</ref>

Education

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File:Université Marien-Ngouabi - Faculté de droit.jpg
Marien Ngouabi University's Law School

The Marien Ngouabi University is a public university in Brazzaville, named after a former leader.<ref name=University>Template:Cite web</ref> The university was founded in December 1971 after independence. Today it has approximately 26,000 students.<ref name=University/>

International schools:

Climate

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Brazzaville features a tropical wet and dry climate. Its wet season, which runs from October–May, is longer than its dry season, which covers the remaining months. Brazzaville's driest months, July and August, on average have no significant precipitation. Since Brazzaville is south of the equator, its dry season begins at around its "winter" solstice, which is the month of June. The city has relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year.

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Transport

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File:Aeroport Maya-Maya.jpg
Maya-Maya Airport
File:Brazzarail (28522034145).jpg
A railroad in Brazzaville

The city is home to Maya-Maya Airport, which lies in the centre of the city and which has regular flights to Pointe-Noire as well as international destinations in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. A flight operates twice weekly between Brazzaville and Kinshasa, but the flight time is only five minutes.<ref name=Guardian1/>

The Congo-Ocean Railway has a station in the city and in 2014 was operating the La Gazelle train service every other day to Pointe-Noire and intermediate destinations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:WPWPCG 38.jpg
Road transport in Brazzaville

The city is an important river port, with ferries sailing to Kinshasa and to Bangui via Impfondo.<ref name=Guardian1/> Ferries and fast private boats serve as the primary means of connection between Kinshasa and Brazzaville.<ref name=Guardian1/> The Livingstone Falls lie on the outskirts of the city, where the Djoué River meets the Congo, rendering river transport to the coast impossible, qualifying the railway as a portage railway.

Although there is no organised public transport system, privately owned buses are available in the capital.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Taxis are available on every street and are easily recognized, being painted with a green body and white top, and the fare for a short trip is CF700. About twenty percent of the vehicles in Brazzaville are taxis. There are also collective taxis that drive certain routes and charge CF150.

A road-rail bridge is proposed to connect Brazzaville with Kinshasa. The rail gauge on both sides is the same at 1067mm.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable people

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See Category:People from Brazzaville
File:Ali Bongo Ondimba.png
Ali Bongo Ondimba, 2016
File:Antoinette Sassou-Nguesso.jpg
Antoinette Sassou Nguesso, 2011

Sport

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Twin towns and sister cities

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See also

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References

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Bibliography

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  • Ziavoula, Robert Edmond, ed. (2006). Brazzaville, une ville à reconstruire. Paris: Karthala. Template:ISBN.

Notes

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  • Chavannes, Charles de. (1929) "Le Sergent Sénégalais Malamine." Annales de l'Académie des Sciences Coloniales, vol. 3:159–187.
  • Petringa, Maria. (2006) Brazza, A Life for Africa (2006) Template:ISBN
  • Tiepolo, M. (1996) "City Profile: Brazzaville" in Cities v. 13, pp. 117–124
  • Brisset-Guibert, Hervé (2007) Brazzaville petit guide historique, in the site www.presidence.cg ("palais presidentiel")
  • Cultural reference: In the final scene of the 1942 film, Casablanca, it is to Brazzaville that Captain Renault (Claude Rains) suggests he and Rick (Humphrey Bogart) might escape to together for "vacation" and, as Rick counters, "the beginning of a beautiful friendship."
  • Template:Cite book
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