Yellow Sea
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The Yellow Sea, also known as the North Sea, is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula, and can be considered the northwestern part of the East China Sea.
Names
[edit]It is one of four seas named after color terms (the others being the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the White Sea), and its name is descriptive of the golden-yellow color of the silt-ridden water discharged from major rivers.
The innermost bay of northwestern Yellow Sea is called the Bohai Sea (previously Gulf of Zhili / Beizhili), into which flow some of the most important rivers of northern China, such as the Yellow River (through Shandong province and its capital Jinan), the Hai River (through Beijing and Tianjin) and the Liao River (through Liaoning province). The northeastern extension of the Yellow Sea is called the Korea Bay, into which flow the Yalu River, the Chongchon River and the Taedong River.
Geography
[edit]Extent
[edit]The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Yellow Sea ("Hwang Hai") as follows:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Blockquote
Physiography
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The Yellow Sea, excluding the Bohai, extends by about Template:Convert from north to south and about Template:Convert from east to west; it has an area of approximately Template:Convert and a volume of about Template:Convert.<ref name=bse>Yellow Sea, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)</ref> Its depth is only Template:Convert on average, with a maximum of Template:Convert. The sea is a flooded section of continental shelf that formed after the last glacial period (some 10,000 years ago) as sea levels rose Template:Convert to their current levels. The depth gradually increases from north to south.<ref name=bse/> The sea bottom and shores are dominated by sand and silt brought by the rivers through the Bohai Sea (Liao River, Yellow River, Hai He) and the Korea Bay (Yalu River). These deposits, together with sand storms are responsible for the yellowish colour of the water referenced in the sea's name.<ref name=brit>Yellow Sea, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</ref> The sea annually receives so much sand and silt from rivers such as the Yellow River, that it turns into a golden-yellow colour.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The seas surrounding Korea, which occupy a corner of Northeast Asia, border the "island nation" from the east, south, and west. Korea has named these the East Sea, South Sea, and West Sea (officially known as the Yellow Sea), respectively.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Major islands of the sea include Anmado, Baengnyeongdo, Daebudo, Deokjeokdo, Gageodo, Ganghwado, Hauido, Heuksando, Hongdo, Jejudo, Jindo, Muuido, Sido, Silmido, Sindo, Wando, Yeongjongdo and Yeonpyeongdo (all in South Korea).
Climate and hydrology
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The area has cold, dry winters with strong northernly monsoons blowing from late November to March. Average January temperatures are Template:Convert in the north and Template:Convert in the south. Summers are wet and warm with frequent typhoons between June and October.<ref name=bse/> Air temperatures range between Template:Convert. The average annual precipitation increases from about Template:Convert in the north to Template:Convert in the south. Fog is frequent along the coasts, especially in the upwelling cold-water areas.<ref name=brit/>
The sea has a warm cyclone current, forming part of the Kuroshio Current, which diverges near the western part of Japan and flows northward into the Yellow Sea at a speed of less than Template:Convert. Southward currents prevail near the sea coast, especially in the winter monsoon period.<ref name=brit/>
The water temperature is close to freezing in the northern part in winter, so drift ice patches and continuous ice fields form and hinder navigation between November and March. The water temperature and salinity are homogeneous across the depth. The southern waters are warmer at Template:Convert. In spring and summer, the upper layer is warmed up by the sun and diluted by the fresh water from rivers, while the deeper water remains cold and saline. This deep water stagnates and slowly moves south. Commercial bottom-dwelling fishes are found around this mass of water, especially at its southern part. Summer temperatures range between Template:Convert. The average salinity is relatively low, at 30‰ in the north to 33–34‰ in the south, dropping to 26‰ or lower near the river deltas. In the southwest monsoon season (June to August) the increased rainfall and runoff further reduce the salinity of the upper sea layer.<ref name=brit/> Water transparency increases from about Template:Convert in the north up to Template:Convert in the south.<ref name=bse/>
Tides are semidiurnal, i.e. rise twice a day. Their amplitude varies between about Template:Convert at the coast of China. Tides are higher at the Korean Peninsula, typically ranging between Template:Convert and reaching the maximum in spring. The tidal system rotates in a counterclockwise direction. The speed of the tidal current is generally less than Template:Convert in the middle of the sea, but may increase to more than Template:Convert near the coasts.<ref name=brit/> The fastest tides reaching Template:Convert occur in the Myeongnyang Strait between Jindo Island and the Korean Peninsula.<ref name=king>M. J. King, et al. Twinning of Jindo Grand Bridge, Republic of Korea in Current and future trends in bridge design, construction and maintenance 2: safety, economy, sustainability and aesthetics; proceedings of the international conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in Hong Kong on 25–26 April 2001 Template:ISBN pp. 175, 177</ref>
The tide-related sea level variations result in a land pass Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide opening for approximately an hour between Jindo and Modo islands. The event occurs about twice a year, at the beginning of May and in the middle of June. It had long been celebrated in a local festival called "Jindo Sea Parting Festival", but was largely unknown to the outside world until 1975, when the French ambassador Pierre Randi described the phenomenon in a French newspaper.<ref>The Moses Miracle Of Jindo Island Template:Webarchive, 17 July 2010</ref><ref>Майские фестивали в Чолладо – от "чуда Моисея" до боя быков Template:Webarchive (in Russian)</ref><ref>Jindo Mysterious Sea Road Template:Webarchive, Jindo County</ref>
Flora and fauna
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The sea is rich in seaweed (predominantly kelp, Laminaria japonica), cephalopods, crustaceans, shellfish, clams, and especially in blue-green algae which bloom in summer and contribute to the water color (see image above). For example, the seaweed production in the area was as high as 1.5 million tonnes in 1979 for China alone. The abundance of all these plant and animal species increases toward the south and indicates a high sea productivity, accounting for the diversity of fish species and high fish yield from the sea.<ref>Chikuni, pp. 8, 16, 19</ref> Several species of goby new to science have been discovered recentlyTemplate:When in the Yellow Sea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The southern part of the Yellow Sea, including the entire west coast of Korea, contains a Template:Convert belt of intertidal mudflats, which has the total area of Template:Convert and is maintained by Template:Convert. Those flats consist of highly productive sediments with a rich benthic fauna and are of great importance for migratory waders and shorebirds.<ref>Maurice L. Schwartz (2005) Encyclopedia of coastal science, Template:ISBN p. 60</ref> Surveys show that the area is the single most important site for migratory birds on northward migration in the entire East Asian – Australasian Flyway, with more than 35 species occurring in internationally significant numbers. Two million birds, at minimum, pass through at the time, and about half that number use it on southward migration.<ref name=Barter2002>Barter, M.A. (2002). Shorebirds of the Yellow Sea – importance, threats and conservation status. Wetlands International Global Series Vol. 9. International Wader Studies Vol. 12. Canberra Template:ISBN</ref><ref name=Barter2005>Barter, M.A. (2005). Yellow Sea – driven priorities for Australian shorebird researchers. pp. 158–160 in: "Status and Conservation of Shorebirds in the East Asian – Australasian Flyway". Proceedings of the Australasian Shorebird Conference, 13–15 December 2003, Canberra, Australia. International Wader Studies 17. Sydney.</ref> About 300,000 migrating birds were transiting annually only through the Saemangeum tidal flat area. This estuary was however dammed by South Korea in 1991–2006 that resulted in drying off the land.<ref>Saemangeum and the Saemangeum Shorebird Monitoring Program (SSMP) 2006–2008, Birds Korea</ref> Land reclamation also took 65% of the intertidal area (of China, North Korea and South Korea) between the 1950s and 2002,<ref name = Murray/> and as of 2005 there were plans to reclaim a further 45%.<ref>David Lindenmayer, Mark Burgman, Mark A. Burgman (2005) Practical conservation biology, Template:ISBN p. 172</ref>
Populations of oceanic megafauna, such as marine mammals, sea turtles, and larger fish, have decreased in modern times, not only due to pollution but also due to hunting. Japanese industrial whaling<ref name="Weller, D. et al 2002">Template:Cite journal</ref> and illegal mass operations by the Soviet Union with support from Japan<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> have been major drivers of population decline. Species that reside in the area today include spotted seals, and cetaceans such as minke whales, killer whales,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> false killer whales, and finless porpoises, but nonetheless all the remnants of species listed could be in very small numbers. Historically, large whales were abundant either for summering and wintering in the Yellow and Bohai Seas. For example, a unique population of resident fin whales and gray whales<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> were historically presented,<ref>Mizroach A.S.. Rice W.D.. Zwiefelhoffer D.. Waite J.. Perryman L.W.. 2009. Distribution and movements of fin whales in the North Pacific Ocean. on The Wiley Online Library. Retrieved on 3 January. 2015</ref> or possibly hosted some North Pacific right whales<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Humpback whales (3 whales including a cow calf pair was observed at Changhai County in 2015<ref name="长海又现鲸鱼 这回是好几条">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>大连长海又见鲸鱼 – 家亲！三条！四条 Template:Webarchive</ref>) year-round other than migrating individuals, and many other migratory species such as Baird's beaked whales.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Even blue whales, Japanese sea lions, dugongs (in southern regions only),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and leatherback turtles used to breed or migrate into Yellow and Bohai seas.<ref>Mr.Z. Charlie. 2008. 我国的渤海里有没有鲸鱼 on Sogou – Wenwen. Retrieved on 3 January. 2015</ref>
Spotted seals are the only resident species of seal in the Yellow Sea. A sanctuary for these seals is situated at Baengnyeongdo, which is also known for its finless porpoises.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Great white sharks have also been known to prey on seals in the area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Economy
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The coasts of the Yellow Sea are very densely populated, at approximately Template:Convert.<ref name=pop/> The sea waters had been used for fishing by the Chinese, Korean and Japanese ships for centuries. The bottom layers are especially rich in fish with about 200 fish species exploited commercially, especially sea bream, croakers, lizard fishes, prawns, cutlassfish, horse mackerel, squid, eel, filefish, Pacific herring, chub mackerel, flounder<ref>Chikuni, p. 25</ref> and jellyfish.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The intensity of fishing has been gradually increasing for China and Korea and decreasing for Japan. For example, the production volumes for China rose from 619,000 tonnes in 1985 to 1,984,400 tonnes in 1996.<ref>Fishing Industry Template:Webarchive, noaa.gov</ref> All species are overfished, however, and while the total catchments are rising, the fish population is continuously declining for most species.<ref name=brit/><ref>Chikuni, pp. 37, 47, 55</ref>
Navigation is another traditional activity in the Yellow Sea. The main Chinese ports are Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao and Qinhuangdao. The major South Korean ports on the Yellow Sea are Incheon, Gunsan and Mokpo, and that for North Korea is Nampho, the outport of Pyongyang. The Bohai Train Ferry provides a shortcut between the Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong.<ref name=brit/> A major naval accident occurred on 24 November 1999 at Yantai, Shandong, China when the 9,000-ton Chinese ferry Dashun caught fire and capsized in rough seas. About 300 people were killed, making it the worst maritime incident in China.<ref>Ferry sinks in Yellow Sea, killing hundreds, 24 November 1999</ref>
Oil exploration has been successful in the Chinese and North Korean portions of the sea, with the proven and estimated reserves of about 9 and 20 billion tonnes, respectively.<ref>China found new large oil field in the Yellow Sea, News.ru, 3 May 2007 (in Russian)</ref> However, the study and exploration of the sea is somewhat hindered by insufficient sharing of information between the involved countries. China initiated collaborations with foreign oil companies in 1979, but this initiative declined later.<ref name=brit/>
A major oil spill occurred on 16 July 2010 when a pipeline exploded at the north-east port of Dalian, causing a wide-scale fire and spreading about 1,500 tonnes of oil over the sea area of Template:Convert. The port had been closed and fishing suspended until the end of August. Eight hundred fishing boats and 40 specialized vessels were mobilized to relieve the environmental damage.<ref>China's worst-ever oil spill threatens wildlife as volunteers assist in clean-up, Guardian, 21 July 2010</ref>
State of the environment
[edit]The Yellow Sea is considered among the most degraded marine areas on earth.<ref name = UNDP>UNDP/GEF. (2007) The Yellow Sea: Analysis of Environmental Status and Trends. p. 408, Ansan, Republic of Korea.</ref> Loss of natural coastal habitats due to land reclamation has resulted in the destruction of more than 60% of tidal wetlands around the Yellow Sea coastline in approximately 50 years.<ref name = Murray >Template:Cite journal</ref> Rapid coastal development for agriculture, aquaculture and industrial development are considered the primary drivers of coastal destruction in the region.<ref name = Murray/> This degree of loss of area, widespread pollution, algal blooms and declines of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna have resulted in the classification of this ecosystem as endangered.<ref name="MurrayMa2015">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In addition to land reclamation, the Yellow Sea ecosystem is facing several other serious environmental problems. Pollution is widespread<ref name=pollution>Template:Cite web</ref> and deterioration of pelagic and benthic habitat quality has occurred, and harmful algal blooms frequently occur.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Invasion of introduced species are having a detrimental effect on the Yellow Sea environment. There are 25 intentionally introduced species and 9 unintentionally introduced species in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem.<ref name = UNDP/> Declines of biodiversity, fisheries and ecosystem services in the Yellow Sea are widespread.<ref name = UNDP/>
The tidal flats of the Yellow Sea are considered endangered.<ref name="MurrayMa2015"/>
Location of Korean Peace Zones
[edit]On 1 November 2018, officials from South Korea's Ministry of National Defense confirmed that "peace zones" had been established by the North and South Korean militaries in the Yellow Sea area that touches the North and South Korean demarcation line.<ref name=nov1>Template:Cite web</ref> A buffer zone was also created in the Yellow Sea's Northern Limit Line (NLL).Template:Citation needed
See also
[edit]- Battle of Chemulpo Bay
- Battle of the Yellow Sea
- Geography of China
- Geography of North Korea
- Geography of South Korea
- Ganghwa Island incident
- Korea strait
References
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]- Chikuni, S. (1985). The Fish Resources of the Northwest Pacific, Food and Agriculture Organization, Template:ISBN
- From the Arctic Ocean to the Yellow Sea (1892). The narrative of a journey, in 1890 and 1891, across Siberia, Mongolia, the Gobi desert, and north China. Julius M. Price (1857-1924). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Template:China Seas Template:List of seas Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
- Yellow Sea
- China Seas
- China–North Korea border
- Geography of East Asia
- Geography of Korea
- Geography of Northeast Asia
- Marine ecoregions
- Marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean
- North Korea–South Korea border
- Seas of Asia
- Seas of China
- Seas of North Korea
- Seas of South Korea
- Temperate Northern Pacific