Carmen Miranda
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use dmy dates Template:Portuguese name Template:Infobox person Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha Template:Post-nominals<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (9 February 1909 – 5 August 1955), known professionally as Carmen Miranda (Template:IPA), was a Portuguese-born Brazilian singer, dancer, and actress. Nicknamed "The Brazilian Bombshell",Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> she was known for her signature fruit hat outfit that she wore in her American films.
As a young woman, Miranda designed clothes and hats in a boutique before making her debut as a singer, recording with composer Josué de Barros in 1929. Miranda's 1930 recording of "Taí (Pra Você Gostar de Mim)", written by Joubert de Carvalho, catapulted her to stardom in Brazil as the foremost interpreter of samba.
During the 1930s, Miranda performed on Brazilian radio and appeared in five Brazilian chanchadas, films celebrating Brazilian music, dance and the country's carnival culture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hello, Hello Brazil! and Hello, Hello, Carnival! embodied the spirit of these early Miranda films. The 1939 musical Banana da Terra (directed by Ruy Costa) gave the world her "Baiana" image, inspired by Afro-Brazilians from the north-eastern state of Bahia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1939, Broadway producer Lee Shubert offered Miranda an eight-week contract to perform in The Streets of Paris after seeing her at Cassino da Urca in Rio de Janeiro.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The following year she made her first Hollywood film, Down Argentine Way with Don Ameche and Betty Grable, and her exotic clothing and Brazilian Portuguese accent became her trademark.<ref name="bloom">Template:Cite news</ref> That year, she was voted the third-most-popular personality in the United States; she and her group, Bando da Lua, were invited to sing and dance for President Franklin D. Roosevelt.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1943, Miranda starred in Busby Berkeley's The Gang's All Here, which featured musical numbers with the fruit hats that became her trademark. By 1945, she was the highest-paid woman in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Miranda made 14 Hollywood films between 1940 and 1953. Although she was hailed as a talented performer, her popularity waned by the end of World War II. Miranda came to resent the stereotypical "Brazilian Bombshell" image she had cultivated and attempted to free herself of it with limited success. She focused on nightclub appearances and became a fixture on television variety shows. Despite being stereotyped, Miranda's performances popularized Brazilian music and increased public awareness of Latin culture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1941, she was the first Latin American star to be invited to leave her hand and footprints in the courtyard of Grauman's Chinese Theatre and was the first South American honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Miranda is considered the precursor of Brazil's 1960s Tropicalismo cultural movement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A museum was built in Rio de Janeiro in her honor<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> and she was the subject of the documentary Carmen Miranda: Bananas Is My Business (1995).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:TOC limit
Early life
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Miranda was born Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha in 1909 in Várzea da Ovelha e Aliviada, a village in the northern Portuguese municipality of Marco de Canaveses.Template:Sfn She was the second daughter of José Maria Pinto da Cunha (17 February 1887 – 21 June 1938) and Maria Emília Miranda (10 March 1886, Rio de Janeiro – 9 November 1971).Template:Sfn
The family's emigration to Brazil was already scheduled; however, upon finding herself pregnant, Carmen Miranda's mother preferred to wait for her daughter's birth.<ref name="Cravo">Template:Cite web no Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira.</ref> In 1909, her father emigrated to Brazil<ref name="century">Template:Cite journal</ref> and settled in Rio de Janeiro, where he opened a barber shop. Her mother followed in 1910 with their daughters, Olinda (1907–1931) and Carmen, who was less than a year old.<ref name="Cravo" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although Carmen never returned to Portugal, she retained her Portuguese nationality.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Brazil, her parents had four more children: Amaro (1912–1988), Cecilia (1913–2011), Aurora (1915–2005) and Óscar (born 1916).Template:Sfn
She was christened Carmen by her father because of his love for Bizet's Carmen. This passion for opera influenced his children, and Miranda's love for singing and dancing, at an early age.<ref name="century"/> She was educated at the Convent of Saint Therese of Lisieux. Her father did not approve of Miranda's plans to enter show business; her mother supported her, despite being beaten when her father discovered that his daughter had auditioned for a radio show (she had sung at parties and festivals in Rio). Miranda's older sister, Olinda, developed tuberculosis and was sent to Portugal for treatment; the singer worked in a tie shop at age 14 to help pay her sister's medical bills. She then worked in a boutique (where she learned to make hats) and opened a successful hat business.
Career
[edit]Template:AnchorIn Brazil
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Template:Listen Miranda was introduced to Josué de Barros, a composer and musician from Bahia, while she was working at her family's inn. With help from de Barros and Brunswick Records, she recorded her first single (the samba "Não vá Simbora") in 1929. Miranda's second single, "Prá Você Gostar de Mim" (also known as "Taí", and released in 1930), was a collaboration with Brazilian composer Joubert de Carvalho and sold a record 35,000 copies that year. She signed a two-year contract with RCA Victor in 1930, giving them exclusive rights to her image.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1933, Miranda signed a two-year contract with Rádio Mayrink Veiga, the most popular Brazilian station of the 1930s, and was the first contract singer in Brazilian radio history; for a year, in 1937, she moved to Rádio Tupi. She later signed a contract with Odeon Records,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> making her the highest-paid radio singer in Brazil at the time.<ref>Ellis, Amanda J.. State University of New York at Buffalo, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2008. 1453469.</ref>
Miranda's rise to stardom in Brazil was linked to the growth of a native style of music: the samba. The samba and Miranda's emerging career enhanced the revival of Brazilian nationalism during the government of President Getúlio Vargas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Her gracefulness and vitality in her recordings and live performances gave her the nickname "Cantora do It". The singer was later known as "Ditadora Risonha do Samba", and in 1933 radio announcer Cesar Ladeira christened her "A Pequena Notável".
Her Brazilian film career was linked to a genre of musical films that drew on the nation's carnival traditions and the annual celebration and musical style of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's capital at the time. Miranda performed a musical number in O Carnaval Cantado no Rio (1932, the first sound documentary on the subject) and three songs in A Voz do Carnaval (1933), which combined footage of street celebrations in Rio with a fictitious plot providing a pretext for musical numbers.
Miranda's next screen performance was in the musical Hello, Hello Brazil! (1935), in which she performed its closing number: the marcha "Primavera no Rio", which she had recorded for Victor in August 1934. Several months after the film's release, according to Cinearte magazine, "Carmen Miranda is currently the most popular figure in Brazilian cinema, judging by the sizeable correspondence that she receives".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In her next film, Estudantes (1935), she had a speaking part for the first time. Miranda played Mimi, a young radio singer (who performs two numbers in the film) who falls in love with a university student (played by singer Mário Reis).
She starred in the next co-production from the Waldow and Cinédia studios, the musical Hello, Hello, Carnival! (1936), which contained a roll call of popular music and radio performers (including Miranda's sister, Aurora). A standard backstage plot permitted 23 musical numbers and, by contemporary Brazilian standards, the film was a major production. Its set reproduced the interior of Rio's plush Atlântico casino (where some scenes were filmed) and was a backdrop for some of its musical numbers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Miranda's stardom is evident in a film poster with a full-length photograph of her and her name topping the cast list.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Although she became synonymous with colorful fruit hats during her later career, she began wearing them only in 1939, and contrary to popular belief, they were never made from real fruit.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Miranda appeared in the film Banana da Terra that year in a glamorous version of the traditional dress of a poor black girl in Bahia: a flowing dress and a fruit-hat turban. She sang "O Que É Que A Baiana Tem?"; which intended to empower a social class that was usually disparaged.<ref>Dorival Caymmi: o mar e o tempo (2001), p. 142, author: Stella Caymmi</ref><ref>film, Carmen Miranda: Bananas Is My Business (Brazil, 1995). Directed by Helena Solberg.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Producer Lee Shubert offered Miranda an eight-week contract to perform in The Streets of Paris on Broadway after seeing her perform in 1939 at Rio's Cassino da Urca.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although she was interested in performing in New York, she refused to accept the deal unless Shubert agreed to also hire her band, the Bando da Lua. He refused, saying that there were many capable musicians in New York who could back her. Miranda remained steadfast, feeling that North American musicians would not be able to authenticate the sounds of Brazil. Shubert compromised, agreeing to hire the six band members but not paying for their transport to New York. President Getúlio Vargas, recognizing the value to Brazil of Miranda's tour, announced that the Brazilian government would pay for the band's transportation on the Moore-McCormack Lines between Rio and New York.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Vargas believed that Miranda would foster ties between the northern and southern hemispheres and act as a goodwill ambassador in the United States, increasing Brazil's share of the American coffee market. Miranda took the official sanction of her trip and her duty to represent Brazil to the outside world seriously. She left for New York on the SS Uruguay on 4 May 1939, a few months before World War II.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:AnchorIn the U.S.
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Miranda arrived in New York on 18 May 1939.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She and the band had their first Broadway performance on 19 June 1939 in The Streets of Paris.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although Miranda's part was small (she spoke only four words), she received good reviews and became a media sensation.Template:Sfn According to New York Times theater critic Brooks Atkinson, most of the musical numbers "ap[e] the tawdry dullness" of genuine Paris revues and "the chorus girls, skin-deep in atmosphere, strike what Broadway thinks a Paris pose ought to be". Atkinson added, however, that "South American contributes the [revue's] most magnetic personality" (Miranda). Singing "rapid-rhythmed songs to the accompaniment of a Brazilian band, she radiates heat that will tax the Broadhurst [theater] air-conditioning plant this Summer". Although Atkinson gave the revue a lukewarm review, he wrote that Miranda made the show.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Syndicated columnist Walter Winchell wrote for the New York Daily Mirror that a star had been born who would save Broadway from the slump in ticket sales caused by the 1939 New York World's Fair. Winchell's praise of Carmen and her Bando da Lua was repeated on his Blue Network radio show, which reached 55 million listeners daily.Template:Sfn The press called Miranda "the girl who saved Broadway from the World's Fair".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Her fame grew quickly, and she was formally presented to President Franklin D. Roosevelt at a White House banquet shortly after her arrival.Template:Citation needed According to a Life magazine reviewer:
Partly because their unusual melody and heavy accented rhythms are unlike anything ever heard in a Manhattan revue before, partly because there is not a clue to their meaning except the gay rolling of Carmen Miranda's insinuating eyes, these songs, and Miranda herself, are the outstanding hit of the show.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
When news of Broadway's latest star (known as the Brazilian Bombshell) reached Hollywood, Twentieth Century-Fox began to develop a film featuring Miranda. Its working title was The South American Way (the title of a song she had performed in New York), and the film was later entitled Down Argentine Way (1940). Although its production and cast were based in Los Angeles, Miranda's scenes were filmed in New York because of her club obligations. Fox could combine the footage from both cities because the singer had no dialogue with the other cast members.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Down Argentine Way was successful, grossing $2 million that year at the US box office.<ref name=Lev>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Shuberts brought Miranda back to Broadway, teaming her with Olsen and Johnson, Ella Logan, and the Blackburn Twins in the musical revue Sons o' Fun on 1 December 1941.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The show was a hodgepodge of slapstick, songs, and skits; according to New York Herald Tribune theater critic Richard Watts Jr., "In her eccentric and highly personalized fashion, Miss Miranda is by way of being an artist and her numbers give the show its one touch of distinction." On 1 June 1942, she left the production when her Shubert contract expired; meanwhile, she recorded for Decca Records.Template:Sfn
Miranda was encouraged by the US government as part of Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy, designed to strengthen ties with Latin America. It was believed that performers like her would give the policy a favorable impression with the American public.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Miranda's contract with 20th Century Fox lasted from 1941 to 1946, coinciding with the creation and activities of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. The goal of the OCIAA was to obtain support from Latin American society and its governments for the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Good Neighbor policy had been linked to American interference in Latin America; Roosevelt sought better diplomatic relations with Brazil and other South American nations and pledged to refrain from military intervention (which had occurred to protect American business interests in industries such as mining or agriculture). Hollywood was asked to help, and Walt Disney Studios and 20th Century Fox participated. Miranda was considered a goodwill ambassador and a promoter of intercontinental culture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:AnchorBrazilian criticism
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Although Miranda's American popularity continued to increase, she began to lose favor with some Brazilians. On 10 July 1940, she returned to Brazil and was welcomed by cheering fans. Soon after her arrival, however, the Brazilian press began criticizing Miranda for accommodating American commercialism and projecting a negative image of Brazil. Members of the upper class felt that her image was "too black", and she was criticized in a Brazilian newspaper for "singing bad-taste black sambas". Other Brazilians criticized Miranda for playing a stereotypical "Latina bimbo". In her first interview after her arrival in the US in the New York World-Telegram, she played up her then-limited knowledge of the English language: "I say money, money, money. I say twenty words in English. I say money, money, money and I say hot dog!"Template:Sfn
On 15 July, Miranda appeared in a charity concert organized by Brazilian First Lady Darci Vargas and attended by members of Brazil's high society. She greeted the audience in English and was met with silence. When Miranda began singing "The South American Way", a song from one of her club acts, the audience began to boo her. Although she tried to finish her act, she gave up and left the stage when the audience refused to let up. The incident deeply hurt Miranda, who wept in her dressing room. The following day, the Brazilian press criticized her as "too Americanized".Template:Sfn
Weeks later, Miranda responded to the criticism with the Portuguese song "Disseram que Voltei Americanizada" ("They Say I've Come Back Americanized"). Another song, "Bananas Is My Business", was based on a line from one of her films and directly addressed her image. Upset by the criticism, Miranda did not return to Brazil for 14 years. Template:Multiple image
Her films were scrutinized by Latin American audiences for characterizing Central and South America in a culturally homogeneous way. When Miranda's films reached Central and South American theaters, they were perceived as depicting Latin American cultures through the lens of American preconceptions. Some Latin Americans felt that their cultures were misrepresented, and felt that someone from their own region was misrepresenting them. Down Argentine Way was criticized, with Argentines saying that it failed to depict Argentine culture. Its lyrics were allegedly replete with non-Argentine themes, and its sets were a fusion of Mexican, Cuban, and Brazilian culture. The film was later banned in Argentina for "wrongfully portraying life in Buenos Aires".<ref>Amanda Ellis, "Captivating a Country With Her Curves: Examining the Importance of Carmen Miranda's Iconography in Creating National Identities" (Masters thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2008), 31–33.</ref> Similar sentiments were voiced in Cuba after the debut of Miranda's Weekend in Havana (1941), with Cuban audiences offended by Miranda's portrayal of a Cuban woman. Reviewers noted that an import from Rio could not accurately portray a woman from Havana, and Miranda did not "dance anything Cuban".Template:Citation needed Her performances were arguably hybrids of Brazilian and other Latin cultures. Critics said that Miranda's other films misrepresented Latin locales, assuming that Brazilian culture was a representation of Latin America.<ref>Shari Roberts. "The Lady in the Tutti-Frutti Hat: Carmen Miranda, a Spectacle of Ethnicity", Cinema Journal 32, no. 3 (1993): 6.</ref>
Peak years
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During the war years, Miranda starred in eight of her 14 films; although the studios called her the Brazilian Bombshell, the films blurred her Brazilian identity in favor of a Latin American image.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to a Variety review of director Irving Cummings' That Night in Rio (1941, Miranda's second Hollywood film), her character upstaged the leads: "[Don] Ameche is very capable in a dual role, and Miss [Alice] Faye is eye-appealing but it’s the tempestuous Miranda who really gets away to a flying start from the first sequence".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The New York Times article said, "Whenever one or the other Ameche character gets out of the way and lets [Miranda] have the screen, the film sizzles and scorches wickedly."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Years later, Clive Hirschhorn wrote: "That Night in Rio was the quintessential Fox war-time musical – an over-blown, over-dressed, over-produced and thoroughly irresistible cornucopia of escapist ingredients."Template:Sfn On 24 March 1941, Miranda was one of the first Latinas to imprint her hand- and footprints on the sidewalk of Grauman's Chinese Theatre.
Her next film, Week-End in Havana, was directed by Walter Lang and produced by William LeBaron. The cast included Alice Faye, John Payne, and Cesar Romero. After the studio's third effort to activate the "Latin hot blood", Fox was called "Hollywood's best good neighbor" by Bosley Crowther.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the week it was released, the film topped the box office (surpassing Citizen Kane, released a week earlier).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1942, 20th Century-Fox paid $60,000 to Lee Shubert to terminate his contract with Miranda, who finished her Sons o' Fun tour and began filming Springtime in the Rockies.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film, which grossed about $2 million, was one of the year's ten most-successful films at the box office.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to a Chicago Tribune review, it was "senseless, but eye intriguing ... The basic plot is splashed over with songs and dances and the mouthings and eye and hand work of Carmen Miranda, who sure would be up a tree if she ever had to sing in the dark".<ref>Mae Tinée, "All the Usual Ingredients in Musical Film", Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 December 1942, p. 30.</ref>
In 1943, she appeared in Busby Berkeley's The Gang's All Here. Berkeley's musicals were known for lavish production, and Miranda's role as Dorita featured "The Lady in the Tutti-Frutti Hat". A special effect made her fruit-bedecked hat appear larger than possible. By then she was typecast as an exotic singer, and under her studio contract she was obligated to make public appearances in her ever-more-outlandish film costumes. One of her records, "I Make My Money With Bananas" seemed to pay ironic tribute to her typecasting. The Gang's All Here was one of 1943's 10 highest-grossing films and Fox's most expensive production of the year.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It received positive reviews, although The New York Times film critic wrote: "Mr. Berkeley has some sly notions under his busby. One or two of his dance spectacles seem to stem straight from Freud."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The following year Miranda made a cameo appearance in Four Jills in a Jeep, a film based on a true adventure of actresses Kay Francis, Carole Landis, Martha Raye, and Mitzi Mayfair; Alice Faye and Betty Grable also made brief appearances. In 1944 Miranda also starred with Don Ameche in Greenwich Village, a Fox musical with William Bendix and Vivian Blaine in supporting roles. The film was poorly received; according to The New York Times, "Technicolor is the picture's chief asset, but still worth a look for the presence of Carmen Miranda".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In her Miami News review, Peggy Simmonds wrote: "Fortunately for Greenwich Village, the picture is made in Technicolor and has Carmen Miranda. Unfortunately for Carmen Miranda, the production doesn't do her justice, the overall effect is disappointing, but still she sparkles the picture whenever she appears."<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> Greenwich Village was less successful at the box office than Fox and Miranda had expected.
Miranda's third 1944 film was Something for the Boys, a musical comedy based on the Broadway musical with songs by Cole Porter and starring Ethel Merman. It was Miranda's first film without William LeBaron or Darryl F. Zanuck as producer. The producer was Irving Starr, who oversaw the studio's second-string films. According to Time magazine, the film "turns out to have nothing very notable for anyone".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 1945, Miranda was Hollywood's highest-paid entertainer and the top female taxpayer in the United States, earning more than $200,000 that year ($2.88 million in 2020, adjusted for inflation).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Decline
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After World War II, Miranda's films at Fox were produced in black-and-white, indicative of Hollywood's diminishing interest in her and Latin Americans in general. A monochrome Carmen Miranda reduced the box-office appeal of the backstage musical, Doll Face (1945), in which she was fourth on the bill. Miranda played Chita Chula, billed in the show-within-the-film as "the little lady from Brazil"—a cheerful comic sidekick to leading lady Doll Face (Vivian Blaine) with one musical number and little dialogue.Template:Sfn A New York Herald Tribune review read, "Carmen Miranda does what she always does, only not well";<ref>Hollywood Songsters: Garland to O'Connor. p. 607</ref> according to The Sydney Morning Herald, "Carmen Miranda appears in a straight part with only one singing number. The innovation is not a success, but the fault is the director's not Carmen's."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In If I'm Lucky (1946), her follow-up film for Fox when she was no longer under contract, Miranda was again fourth on the bill with her stock screen persona firmly in evidence: heavily accented English, comic malapropisms, and bizarre hairstyles recreating her famous turbans.Template:Sfn When Miranda's contract with Fox expired on 1 January 1946, she decided to pursue an acting career free of studio constraints. Miranda's ambition was to play a lead role showcasing her comic skills, which she set out to do in Copacabana (1947, an independent production released by United Artists starring Groucho Marx).Template:Sfn Although her films were modest hits, critics and the American public did not accept her new image.Template:Sfn
Although Miranda's film career was faltering, her musical career remained solid and she was still a popular nightclub attraction.Template:Sfn From 1948 to 1950, she joined the Andrews Sisters in producing and recording three Decca singles. Their first collaboration was on radio in 1945, when Miranda appeared on ABC's The Andrews Sisters Show. Their first single, "Cuanto La Gusta", was the most popular and reached number twelve on the Billboard chart. "The Wedding Samba", which reached number 23, followed in 1950.Template:Sfn
After Copacabana, Joe Pasternak invited Miranda to make two Technicolor musicals for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer: A Date with Judy (1948) and Nancy Goes to Rio (1950). In the first production MGM wanted to portray a different image, allowing her to remove her turban and reveal her own hair (styled by Sydney Guilaroff) and makeup (by Jack Dawn). Miranda's wardrobe for the film substituted elegant dresses and hats designed by Helen Rose for "baiana" outfits. She was again fourth on the bill as Rosita Cochellas, a rumba teacher who first appears about 40 minutes into the film and has little dialogue. Despite MGM's efforts to change Miranda's persona, her roles in both productions were peripheral, watered-down caricatures relying on fractured English and over-the-top musical and dance numbers.<ref>Castro 2005, p. 444</ref>
In her final film, Scared Stiff (1953, a black-and-white Paramount production with Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis), Miranda's appeal was again muted. Returning full-circle to her first Hollywood film, Down Argentine Way, she had virtually no narrative function. Lewis parodies her, miming badly to "Mamãe eu quero" (which is playing on a scratched record) and eating a banana he plucks from his turban. Miranda played Carmelita Castilha, a Brazilian showgirl on a cruise ship, with her costumes and performances bordering on self-parody.
In April 1953, she began a four-month European tour. While performing in Cincinnati in October, Miranda collapsed from exhaustion; she was rushed to LeRoy Sanitarium by her husband, Dave Sebastian, and canceled four following performances.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Personal life
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Desiring creative freedom, Miranda decided to produce her own film in 1947 and played opposite Groucho Marx in Copacabana. The film's budget was divided into about ten investors' shares. A Texan investor who owned one of the shares sent his brother, David Sebastian (23 November 1907 – 11 September 1990), to keep an eye on Miranda and his interests on the set. Sebastian befriended her, and they began dating.
Miranda and Sebastian married on 17 March 1947 at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills, with Patrick J. Concannon officiating.<ref name="Sarasota Herald-Tribune"/> In 1948, Miranda became pregnant, but miscarried after a show. Although the marriage was brief, Miranda (who was Catholic) did not want a divorce. Her sister, Aurora, said in the documentary Bananas Is My Business: "He married her for selfish reasons; she got very sick after she married and lived with a lot of depression".Template:Sfn The couple announced their separation in September 1949, but reconciled several months later.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Miranda was discreet, and little is known about her private life. Before she left for the US, she had relationships with Mario Cunha, Carlos da Rocha Faria (son of a traditional family in Rio de Janeiro) and Aloísio de Oliveira, a member of the Bando da Lua. In the US, Miranda maintained relationships with John Payne, Arturo de Córdova, Dana Andrews, Harold Young, John Wayne, Donald Buka and Carlos Niemeyer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During her later years, in addition to heavy smoking and alcohol consumption, she began taking amphetamines and barbiturates, all of which took a toll on her health.Template:Sfn
Template:AnchorDeath
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Miranda performed at the New Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas in April 1955, and in Cuba three months later before returning to Los Angeles to recuperate from a recurrent bronchial ailment.Template:Sfn On 4 August, she was filming a segment for the NBC variety series The Jimmy Durante Show. According to Durante, Miranda had complained of feeling unwell before filming; he offered to find her a replacement, but she declined. After completing "Jackson, Miranda, and Gomez", a song-and-dance number with Durante, she fell to one knee. Durante later said, "I thought she had slipped. She got up and said she was outta breath. I told her I'll take her lines. But she goes ahead with 'em. We finished work about 11 o'clock and she seemed happy."<ref name=milwaukee>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
After the last take, Miranda and Durante gave an impromptu performance on the set for the cast and technicians. The singer took several cast members and some friends home with her for a small party. She went upstairs to bed at about 3 a.m. Miranda undressed, placed her platform shoes in a corner, lit a cigarette, placed it in an ashtray and went into her bathroom to remove her makeup. She apparently came from the bathroom with a small, round mirror in her hand; in the small hall that led to her bedroom, she collapsed from a fatal heart attack. Miranda was 46 years old.<ref name=milwaukee /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Her body was found at about 10:30 a.m. lying in the hallway.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Jimmy Durante Show episode in which Miranda appeared was aired two months after her death, on 15 October 1955.Template:Sfn The episode began with Durante paying tribute to the singer, while also indicating that her family had given permission for the performance to be broadcast.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref> A clip of the episode was included in the A&E Network's Biography episode about the singer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In accordance with her wishes, Miranda's body, dressed in a red suit, was flown back to Rio de Janeiro. The casket was covered with the flag of Brazil;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Brazilian government declared a period of national mourning.Template:Sfn About 60,000 people attended her memorial service at the Rio de Janeiro town hall,<ref name="century"/> and more than half a million Brazilians escorted her funeral cortège to the cemetery.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Miranda is buried in São João Batista Cemetery in Rio de Janeiro.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> In 1956, her belongings were donated by her husband and family to the Carmen Miranda Museum, which opened in Rio on 5 August 1976. For her contributions to the entertainment industry, Miranda has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at the south side of the 6262 block of Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Image
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Miranda's Hollywood image was that of a generic Latina, blurring distinctions between Brazil, Portugal, Argentina, and Mexico and samba, tango and habanera music. It was stylized and flamboyant; she often wore platform sandals and towering headdresses made of fruit, becoming known as "the lady in the tutti-frutti hat".Template:Sfn Her enormous, fruit-laden hats were iconic visuals recognized worldwide; Saks Fifth Avenue developed a line of Miranda-inspired turbans and jewelry in 1939, and Bonwit Teller created mannequins resembling the singer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Her tutti-frutti hat from The Gang's All Here (1943) inspired the United Fruit Company's Chiquita Banana logo the following year. During the 1960s, tropicália filmmakers in Brazil were influenced by Miranda's Hollywood films.<ref>Aaron Clark, Walter. "'Vulgar Negroid Sambas': Issues of National Identity, Race, and Gender in That Night in Rio, with Carmen Miranda", p. 14Template:Full citation needed</ref>
In 2009 she was the subject of São Paulo Fashion Week and a short film, Tutti Frutti, by German photographer Ellen von Unwerth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Two years later, Macy's wanted to use Miranda to promote a clothing line.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Other products influenced by her stardom are the Brazilian fashion brand Malwee's "Chica Boom Chic" collection for women,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Chica Boom Brasil company's high-end Carmen Miranda line, which includes Miranda-themed bags, wall clocks, crockery and placemats.
Legacy
[edit]
According to Brazilian musician Caetano Veloso, "Miranda was first a cause of both pride and shame, and later, a symbol that inspired the merciless gaze we began to cast upon ourselves ... Carmen conquered 'White' America as no other South American has done or ever would, in an era when it was enough to be 'recognizably Latin and Negroid' in style and aesthetics to attract attention."<ref name="Veloso">Template:Cite news</ref> Miranda was the first Brazilian artist to gain worldwide fame in the 1950s, and she continued to define South American music in North America for decades. In 1991, Veloso wrote that "today, anything associated with Brazilian music in America – or with any music from the Southern Hemisphere in the Northern – makes us think of Carmen Miranda. And to think of her is to think about the complexity of this relationship"<ref name=veloso>Veloso (2003), p. 191</ref>
Although she was more popular abroad than in Brazil at her death, Miranda contributed to Brazilian music and culture. She was accused of commercializing Brazilian music and dance, but Miranda can be credited with bringing its national music (the samba) to a global audience. She introduced the baiana, a type of traditional dress in Bahia, with wide skirts and turbans, as a Brazilian showgirl at home and abroad. The baiana became a central feature of Carnival for women and men.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Since her death, Miranda is remembered as an important Brazilian artist and one of the most influential in Hollywood. She was one of 500 stars nominated for the American Film Institute's 50 greatest screen legends.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 25 September 1998, a square in Hollywood was named Carmen Miranda Square in a ceremony headed by honorary mayor of Hollywood Johnny Grant (one of Miranda's friends since World War II) and attended by Brazilian consul general Jorió Gama and the Bando da Lua. The square is located at the intersection of Hollywood Boulevard and Orange Drive, across from Grauman's Chinese Theatre, near where Miranda gave an impromptu performance on V-J Day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
To commemorate the 50th anniversary of Miranda's death, a Carmen Miranda Forever exhibit was displayed at the Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro in November 2005 and at the Latin America Memorial in São Paulo the following year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2005, Ruy Castro published Carmen – Uma biografia, a 600-page biography of "the most famous Brazilian woman of the 20th century". Brazilians "tend to forget", Castro told Mac Margolis of Newsweek, that "no Brazilian woman has ever been as popular as Carmen Miranda – in Brazil or anywhere."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Dorival Caymmi's "O Que É Que A Baiana Tem?" was his first work to be recorded, and introduced to the US the samba rhythm and Miranda in 1939; it was a Latin category inductee of the 2008 National Recording registry list.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Miranda, Selena, Celia Cruz, Carlos Gardel and Tito Puente appeared on a set of commemorative US Postal Service Latin Music Legends stamps, painted by Rafael Lopez, in 2011. Marie Therese Dominguez, vice president of government relations and public policy for the postal service, said: "From this day forward, these colorful, vibrant images of our Latin music legends will travel on letters and packages to every single household in America. In this small way, we have created a lasting tribute to five extraordinary performers, and we are proud and honored to share their legacy with Americans everywhere through these beautiful stamps".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Down Argentine Way and The Gang's All Here were inductees of the 2014 National Film Registry list.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony included a tribute to Miranda before the athletes' parade, with Roberta Sá portraying the singer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 9 February 2017, Miranda was the subject of a Google Doodle created by Google artist Sophie Diao commemorating the 108th anniversary of her birth.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:AnchorIn popular culture
[edit]In The House Across the Bay (1940, produced by Walter Wanger and released by United Artists), Joan Bennett performed the Mirandaesque "Chula Chihuahua."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Babes on BroadwayTemplate:'s (1941) finale opens with "Bombshell from Brazil", where Mickey Rooney (dressed as Miranda) sings "Mamãe Eu Quero".Template:Sfn The finale of Time Out for Rhythm (1941) begins with the Three Stooges performing a rumba number; Curly Howard is dressed as Carmen Miranda.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1943's Yankee Doodle Daffy, Daffy Duck performs "Chica Chica Boom Chic" while dressed as Carmen Miranda.<ref>Yankee Doodle Daffy video b98.tv; retrieved 13 October 2021</ref> The United Fruit Company created a banana-woman character in 1944, Chiquita, whose fruit hat resembled Miranda's.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Small Town Deb (1942), Jane Withers does an impression of Carmen Miranda and sings "I, Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)", which was one of Miranda's signature songs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the British comedy, Fiddlers Three, Tommy Trinder gives a bizarre performance as "Senorita Alvarez" from Brazil, a bold impersonation of Miranda.Template:Citation needed
The song "Mamãe eu quero" was featured in the 1943 Tom and Jerry short "Baby Puss", as performed by a trio of cartoon cats (Butch, Topsy and Meathead) with Topsy dressed up with a fruit hat, impersonating Carmen Miranda.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In Winged Victory (1944) Sascha Brastoff impersonates Carmen Miranda.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Mildred Pierce, Jo Ann Marlowe sings a Mirandaesque South American Way.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In "Be a Pal", a season-one episode of I Love Lucy, Lucille Ball imitates Miranda and lip-syncs to "Mamãe Eu Quero".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In Diplomatic Courier (1952), during a nightclub sequence, Arthur Blake performs impersonations of Carmen Miranda, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Bette Davis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Caetano Veloso appeared dressed as Miranda in January 1972, in his first show after his return to Brazil from London.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Jimmy Buffett's 1973 album A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean contains the song "They Don't Dance Like Carmen No More".
Musician Leslie Fish wrote and recorded a song called "Carmen Miranda's Ghost" on her 1989 album of the same name. The song describes the chaos that ensues when the singer's ghost appears on a space station. It was later the basis for a multi-author short story anthology edited by Don Sakers. John Cale's 1989 Words for the Dying features a song co-written with Brian Eno titled "The Soul of Carmen Miranda".
Helena Solberg filmed a documentary, Carmen Miranda: Bananas Is My Business, in 1995. Eduardo Dusek recorded a cover version of the song "Tá-Hi (Pra Você Gostar de Mim)", written by Joubert de Carvalho and recorded by Miranda in 1930, for the 2003 telenovela Chocolate com Pimenta.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2004, Caetano Veloso and David Byrne performed live at Carnegie Hall a song they had written together, "Dreamworld: Marco de Canaveses", that pays homage to Miranda. In 2007, BBC Four produced Carmen Miranda – Beneath the Tutti Frutti Hat, a one-hour documentary which included interviews with biographer Ruy Castro, niece Carminha and Mickey Rooney.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That year, singer Ivete Sangalo recorded a cover version of the song "Chica Chica Boom Chic" for the DVD MTV ao Vivo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For Miranda's centenary, Daniela Mercury recorded a "duet" with the singer on a cover of "O Que É Que A Baiana Tem?", which includes the original 1939 recording.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
At the closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, a few seconds' homage to Miranda was paid with an animated, projected image on the floor of the Maracanã Stadium.
Bonita Flamingo, a character in the children's show Noddy, is a flamingo spoof of Miranda.
In 2009, Miranda served as the inspiration for a photo shoot on the 12th season of the reality TV show, America's Next Top Model.
Filmography
[edit]| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1933 | A Voz do Carnaval | Herself at Rádio Mayrink Veiga | |
| 1935 | Hello, Hello Brazil! | ||
| 1935 | Estudantes | Mimi | |
| 1936 | Hello, Hello, Carnival! | ||
| 1939 | Banana da Terra | ||
| 1940 | Laranja da China | ||
| 1940 | Down Argentine Way | Herself | |
| 1941 | That Night in Rio | Carmen | |
| 1941 | Week-End in Havana | Rosita Rivas | |
| 1941 | Meet the Stars #5: Hollywood Meets the Navy | Herself | Short subject |
| 1942 | Springtime in the Rockies | Rosita Murphy | |
| 1943 | The Gang's All Here | Dorita | Alternative title: The Girls He Left Behind |
| 1944 | Greenwich Village | Princess Querida | |
| 1944 | Something for the Boys | Chiquita Hart | |
| 1944 | Four Jills in a Jeep | Herself | |
| 1944 | Sing With the Stars<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Herself | Short film |
| 1945 | The All-Star Bond Rally | Herself (Pinup girl) | |
| 1945 | Doll Face | Chita Chula | Alternative title: Come Back to Me |
| 1946 | If I'm Lucky | Michelle O'Toole | |
| 1947 | Copacabana | Carmen Novarro/Mademoiselle Fifi | |
| 1947 | "Slick Hare" | Herself | Voice |
| 1948 | A Date with Judy | Rosita Cochellas | |
| 1949 | The Ed Wynn Show | Herself | Episode #1.2 |
| 1949 to 1952 | Texaco Star Theater | Herself | 4 episodes |
| 1950 | Nancy Goes to Rio | Marina Rodrigues | |
| 1951 | Don McNeill's TV Club | Herself | Episode #1.25 |
| 1951 | What's My Line? | Mystery Guest | 18 November 1951 episode |
| 1951 to 1952 | The Colgate Comedy Hour | Herself | 3 episodes |
| 1951 to 1953 | All-Star Revue | Herself | 2 episodes |
| 1953 | Scared Stiff | Carmelita Castinha | |
| 1953 | Toast of the Town | Herself | Episode #7.1 |
| 1955 | The Jimmy Durante Show | Herself | Episode #2.2 |
| 1995 | Carmen Miranda: Bananas Is My Business | Herself | Archive footage |
Singles
[edit]Brazilian singles
[edit]1935
[edit]- "Anoiteceu"
- "Entre Outras Coisas"
- "Esqueci de Sorrir"
- "Foi Numa Noite Assim"
- "Fogueira Do Meu Coração"
- "Fruto Proibido"
- "Cor de Guiné"
- "Casaco de Tricô"
- "Dia de Natal"
- "Fala, Meu Pandeiro"
- "Deixa Esse Povo Falar"
- "Sonho de Papel" (recorded with Orchestra Odeon 10 May 1935)
- "E Bateu-Se a Chapa" (recorded 26 June 1935)
- "O Tique-Taque do Meu Coração" (recorded 7 August 1935)
- "Adeus, Batucada" (recorded with Odeon Orchestra 24 September 1935)
- "Querido Adão" (recorded with Odeon Orchestra 26 September 1935)
1936
[edit]- "Alô, Alô, Carnaval"
- "Duvi-dê-ó-dó"
- "Dou-lhe Uma"
- "Capelinha do Coração"
- "Cuíca, Pandeiro, Tamborim ..."
- "Beijo Bamba"
- "Balancê"
- "Entra no cordão"
- "Como Eu Chorei"
- "As Cantoras do Rádio" (recorded with Aurora Miranda and Odeon Orchestra 18 March 1936)
- "No Tabuleiro da Baiana" (recorded with Louis Barbosa 29 September 1936)
- "Como Vai Você?" (recorded with Ary Barroso 2 October 1936)
1937
[edit]- "Dance Rumba"
- "Em Tudo, Menos em Ti"
- "Canjiquinha Quente"
- "Cabaret No Morro"
- "Baiana Do Tabuleiro"
- "Dona Geisha"
- "Cachorro Vira-Lata" (recorded 4 May 1937)
- "Me Dá, Me Dá" (recorded 4 May 1937)
- "Camisa Amarela" (recorded with the Odeon Group 20 September 1937)
- "Eu Dei" (recorded 21 September 1937)
1938
[edit]- "Endereço Errado"
- "Falar!"
- "Escrevi um Bilhetinho"
- "Batalhão do amor"
- "E a Festa, Maria?"
- "Cuidado Com a Gaita do Ary"
- "A Pensão Da Dona Stella"
- "A Vizinha Das Vantagens"
- "Samba Rasgado" (recorded with Odeon Group 7 March 1938)
- "E o Mundo Não Se Acabou" ("And the World Would Not End") (recorded 9 March 1938)
- "Boneca de Piche" (recorded with Odeon Orchestra 31 August 1938)
- "Na Baixa do Sapateiro" (recorded with Orchestra Odeon 17 October 1938)
1939
[edit]- "A Preta Do Acarajé"
- "Deixa Comigo"
- "Candeeiro"
- "Amor Ideal"
- "Essa Cabrocha"
- "A Nossa Vida Hoje É Diferente"
- "Cozinheira Grã-fina"
- "O Que É Que A Baiana Tem?" (recorded with Dorival Caymmi 27 February 1939)
- "Uva de Caminhão" (recorded 21 March 1939)
- "Camisa Listrada" (recorded with Bando da Lua 28 August 1939)
1940
[edit]- "Voltei pro Morro" (recorded 2 September 1940)
- "Ela Diz Que Tem"
- "Disso É Que Eu Gosto"
- "Disseram que Voltei Americanizada" (recorded with Odeon Set 2 September 1940)
- "Bruxinha de Pano"
- "O Dengo Que a Nêga Tem"
- "É Um Quê Que a Gente Tem"
- "Blaque-Blaque"
- "Recenseamento" (recorded 27 September 1940)
- "Ginga-Ginga"
American singles
[edit]1939
[edit]- "South American Way" (recorded with Bando da Lua 26 December 1939)
- "Touradas Em Madrid"
- "Marchinha do grande galo"
- "Mamãe Eu Quero"
- "Bambú, Bambú"
1941
[edit]- "I, Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)" (recorded with Bando da Lua 5 January 1941)
- "Alô Alô"
- "Chica Chica Boom Chic" (recorded with Bando da Lua 5 January 1941)
- "Bambalê"
- "Cai, Cai" (recorded with Bando da Lua 5 January 1941)
- "Arca de Noé"
- "A Weekend in Havana"
- "Diz Que Tem ..."
- "When I Love I Love"
- "Rebola, Bola" (recorded with Bando da Lua 9 October 1941)
- "The Man With the Lollipop Song"
- "Não Te Dou A Chupeta"
- "Manuelo"
- "Thank You, North America"
1942
[edit]- "Chattanooga Choo Choo" (recorded with Bando da Lua 25 July 1942)
- "Tic-tac do Meu Coração"
- "O Passo Do Kanguru (Brazilly Willy)"
- "Boncea de Pixe"
1945
[edit]- "Upa! Upa!"
- "Tico Tico"
1947
[edit]- "The Matador (Touradas Em Madrid)" (recorded with the Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)
- "Cuanto La Gusta" (recorded with the Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)<ref name=pc40s20>Template:Cite web</ref>
1949
[edit]- "Asi Asi (I See, I See)" (recorded with the Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)
- "The Wedding Samba" (recorded with the Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)
1950
[edit]- "Baião Ca Room' Pa Pa" (recorded with the Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)
- "Ipse-A-I-O" (recorded with The Andrews Sisters and Vic Schoen and his orchestra)
References
[edit]Works cited
[edit]- Template:Cite book
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Further reading
[edit]- Cardoso, Abel. Carmen Miranda, a Cantora do Brasil. Sorocaba. 1978. (Portuguese)
- Gil-Montero, Martha. Brazilian Bombshell. Dutton Adult. 1988. Template:ISBN.
- Template:Cite book
External links
[edit]- Template:Official website
- Museu Carmen Miranda, Rio de Janeiro
- Template:IBDB name
- Template:IMDb name
- Template:Tcmdb name
- Template:IMSLP
- Carmen Miranda at Brightlightsfilm.com
- Template:Usurped Template:In lang
- Template:YouTube
- Template:YouTube At about the 24-minute mark, doing a fast dance with Durante, she falls to her knees, he helps her up, and she says she is all out of breath.
- Carmen Miranda recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
Template:Carmen Miranda Template:Order of Cultural Merit Template:Portalbar Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
- Carmen Miranda
- 1909 births
- 1955 deaths
- English-language singers from Brazil
- Portuguese emigrants to Brazil
- Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)
- Brazilian film actresses
- Brazilian contraltos
- Brazilian female dancers
- Brazilian stage actresses
- Brazilian television actresses
- Brazilian Roman Catholics
- Samba musicians
- World music musicians
- Brazilian expatriate actresses in the United States
- RCA Records artists
- 20th Century Studios contract players
- 20th-century American actresses
- 20th-century Brazilian women singers
- 20th-century Brazilian singers
- Women in Latin music
- Burials at Cemitério de São João Batista
- Brazilian actresses
- Radio singers