Colloquial Finnish
Template:Short description Template:More footnotes needed Colloquial or spoken Finnish (Template:Lang) is the unstandardized spoken variety of the Finnish language, in contrast with the standardized form of the language (Template:Lang). It is used primarily in personal communication and varies somewhat between the different dialects.
This article focuses on the variety of spoken Finnish that is predominant in the Helsinki metropolitan area and urbanized areas in the Tavastian and Central Finland dialectal areas, such as the cities of Tampere, Jyväskylä, Lahti, Hyvinkää, and Hämeenlinna – as well as in coastal cities such as Vaasa and Porvoo,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which have been traditionally Swedish-speaking and have experienced an influx of Finnish speakers from a variety of dialectal areas.
The standard language takes most of its features from these dialects, i.e. most "dialectal" features are reductions with respect to this form of language. The combination of the common spoken Finnish and a dialect gives a regional variant (Template:Lang), which has some local idiosyncrasies but is essentially similar to the common spoken Finnish.
The basics of Finnish needed to fully understand this article can be found in pages about Finnish phonology and Finnish grammar.
Introduction
[edit]As in any language, the spoken version(s) of Finnish often vary from the written form. Some of the latter's constructs are either too arbitrary (e.g. "soft d", cf. Finnish phonology), or too dialectal, e.g. Template:Lang (see below), for use in the spoken language. Furthermore, some very common and "accentless" sound changes are not reflected in the standard language, particularly fusion, liaison and some diphthong reductions.
There is also the problem that purists want to avoid irregularity regardless of actual usage. This has left some sound changes common in spoken language out from the standard language. There is a tendency to favor "more logical" constructs over easily pronounceable ones. This ideal does reflect spoken Finnish usage to a degree, as Finnish is demonstrably a conservative language with few reduction processes, but it is not entirely accurate. The problem of avoiding "irregularity" is most evident in spelling, where internal sandhi is not transcribed, because there is the idea that morphemes should be immutable. For example, the "correct" spelling is Template:Lang ("I eat" with emphasis), even though the pronunciation is usually Template:Lang. The explanation is that Template:Lang and Template:Lang are in different morphemes just like the explanation that English boys is not spelled with a z is that they are in different morphemes.
There are also a number of grammatical forms which are used in written Finnish, but only very rarely in spoken. For example, there are a number of constructions using participles which are usually rendered analytically in speech. Some cases and moods are rarely constructive in spoken Finnish, e.g. the instructive and comitative cases and the potential mood. Some survive only in expressions.
On the other hand, spoken language has its own features rarely or never found in formal language. Most importantly, there is very common external sandhi, and some assimilatory sound changes. (On the contrary, there is no vowel reduction.) In some variants (e.g. Vaasa, Kymenlaakso) of spoken Finnish Template:Lang ("with [something]") is abbreviated into a clitic that is effectively a comitative case, e.g. Template:Lang or Template:Lang.
Pronunciation
[edit]Reflexes of dental fricatives
[edit]The most common reflexes for old Finnish dental fricatives are Template:IPA for Template:IPA, and Template:IPA or Template:IPA for Template:IPA. For example, Template:Lang or Template:Lang ← Template:Lang "forest, of the forest" and Template:Lang < Template:Lang "ours". Loss of Template:IPA also occurs, e.g. Template:Lang. These are seen as "accent-free" pronunciations. Dialects generally have different reflexes — in fact, the different reflexes are used as a distinguishing feature between different dialects. For more details, see Finnish phonology.
Word-final n
[edit]One important sound change, which has gone to completion in Estonian but occurs idiosyncratically in Finnish, is mutation of word-final Template:IPA into a glottal stop Template:IPA, orthographically represented by an apostrophe. In some dialects, such as Savo, word-final Template:IPA is systematically replaced by Template:IPA, e.g. Template:Lang ← Template:Lang "father's voice". Both pronunciations can be heard in the Helsinki area. This means that the genitive/accusative form Template:Lang, which is very common in any form of Finnish, is simply noted by a glottal stop. However, this glottal stop undergoes sandhi whenever followed by consonant, or more often than not (see below).
Final vowels
[edit]Certain wordforms that end in Template:IPA in Standard Finnish occur without the word-final Template:IPA in the spoken language. This includes the base form of certain word stems as well as inflectional endings. In nouns this affects the translative case ending Template:Lang and the 2nd person singular possessive suffix Template:Lang. In verbs, loss of i affects the conditional mood ending Template:Lang and, in certain verb inflection classes where it is preceded by an s, the preterite ending Template:Lang. These endings occur word-finally in 3rd person forms.
| Written | Standard | Colloquial | Meaning | Inflected form of |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Lang | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | 'sorry, excuse me' | – |
| Template:Lang | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | 'one' | – |
| Template:Lang | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | 'two' | – |
| Template:Lang | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | 'new' | – |
| Template:Lang | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | '(s/he) would be' | Template:Lang 'to be' |
| Template:Lang | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | 'your piece” '(s/he) returned' |
Template:Lang 'piece' Template:Lang 'to return' |
| Template:Lang | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | 'your head' '(s/he) reached, was released' |
Template:Lang 'head' Template:Lang 'to reach, be released' |
In many dialects loss of final i is commonplace not only in these cases but also elsewhere.
Particularly in Helsinki, deletion of Template:IPA or Template:IPA, spelt «ä» and «a», respectively, in highly frequent words is common. This is a feature of Western Finnish dialects, found also in Savonian dialects and Estonian.
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang 'but'
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang 'yes'
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang elative case, 'out of / away from the inside of'
Vowel clusters and diphthongs
[edit]Word-final vowel clusters ending in Template:IPA or Template:IPA have much variation in dialects of Finnish. Especially in Helsinki they assimilate, where only the resulting chroneme marks the partitive in many words.
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang "I speak Finnish"
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang "(some) long (things)"; partitive plural of Template:Lang, long
An Template:IPA or Template:IPA cluster also appears in many adjectives:
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang "dark"
In other areas of Finland, these clusters may have a different fate. Another common dialectal variant is the raising of Template:IPA to Template:IPA in the adjectives: Template:Lang. (Partitives are unaffected by this.) Some rarer versions of this suffix include Template:Lang, Template:Lang, and even Template:Lang.
Similar to the diphthongization of older Template:IPA to Template:IPA (unchanged in standard Estonian), many eastern dialects of Finnish diphthongize also the long vowels Template:IPA to Template:IPA. In Savonian dialects, these have shifted further on to Template:IPA.
Template:IPA can become Template:IPA when in contact with another vowel. In many cases this results from colloquial deletion of Template:IPA. For example:
- Template:Lang for standard Template:Lang "I know"
- Template:Lang for standard Template:Lang "to take away"
- Template:Lang for standard Template:Lang "to hit"
- Template:Lang for standard Template:Lang "to bring"
Sandhi
[edit]A related phenomenon is the final consonant sandhi. When two words co-occur in the same prosodic unit, the consonant beginning the second word assimilates to the word-final consonant in the first word, creating a long consonant. This is not commonly written down, except in dialectal transcriptions. For example,
Writing Pronunciation Meaning Standard Template:Lang Template:IPA “It's coming now” Casual Template:Lang Template:IPA
Personal pronouns
[edit]Some dialects have the full-length personal pronouns Template:Lang and Template:Lang, but most people use shorter forms, like these found in the Helsinki metropolitan area region:
Note: these do differ depending on where the speaker is from. For example Template:Lang can also be Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang etc.
The root words are also shorter:
- Template:Lang → Template:Lang, e.g. Template:Lang → Template:Lang "my"
- Template:Lang → Template:Lang, e.g. Template:Lang → Template:Lang "yours"
The third-person pronouns Template:Lang ('he', 'she', singular 'they') and Template:Lang (plural 'they'), are rarely used in the spoken language outside of Southwestern Finland and are getting rare there, as well. Elsewhere, they are usually replaced by Template:Lang and Template:Lang, which in the standard language do not refer to people.
For example, the sentence "Did he mistake me for you?" has these forms:
Similarly, non-personal demonstrative pronouns are often used in place of Template:Lang or Template:Lang, meaning people may be referred to as 'that' and 'those'. This also does not carry any pejorative meaning. The words are also changed from their written form.
For example, when pointing out a culprit, the sentence "He broke it." has these forms:
Numerals
[edit]Numerals 1–10 in colloquial spoken Finnish:
- Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
Numbers 11-19 are formed by appending Template:Lang, which can be shortened to Template:Lang. Numbers 20-90 are formed by appending Template:Lang, which can be shortened to Template:Lang or even Template:Lang. Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang can be abbreviated to Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang with Template:Lang, but not independently, as in Template:Lang "33" or Template:Lang "74".
When counting out loud, even shorter forms are used, mostly one-syllable words with long vowels:
- Template:Lang
- Template:Lang
- Template:Lang
- Template:Lang
- Template:Lang
- Template:Lang
- Template:Lang / Template:Lang
- Template:Lang
- Template:Lang
- Template:Lang
Template:Lang becomes Template:Lang, Template:Lang or even Template:Lang. Template:Lang becomes Template:Lang, with 20-60 typically retaining their longer numeral forms (e.g. Template:Lang rather than Template:Lang for 20). 70 is typically Template:Lang or Template:Lang, while 80 and 90 do with Template:Lang and Template:Lang.
The numerals 1–9 have their own names, different from the cardinal numbers used in counting. Numbers that have longer names are often shortened in speech. This may be problematic for a foreigner to understand, if they have learnt words by book:
- Template:Lang (number one)
- Template:Lang (number two)
- Template:Lang (number three)
- Template:Lang (number four)
- Template:Lang (number five) → Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Helsinki slang)
- Template:Lang (number six) → Template:Lang
- Template:Lang (number seven) → Template:Lang
- Template:Lang / Template:Lang (number eight) → Template:Lang / Template:Lang
- Template:Lang / Template:Lang (number nine) → Template:Lang / Template:Lang
- Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Helsinki slang)
The Template:Lang suffix normally denotes a group of x people, but on 8 and 9, it doubles as a synonym for the numeral's name. Template:Lang is also used to describe a figure eight shape.
The regular Template:Lang / Template:Lang forms can additionally be used of objects with an ID number. For example, bus 107 is called Template:Lang, and a competition winner is an Template:Lang (not Template:Lang or Template:Lang.)
Verbs
[edit]Pronoun usage
[edit]Personal pronouns are used extensively in spoken Finnish whereas in formal forms the pronoun is often optional (indicated in brackets in this article). Furthermore, the pronouns themselves in spoken Finnish are different from those used in formal Finnish.
Personal pronouns Template:Lang and Template:Lang are used extensively in colloquial Finnish in place of Template:Lang and Template:Lang ('I' and singular 'you'). The pronouns Template:Lang and Template:Lang, which in the formal language are used only as non-human personal pronouns meaning ('it' and plural 'they'), are used in the spoken language as personal pronouns (which in the formal language would be Template:Lang ('he', 'she' and singular 'they') and Template:Lang (plural 'they').
See the tables below for examples.
Verb forms
[edit]One striking difference between colloquial Finnish and formal Finnish is use of the passive form in the first person plural. Thus for example:
- Template:Lang (formal language)
- Template:Lang (colloquial Finnish)
- We're in Helsinki
- Template:Lang (colloquial Finnish)
Another is that the third person plural suffix Template:Lang or Template:Lang is not used in the spoken language; instead, the third person singular form is used with plural meaning being conveyed by the pronoun Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
Therefore, the full present-tense paradigm of Template:Lang "to speak" in everyday speech is:
- Template:Lang (spoken) — Template:Lang (standard)
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang
- Template:Lang — Template:Lang
Some e-stem verbs have abbreviated (irregular) oblique forms, where Template:IPA or Template:IPA is elided. This class includes only four frequently used verbs. In Finnish, verbs have an infinitive form, marked with Template:Lang and used in the infinitive, and an oblique form, which is used in personal forms. Consonant gradation and assimilation of the 't' in Template:Lang may be applied. In the standard language, the correspondence between the two is always regular. In spoken language, some verbs have assimilated oblique forms, while retaining the regular infinitive:
| engl. | I inf. | oblique stem | irreg. stem |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| come | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| go | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| put | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
For example, these forms, as such, are represented by the imperatives:
- Template:Lang (standard)
- Template:Lang (word-by-word) "Go or come, but put the door closed and be quiet."
To demonstrate the use of the personal form, the reply is:
- Template:Lang ("I go or come, (I) put the door closed and (I) am quiet").
The infinitives are unchanged, as in:
- Template:Lang ("To go or to come, to put the door closed and to be quiet").
As are participles, despite their using the oblique stem:
- Template:Lang ("Going or coming, door closed-putting and quiet-being").
The 't' at the end of participles ending Template:Lang (or Template:Lang etc.) is often dropped when no consonant follows, or replaced by gemination of the following consonant:
- Template:Lang (formal)
- Template:Lang (colloquial)
- I didn't speak
- Template:Lang (colloquial)
but:
- Template:Lang (colloquial)
- I didn't speak to anyone
- Template:Lang (colloquial)
is actually pronounced as if it were:
- Template:Lang (with examples of gemination)
In the formal language some pronouns are considered optional, but in spoken language the pronoun is usually enunciated but may be optional when answering questions (which puts the person in the proper context).
- Template:Lang or Template:Lang ("We are going to Oulu") (formal language)
- Template:Lang ("We are off to Oulu") (informal language)
In the latter example, dropping Template:Lang would change the meaning from a statement to a suggestion:
- Template:Lang ("Let's go to Oulu") (informal or spoken language suggestion)
Compare the conjugation of Template:Lang in the formal language (Table 1) and in the spoken or colloquial language (Table 2). Table 2 shows in highlights the areas where there are differences in the structures between formal and informal. Optional pronouns are in brackets. English equivalent is in Table 3.
| TABLE 3 indicative mood To BE in the informal English style | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active voice | present tense | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect | ||||||
| per. | no. | pron. | affirmative | negative | affirmative | negative | affirmative | negative | affirmative | negative |
| 1st | sg. | I | 'm | 'm not | was | wasn't | 've been | haven't been | 'd been | hadn't been |
| 2nd | You | 're | aren't/ain't | were | weren't | 've been | 've not been | 'd been | hadn't been | |
| 3rd | s/he it | 's | isn't | was | wasn't | 's been | hasn't been | 'd been | hadn't been | |
| 1st | pl. | We | 're | aren't | were | weren't | 've been | 've not been | 'd been | hadn't been |
| 2nd | You | 're | aren't/ain't | were | weren't | 've been | 've not been | 'd been | hadn't been | |
| 3rd | They | 're | aren't | were | weren't | 've been | 've not been | 'd been | hadn't been | |
Questions
[edit]In everyday speech, the Template:Lang suffix has the Template:Lang clitic added, becoming Template:Lang, which in turn reduces to Template:Lang:
- Template:Lang → Template:Lang "am I alive?"
- Template:Lang → Template:Lang or Template:Lang "do you (sg.) speak English?"
- Template:Lang → Template:Lang (via Template:Lang) "did he/she come yet?"
The choice of morphemes Template:Lang or Template:Lang is not always purely dialectal or accidental. Many Finns regularly use more than one variation in their speech. The choice might depend among others on the rhythm of the sentence or the (wished) tempo of the discussion. Sometimes it has other clearly communicational purposes e.g. the longer variation might be used to soften an intruding question.
The clitic Template:Lang is also found in imperatives, e.g. Template:Lang "(I expect you to) go!" It can also be, that the Template:Lang elides not to Template:Lang, but Template:Lang before a 's', e.g. Template:Lang ? Template:Lang. Because this is identical to Template:Lang except for the word order, questions are indicated by word order.
Possessive suffix
[edit]Spoken language has a different grammar for the possessive suffix. In contrast to the literary language, the suffix is optional and typically omitted. Compare English in which, e.g., "The house to which this door belongs" would be the correct written form even though "the house whose door this is" would be the more common spoken version.
| Formal | Spoken | English |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | my house |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | your (sg) house |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | his/her house |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | our house |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | your (pl) house |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | their house |
Here, the pronoun of the literary form is also shown.
Notice that Finnish has no possessive adjectives. The pronouns are regularly inflected, like if "I's house", "you's house", "we's house".
However, the suffixes Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang are used to avoid repeating a pronoun, e.g. "He took his hat and left" is Template:Lang (The translation from English *Template:Lang would mean "He took his/her hat and left" or "He took the (specific) hat and left").
Omission of the negative verb
[edit]When a negative sentence is formed, the main verb goes into the connegative form, which is identical to the imperative mood, and gives all of its inflections to the negative verb Template:Lang, e.g. Template:Lang → Template:Lang. Usually the word Template:Lang ("anything") and an expletive is added to the sentence. This means that even if the negative verb Template:Lang is left out, the meaning is indicated by this context. For example:
- Template:Lang "He doesn't know anything."
- Template:Lang "He know anything." ("doesn't" omitted)
This omission of the negative verb Template:Lang is considered one of the most recent changes in Finnish. Usually this construction indicates mistrust or frustration. (A parody article by Jaakko Häkkinen calls this Template:Lang, see aggressive mood.) However, it can be a neutral negative statement: Template:Lang (From this article, you don't learn anything).
Regional variation
[edit]Linguists such as Mielikäinen argue that the dialects of Finnish have been considerably homogenized by 20th century developments of urbanization and other internal population movements to the point that "pure" dialects have disappeared. "Local spoken languages" have developed from standard Finnish to give variety with essentially standard Finnish structure but with some local features. Considerable stigma has been associated with dialects (accurately or not) perceived as rural in the 20th century. People who have moved to the city have adopted a variety resembling standard Finnish, which has been imposed upon dialect speakers by the school, the military and the employers.
Breaking up some consonant clusters on syllable boundaries with an epenthetic vowel is a feature of several dialects, such as South Ostrobothnian dialect and Savo dialects: The neutral vowel is the same as the preceding vowel. For example, Template:Lang → Template:Lang "celebration", Template:Lang → Template:Lang "strait", Template:Lang → Template:Lang "service", Template:Lang → Template:Lang "cheap", Template:Lang → Template:Lang (via Template:Lang) "letter F". Pairs of dissimilar consonants with Template:IPA or Template:IPA (in Savo, also Template:IPA) as the first consonant are subject to epenthesis; other clusters or geminates are not. However, a strong epenthetic vowel is seen as dialectal, and in Helsinki and urbanized areas, indicates origins "in the countryside" (since for Helsinki people, everything but Helsinki is rural).
Tavastian dialects
[edit]Tavastian dialects are diverse because other, surrounding dialects have influenced them. The following features are all found in Finnish spoken in Helsinki, and many of them occur also in some other Tavastian dialects.
- Word Template:Lang "in that way", which is usually something else like Template:Lang elsewhere.
- Partitive plurals ending Template:Lang in generic Finnish become Template:Lang, and likewise the partitive plural Template:Lang simplifies to Template:Lang: Template:Lang → Template:Lang "wet jackets". (also in Nurmijärvi, Kotka)
- The first infinitive, e.g. Template:Lang "to run", is replaced by the third-person form Template:Lang "runs" by some speakers. For example, standard Template:Lang becomes Template:Lang "Could you run to get it". This form is probably historically speaking not the third-person form, but the colloquial, shortened form Template:Lang of the third infinitive form Template:Lang, which exhibits a tendency to oust the first infinitive even in the formal language, cf. the old dispute, whether Template:Lang ("to start running") should be allowed in the formal language or not (the current norm is still Template:Lang with the first infinitive). (also in Tuusula and Nurmijärvi)
- Abbreviations are common in Finnish spoken in the Southern coast of Finland. Final syllables in frequently used words may erode, like Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang. Case endings might be abbreviated, usually by the loss of the final vowel, e.g. Template:Lang → Template:Lang. (If a geminate would be "left dangling" at the end of the word, it becomes a single consonant, e.g. Template:Lang → *Template:Lang → Template:Lang.)
- Helsinki also has a local slang, containing foreign loanwords which may be unintelligible to people from other parts of Finland. Some slang words have spread to the spoken language of youngsters elsewhere in Finland.
- Tampere is also in the area of Tavastian dialects.
- Occasional flapping or deletion of intervocalic "L"; the resulting sound is orthographically nil: Template:Lang → Template:Lang. This is seen even in the accentless form Template:Lang ← standard Template:Lang.
- Personal pronouns: Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang
- Notice: Template:Lang and Template:Lang don't change to Template:Lang or Template:Lang respectively and Template:Lang and Template:Lang are more commonly used than Template:Lang and Template:Lang unlike in the standard colloquial language where Template:Lang and Template:Lang are replaced with the non-personal equivalents
- The declined forms also vary, for example Template:Lang can be Template:Lang, Template:Lang or Template:Lang depending on the regional dialect
- Vowel epenthesis in North Karelia: Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang
- In some Karelian dialects the end of participles ending -nut or -nyt and -lut drop the vowel instead of 't': Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang/Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang/Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang
- Some Karelian (and Savonian) dialects also use the exessive case: Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang
- The North Karelian dialect is a subset of the Savonian dialects, while the South Karelian dialect is a unique Finnish dialect.
Southwestern dialects
[edit]- Abbreviation occurs very often.
- In Turku: Template:Lang → Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang
- A unique characteristic of Turku dialect is the "S" imperfect tense, which has the ending Template:Lang instead of Template:Lang, e.g., Template:Lang for Template:Lang.
Savonia
[edit]- Some difference in pronouns, Template:Lang for Template:Lang. Notice that the Savo dialect has complicated differences in grammar, vowels and consonants compared to the standard language, e.g. Template:Lang for Template:Lang, Template:Lang for Template:Lang, Template:Lang → Template:Lang. The Savo dialect is the largest single dialect, and as such, has variants that differ significantly.
Ostrobothnia
[edit]- Consonant clusters with Template:Lang are not allowed, so that a Template:Lang is pronounced instead, e.g. Template:Lang → Template:Lang. The sound Template:IPA is completely replaced with a rhotic consonant Template:Lang, either a trill Template:IPA, or a flap Template:IPA, which produces problems such as that there is no or almost no contrast between Template:Lang (of water) and Template:Lang (of blood). For speakers with the flap, there remains a small difference, not generally audible for outsiders. Usually context can be relied on to distinguish the word.
- Minor vowel changes, for example, Template:Lang → Template:Lang. In Southern Ostrobotnia, in unstressed syllables old diphthongs ending in i are reflected as long vowels, e.g. Template:Lang → Template:Lang. In some words, where the diphthong has been lost from the standard language, this results in seemingly unmotivated long vowels, e.g. Template:Lang → Template:Lang.
- Vaasa, Ostrobothnia, to an extent generic Finnish, too: Many frequently used expressions become clitics - this is optional, though. E.g. pronouns become clitics for the negative verb Template:Lang and for the verb "to be". In this table, the apostrophe (') is something between a full J and no sound at all.
- Additionally, in the Southwest, the interrogative pronoun Template:Lang ("who") is replaced by its partitive form, Template:Lang ("whom"), e.g. Template:Lang ("Who was there?") Other differences in case for interrogative words are Template:Lang (std. Template:Lang, "where") and Template:Lang (std. Template:Lang, "into where").
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Generic
[edit]- Aila Mielikäinen. Template:Cite web Template:Small
- Heikki Paunonen. Template:Cite web Template:Small
External links
[edit]- Finnish regional dialects
- Savo kaekuu keskellä mualimoo ja näkkyy Internetissä - A text about how Savonian people speak, in the respective dialect.
- Some Features of the Vernacular Finnish of Jyväskylä