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<imagemap>File:4th millennium BC montage.jpg|thumb|400x400px|From top left clockwise: The Temple of Ġgantija, one of the oldest freestanding structures in the world; Warka Vase; Bronocice pot with one of the earliest known depictions of a wheeled vehicle; Kish tablet, an example for proto-writing; Pharaoh Narmer is credited with uniting Upper and Lower Egypt and is depicted as such in the Narmer Palette.
rect 42 42 474 297 Ġgantija
rect 534 27 813 670 Warka Vase
rect 825 28 1246 320 Bronocice pot
rect 33 426 490 625 Kish tablet
rect 840 400 1260 700 Narmer Palette
</imagemap>
The 4th millennium BC spanned the years 4000 BC to 3001 BC. Some of the major changes in human culture during this time included the beginning of the Bronze Age and the invention of writing, which played a major role in starting recorded history.
World population growth relaxed after the burst that came about from the Neolithic Revolution. World population was largely stable in this time at roughly 50 million, growing at an average of 0.027% per year.<ref>Template:Cite journal, estimates 40 million at 5000 BC and 100 million at 1600 BC, for an average growth rate of 0.027% p.a. over the Chalcolithic to Middle Bronze Age.</ref>
Temple at Al-Ubaid and tomb of Mes-Kalam-Dug built near Ur, Chaldea.
3000 BC – Tin is in use in Mesopotamia soon after this time.<ref>Roberts, J: History of the World. Penguin, 1994.</ref>Template:Page needed
The cuneiform script proper emerges from pictographic proto-writing in the later 4th millennium. Mesopotamia's "proto-literate" period spans the 35th to 32nd centuries BC. The first documents unequivocally written in the Sumerian language date to the 31st century BC, found at Jemdet Nasr.
Kura-Araxes culture expands Southwards towards Sumer.
Possible reigns of Lugalbanda and Enmerkar prior to 3250 BC.
Long distanced trade with polities in modern-day Afghanistan.
3600 BC – Construction of the Ġgantija megalithic temple complex on the Island of Gozo: the world's oldest extant unburied free-standing structures, and the world's oldest religious structures. (See Göbekli Tepe for older, buried religious structures.)
3600–3200 BC – Construction of the first temple within the Mnajdra solar temple complex, containing "furniture" such as stone benches and tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions.
Great Neolithic Plague occurs from circa 5450 BC to circa 2700 BC. This ensures for the large scaled expansions of the later early bronze age.
3600–3000 BC – Construction of the Ta' Ħaġrat and Kordin III temples.
Neolithic Chinese settlements. They produced silk and pottery (chiefly the Yangshao and the Longshan cultures), wore hemp clothing, and domesticated pigs and dogs.
4000–2500 BC – Vietnamese Bronze Age culture. The Đồng Đậu Culture, produced many wealthy bronze objects.
Sub-Saharan Africa remains in the Paleolithic period, except for the earliest neolithization of the Sahel following the desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BC.<ref name="Manning 2014">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Kopytoff 1989">Igor Kopytoff, The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (1989), 9–10 (cited after Igbo Language Roots and (Pre)-HistoryTemplate:Webarchive, A Mighty Tree, 2011).</ref> As the grasslands of the Sahara began drying after 3900 BC, herders spread into the Nile Valley and into eastern Africa (Eburan 5, Elmenteitan). The desiccation of the Sahara and the associated neolithisation of West Africa is also cited as a possible cause for the dispersal of the Niger-Congo linguistic phylum.<ref name="Manning 2014" /><ref name="Kopytoff 1989" />
The Older Peron transgression was a period identified in 1961<ref name="Fairbridge 1961">Template:Cite journal</ref> happening between 6,000 and 4,600 years BP when sea levels were 3 to 5 metres higher than today.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Plants buried in the Quelccaya Ice Cap in the Peruvian Andes demonstrate the climate had shifted suddenly and severely to capture the plants and preserve them until now.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Tree rings from Ireland and England show this was their driest period.<ref name="Science Daily 2004-12-04">Template:Cite web</ref>
Ice core records showing the ratio of two oxygen isotopes retrieved from the ice fields atop Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro, a proxy for atmospheric temperature at the time snow fell.<ref name="Science Daily 2004-12-04" />
Major changes in plant pollen uncovered from lakebed cores in South America.<ref name="Science Daily 2004-12-04" />
Record lowest levels of methane retrieved from ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica.<ref name="Science Daily 2004-12-04" />
3929 BC – Creation according to John Lightfoot based on the Old Testament of the Bible, and often associated with the Ussher chronology.
3761 BC – Since the Middle Ages (12th century), the Hebrew calendar has been based on rabbinic calculations of the year of creation from the Hebrew Masoretic text of the bible. This calendar is used within Jewish communities for religious and other purposes. The calendar's epoch, corresponding to the calculated date of the world's creation, is equivalent to sunset on the Julian proleptic calendar date 6 October 3761 BC.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
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