Zingiberaceae
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Zingiberaceae (Template:IPAc-en) or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Many of the family's species are important ornamental, spice, or medicinal plants. Ornamental genera include the shell gingers (Alpinia), Siam or summer tulip (Curcuma alismatifolia), Globba, ginger lily (Hedychium), Kaempferia, torch-ginger Etlingera elatior, Renealmia, and ginger (Zingiber). Spices include ginger (Zingiber), galangal or Thai ginger (Alpinia galanga and others), melegueta pepper (Aframomum melegueta), myoga (Zingiber mioga), korarima (Aframomum corrorima), turmeric (Curcuma), and cardamom (Amomum, Elettaria).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Evolution
[edit]The earliest known fossils of the family belong to the Campanian age and are from the genera Spirematospermum in Germany,Tricostatocarpon and Striatornata in Mexico, and Momordiocarpon in India.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Spirematospermum chandlerae from the Santonian of North Carolina was previously classified in the Zingiberaceae, but more recent studies support it belonging to the Musaceae.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=mobot/>
Description
[edit]Members of the family are small to large herbaceous plants with distichous leaves with basal sheaths that overlap to form a pseudostem. The plants are either self-supporting or epiphytic. Flowers are hermaphroditic, usually strongly zygomorphic, in determinate cymose inflorescences, and subtended by conspicuous, spirally arranged bracts. The perianth is composed of two whorls, a fused tubular calyx, and a tubular corolla with one lobe larger than the other two. Flowers typically have two of their stamenoids (sterile stamens) fused to form a petaloid lip, and have only one fertile stamen. The ovary is inferior and topped by two nectaries, the stigma is funnel-shaped.Template:Citation needed
Some genera yield essential oils used in the perfume industry (Alpinia, Hedychium).
Genera
[edit]57 genera are accepted.<ref name = powo/> Template:Div col
- Adelmeria Template:Small
- Aframomum Template:Small
- Alpinia Template:Small
- Amomum Template:Small
- Aulotandra Template:Small
- Boesenbergia Template:Small
- Burbidgea Template:Small
- Camptandra Template:Small
- Caulokaempferia Template:Small
- Cautleya Template:Small
- Conamomum Template:Small
- Cornukaempferia Template:Small
- Curcuma Template:Small
- Cyphostigma Template:Small
- Distichochlamys Template:Small
- Elettaria Template:Small
- Epiamomum Template:Small
- Etlingera Template:Small
- Gagnepainia Template:Small
- Geocharis Template:Small
- Geostachys Template:Small
- Globba Template:Small
- Haniffia Template:Small
- Hedychium Template:Small
- Hemiorchis Template:Small
- Hornstedtia Template:Small
- Johoralia Template:Small
- Kaempferia Template:Small
- Kedhalia Template:Small
- Lanxangia Template:Small
- Larsenianthus Template:Small
- Leptosolena Template:Small
- Meistera Template:Small
- Myxochlamys Template:Small
- Nanochilus Template:Small
- Newmania Template:Small
- Parakaempferia Template:Small
- Perakalia Template:Small
- Plagiostachys Template:Small
- Pleuranthodium Template:Small
- Pommereschea Template:Small
- Pyrgophyllum Template:Small
- Renealmia Template:Small
- Rhynchanthus Template:Small
- Reidelia Template:Small
- Roscoea Template:Small
- Scaphochlamys Template:Small
- Siamanthus Template:Small
- Siliquamomum Template:Small
- Siphonochilus Template:Small
- Stadiochilus Template:Small
- Sulettaria Template:Small
- Sundamomum Template:Small
- Tamijia Template:Small
- Vanoverberghia Template:Small
- Wurfbainia Template:Small
- Zingiber Template:Small
Taxonomy
[edit]Template:Cladogram Template:Clear
Phylogenetic tree of the family
Subdivisions
[edit]_Im_IMG_2441.jpg){kind=link}
- Subfamily Siphonochiloideae
- Tribe Siphonochileae
- Subfamily Tamijioideae
- Subfamily Alpinioideae
- Tribe Alpinieae
- Adelmeria
- Aframomum - grains of paradise
- Alpinia - galangal
- Amomum
- Aulotandra
- Cyphostigma
- Elettaria - cardamom
- Elettariopsis
- Etlingera
- Geocharis
- Geostachys
- Hornstedtia
- Lanxangia
- Leptosolena
- Plagiostachys
- Renealmia
- Siliquamomum
- Vanoverberghia
- ×Alpingera F. Luc-Cayol (Alpinia × Etlingera) - intergeneric hybrid
- Tribe Riedelieae
- Tribe Alpinieae
- Subfamily Zingiberoideae
- Tribe Zingibereae
- Boesenbergia
- Camptandra
- Caulokaempferia
- Cautleya
- Cornukaempferia
- Curcuma - turmeric
- Curcumorpha
- Distichochlamys
- Haniffia
- Haplochorema
- Hedychium
- Hitchenia
- Kaempferia
- Kedhalia
- Laosanthus
- Myxochlamys
- Nanochilus
- Newmania
- Parakaempferia
- Pommereschea
- Pyrgophyllum
- Rhynchanthus
- Roscoea
- Scaphochlamys
- Smithatris
- Stadiochilus
- Stahlianthus
- Zingiber - ginger
- Tribe Globbeae
- Tribe Zingibereae
- subfamily unknown
Distribution
[edit]The Zingiberaceae have a pantropical distribution in the tropics of Africa, Asia, and the Americas, with their greatest diversity in South Asia.
References
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]External links
[edit]Template:Commons category Template:Wikispecies
- List of Indian medicinal plants from Biodiversity of India
- Abstracts from the Symposia on the Family Zingiberaceae
- A New Classification of the Zingiberaceae from the Third Symposium on Zingiberaceae
- Zomlefer, W.B. Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. 1994.
Template:Zingiberales Template:Angiosperm families Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control