Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)

K-141 Kursk (Template:Langx)Template:NoteTag was an Oscar II-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine of the Russian Navy. On 12 August 2000, K-141 Kursk was lost when it sank in the Barents Sea, killing all 118 personnel on board.

Construction

File:Oscar II class SSGN.svg

Silhouette of an Oscar-II class submarine

K-141 Kursk was a Project 949A class Antey (Template:Langx) submarine of the Oscar class, known as the Oscar II by its NATO reporting name, and was the penultimate submarine of the Oscar II class designed and approved in the Soviet Union. Construction began in 1990 at the Soviet Navy military shipyards in Severodvinsk, near Arkhangelsk, in the northern Russian SFSR. During the construction of K-141, the Soviet Union collapsed; work continued, and she became one of the first naval vessels completed after the collapse. In 1993 K-141 was named Kursk after the Battle of Kursk<ref name="tass1">Template:Cite news</ref> in the 50-year anniversary of this battle. K-141 was inherited by Russia and launched in 1994, before being commissioned by the Russian Navy on 30 December, as part of the Russian Northern Fleet.<ref name=potts/>

Kursk was assigned to the home port of Vidyayevo, Murmansk Oblast.

Capabilities

The Antey design represented the highest achievement of Soviet nuclear submarine technology. They are the second-largest cruise missile submarines ever built, after some Template:Sclass2 ballistic missile submarines that were converted to carry cruise missiles in 2007.<ref name=barany/>Template:Rp It was built to defeat an entire United States aircraft carrier group. A single Type 65 torpedo carried a Template:Convert warhead powerful enough to sink an aircraft carrier.<ref name=weaponsystems>Template:Cite web</ref> Both missiles and torpedoes could be equipped with nuclear warheads. She was Template:Convert longer than the preceding Oscar I-class of submarines. The senior officers had individual cabins and the entire crew had access to a gymnasium.<ref name=cns>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The outer hull, made of high-nickel, high-chromium stainless steel Template:Convert thick, had exceptionally good resistance to corrosion and a weak magnetic signature which helped prevent detection by U.S. magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) systems. There was a Template:Convert gap to the Template:Convert-thick steel pressure hull.<ref>N. A. "Kursk Inner Hull Breached." Australian, The (n.d.): Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 7 December 2011.</ref> She was designed to remain submerged for up to 120 days. The sail superstructure was reinforced to allow it to break through the Arctic ice.<ref name=potts/> The submarine was armed with 24 SS-N-19/P-700 Granit cruise missiles, and eight torpedo tubes in the bow: four Template:Convert and four Template:Convert. The Granit missiles with a range of Template:Convert, were capable of supersonic flight at altitudes over Template:Convert. They were designed to swarm enemy vessels and intelligently choose individual targets which terminated with a dive onto the target.<ref name=cns/> The torpedo tubes could be used to launch either torpedoes or anti-ship missiles with a range of Template:Convert. Her weapons included 18 SS-N-16 "Stallion" anti-submarine missiles.<ref name=potts/>

Kursk was part of Russia's Northern Fleet, which had suffered funding cutbacks throughout the 1990s. Many of its submarines were anchored and rusting in Zapadnaya Litsa Naval Base, Template:Convert from Murmansk.<ref>Andreyeva Bay is a ticking bomb, Bellona’s documents prove – Rashid Alimov, Bellona Foundation, Oslo, 7 June 2007. Retrieved on 8 August 2007.</ref> Little work to maintain all but the most essential front-line equipment, including search and rescue equipment, had occurred. Northern Fleet sailors had gone unpaid in the mid-1990s.<ref name=potts/>

Deployments

During her five years of service, Kursk completed only one mission, a six-month deployment to the Mediterranean Sea during the summer of 1999 to monitor the United States Sixth Fleet responding to the Kosovo crisis.<ref name="underwood">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp As a result, many of her crew had spent little time at sea and were inexperienced.<ref name=barany>Template:Cite book</ref>

Naval exercise and disaster

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Kursk joined the "Summer-X" exercise, the first large-scale naval exercise planned by the Russian Navy in more than a decade,<ref name=nucnews818>Template:Cite web</ref> on 10 August 2000. It included 30 ships including the fleet's flagship Pyotr Velikiy, four attack submarines,<ref name=potts>Template:Cite web</ref> and a flotilla of smaller ships. The crew had recently won a citation for its excellent performance and had been recognized as the best submarine crew in the Northern Fleet.<ref name=brannon>Template:Cite book</ref> While it was on an exercise, Kursk loaded a full complement of combat weapons. It was one of the few vessels authorized to carry a combat load at all times.

Explosion

On the first day of the exercise, Kursk successfully launched a Granit missile armed with a dummy warhead.<ref name=potts/> Two days later, on the morning of 12 August, Kursk prepared to fire dummy torpedoes at the Template:Sclass Pyotr Velikiy. These practice torpedoes had no explosive warheads and were manufactured and tested at a much lower quality standard.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 12 August 2000, at 11:28 local time (07:28 UTC), there was an explosion while preparing to fire.<ref>Rosenberg, Debra, et al. "A Mystery In The Deep." Newsweek 136.9 (2000): 34. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 December 2011.</ref> The Russian Navy's final report on the disaster concluded the explosion was due to the failure of one of KurskTemplate:`s hydrogen peroxide-fueled Type 65 torpedoes.<ref>Sviatov, George. "The Kursk's Loss Offers Lessons." U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 129.6 (2003): 71. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 December 2011.</ref> A subsequent investigation concluded that high-test peroxide (HTP), a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as propellant for the torpedo, seeped through a faulty weld in the torpedo casing.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> When HTP comes into contact with a catalyst, it rapidly expands by a factor of 5000, generating vast quantities of steam and oxygen. The pressure produced by the expanding HTP ruptured the kerosene fuel tank in the torpedo and set off an explosion equal to Template:Convert of TNT. The submarine sank in relatively shallow water, bottoming at Template:Convert about Template:Convert off Severomorsk, at Template:Coord. A second explosion 135 seconds after the initial event was equivalent to 3-7 tons of TNT.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The explosions blew a large hole in the hull and caused the first three compartments of the submarine to collapse, killing or incapacitating all but 23 of the 118 personnel on board.<ref name="underwood"/>Template:Rp

Rescue attempts

The British and Norwegian navies offered assistance, but Russia initially refused all help.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> All 118 sailors and officers aboard Kursk died. The Russian Admiralty initially told the public that the majority of the crew died within minutes of the explosion. On 21 August, Norwegian and Russian divers found 24 bodies in the ninth compartment, the turbine room at the stern of the boat. Captain-lieutenant Dmitri Kolesnikov wrote a note listing the names of 23 sailors who were alive in the compartment after the boat sank.

Kursk carried a potassium superoxide cartridge of a chemical oxygen generator; these are used to absorb carbon dioxide and chemically release oxygen during an emergency. However, the cartridge became contaminated with sea water and the resulting chemical reaction caused a flash fire which consumed the available oxygen. The investigation showed that some men temporarily survived the fire by plunging under water, as fire marks on the bulkheads indicated the water was at waist level at the time. Ultimately, the remaining crew burned to death or suffocated.<ref name="RM">Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Интервью телекомпании РТР в связи с трагедией на атомной подводной лодке "Kursk".ogg

Putin interview on the tragedy (with subtitles)

Russian President Vladimir Putin, though immediately informed of the tragedy, was told by the navy that they had the situation under control and that rescue was imminent. He waited for five days before ending his holiday at a presidential resort in Sochi on the Black Sea. Putin was only four months into his tenure as president, and the public and media were extremely critical of his decision to remain at a seaside resort. His highly favourable ratings dropped dramatically.<ref name=bbc3107>Template:Cite news</ref> The president's response appeared callous and the government's actions looked incompetent.<ref name=sptimes>Template:Cite news</ref> A year later he said, "I probably should have returned to Moscow, but nothing would have changed. I had the same level of communication both in Sochi and in Moscow, but from a PR point of view I could have demonstrated some special eagerness to return."<ref>Spectre of Kursk haunts Putin – BBC News, 12 August 2001 Retrieved on 8 August 2007</ref>

Submarine recovery

File:Kursk wreck.jpg

Submarine wreck after the disaster

A consortium formed by the Dutch companies Mammoet and Smit International<ref>Smit website on Salvage project of Kursk Template:Webarchive, URL visited 12 February 2012</ref> was awarded a contract by Russia to raise the vessel, excluding the bow. They modified the barge Giant 4 which raised Kursk and recovered the remains of the sailors.<ref name="Spitz, 2006">Template:Citation</ref>

During salvage operations in 2001, the team first cut the bow off the hull using a tungsten carbide-studded cable. As this tool had the potential to cause sparks which could ignite remaining pockets of reactive gases, such as hydrogen, the operation was executed with care. Most of the bow was abandoned and the rest of the vessel was towed to Severomorsk and placed in a floating dry dock for analysis.

The remains of KurskTemplate:`s reactor compartment were towed to Sayda Bay on Russia's northern Kola Peninsula, where more than 50 reactor compartments were afloat at pier points, after a shipyard had removed all the fuel from the boat in early 2003.<ref name="bellona">Template:Cite web</ref>

Some torpedo and torpedo tube fragments from the bow were recovered and the rest was destroyed by explosives in 2002.

Official inquiry results

Notwithstanding the navy's oft-stated position that a collision with a foreign vessel had triggered the event,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a report issued by the government attributed the disaster to a torpedo explosion caused when high-test peroxide (HTP), a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide, leaked from a faulty weld in the torpedo's casing.<ref name="weaponsystems"/><ref name=brannon/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The report found that the initial explosion destroyed the torpedo room compartment and killed everyone in the first compartment.<ref name=bbc0107>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=inquests2187>Template:Cite web</ref> The blast entered the second and perhaps the third and fourth compartments through an air conditioning vent. All of the 36 men in the command post located in the second compartment were immediately incapacitated by the blast wave and possibly killed.<ref name=wines>Template:Cite news</ref> The first explosion caused a fire that raised the temperature of the compartment to more than Template:Convert.<ref name=faulconbridge>Template:Cite news</ref> The heat caused the warheads of between five and seven additional torpedoes to detonate, creating an explosion equivalent to 2–3 tons of TNT<ref name=recovery-paper-2003>Template:Cite journal</ref> that measured 4.2 on the Richter magnitude scale on seismographs across Europe<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was detected as far away as Alaska.<ref name=guardian0805>Template:Cite news</ref>

Alternative explanation

Vice-Admiral Valery Ryazantsev differed with the government's official conclusion. He cited inadequate training, poor maintenance, and incomplete inspections that caused the crew to mishandle the weapon.<ref name=Ryazantsevix>Template:Cite web</ref> During the examination of the wrecked sub, investigators recovered a partially burned copy of the safety instructions for loading HTP torpedoes, but the instructions were for a significantly different type of torpedo and failed to include essential steps for testing an air valve. The 7th Division, 1st Submarine Flotilla never inspected KurskTemplate:'s crew's qualifications and readiness to fire HTP torpedoes.<ref name="inquests2187"/> KurskTemplate:'s crew had no experience with HTP-powered torpedoes and had not been trained in handling or firing HTP-powered torpedoes. Due to their inexperience and lack of training, compounded by incomplete inspections and oversight, and because the KurskTemplate:'s crew followed faulty instructions when loading the practice torpedo, Ryazantsev believes they set off a chain of events that led to the explosion.<ref name="barany"/><ref name=ryazantsevvii >Template:Cite web</ref>

Media

File:Морякам-подводникам погибшим в мирное время.JPG

Monument over Kursk.

Books

Truscott, Peter (2002), Kursk: Russia's Lost Pride. Simon & Schuster UK. Template:ISBN
Dunmore, Spencer (2002), Lost Subs: From the "Hunley" to the "Kursk", the Greatest Submarines Ever Lost – And Found. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo. Template:ISBN
Moore, Robert (2002), A Time to Die: The Untold Story of the Kursk Tragedy. Crown Publishers NY, NY. Template:ISBN
Weir, Gary E. and Boyne, Walter J. (2003), Rising Tide: The Untold Story Of The Russian Submarines That Fought The Cold War. Basic Books, NY, NY. Template:ISBN
Flynn, Ramsey (2004), Cry from the Deep: The Sinking of the Kursk, the Submarine Disaster That Riveted the World and Put the New Russia to the Ultimate Test. Harper Collins. Template:ISBN
Rear Admiral Mian Zahir Shah (2005) Sea Phoenix: A True Submarine Story. Template:ISBN

Songs

"Travel Is Dangerous", a song from the album Mr Beast by post-rock band Mogwai.
Finnish doom metal band Kypck is claimed to have cross-references both to the Battle of Kursk and the submarine named after the city.
"Капитан Колесников" (Captain Kolesnikov), a song by the Russian rock band DDT
"The Kursk" is a song by Matt Elliott from his album Drinking Songs
"Angel 141 (Russian: Ангел 141)" is a song by Amatory from the album DOOM (2019)
"K-141 Kursk" is a song by heavy metal band Wolf from their album Legions of Bastards
"Kursk", a song by the Massachusetts-based melodic hardcore band A Wilhelm Scream on their 2004 album Mute Print

Theatre

Kursk – a play by playwright Bryony Lavery from the British point of view.

Movies

Kursk<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (also known as "The Command", and "Kursk: The Last Mission"). - The film from 2018 follows the 2000 K-141 Kursk submarine disaster and the governmental negligence that followed. By Thomas Vinterberg.

Notes

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References

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External links

Template:Oscar-class submarine Template:2000 shipwrecks Template:Authority control