Nereus

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In Greek mythology, Nereus (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Langx) was the eldest son of Pontus (the Sea) and Gaia (the Earth), with Pontus himself being a son of Gaia. Nereus and Doris became the parents of 50 daughters (the Nereids) and a son (Nerites), with whom Nereus lived in the Aegean Sea.<ref> Hesiod, Theogony 233-36, is unequivocal that Nereus is the Old Man of the Sea (ἅλιος γέρων), whereas the Odyssey gives the sobriquet to Nereus (xxiv.58) to Proteus (iv.365, 387), and to Phorkys (xiii.96, 345). </ref>

Name

The name Nereus is absent from Homer's epics; the god's name in the Iliad is the descriptive Template:Lang Template:Gloss, and in the Odyssey the combination of Template:Lang and Template:Lang Template:Gloss.<ref name="Tsantsanoglou-Chantraine-LSJ">Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Cite web</ref> Besides Nereus and Proteus, the descriptive "Old Man of the Sea" was used for other water deities in Greek mythology who share several traits, among them Phorcys, Glaucus, and perhaps Triton. It is suggested that the "Old Man of the Sea" had at one time played a cosmogonic role comparable to that of Oceanus and could have received different names in different places.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> It is not known whether the name Nereus was known to Homer or not, but the name of the Nereids is attested before it and can be found in the Iliad.<ref name="Tsantsanoglou-Chantraine-LSJ" /> Since Nereus only has relevance as the father of the Nereids, it has been suggested that his name could actually be derived from that of his daughters;<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> while the derivation of the Nereids from Nereus, as a patronymic, has also been suggested.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> According to Martin Litchfield West (1966), Nereus is much less important than his daughters, mentioning that Herodotus offered "the Nereids, not Nereus, as an example of a divine name not derived from Egypt".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

In Hesiod's Theogony, where the name was first attested, Nereus is presented in immediate juxtaposition to Eris, and this extends to their children. First of all, there exists a feminine-masculine opposition. Eris is the oldest and most important child of Nyx, while Nereus is Pontus' oldest and most important son. Hesiod chooses verbs and adjectives to describe Nereus in juxtaposition to Eris' children, such as Template:Lang Template:Gloss and Template:Lang Template:Gloss, as opposed to Template:Lang Template:Gloss and Template:Lang Template:Gloss.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> This has prompted scholars to propose a derivation from Template:Lang Template:Transliteration Template:Gloss with the negative prefix Template:Lang Template:Transliteration added to it; namely, Ne-Eris Template:Gloss, which evolved to Template:Lang (< Template:Lang).<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> Furthermore, Hesiod plays with the verbal likeness between Nereus and his last daughter Template:Lang Template:Transliteration Template:Gloss, whose name also bears the negative prefix Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Another possible etymology could be from Template:Lang, Template:Transliteration Template:Gloss, which is a contraction of the Greek adjective Template:Lang, Template:Transliteration Template:Gloss.<ref name="Beekes2010">Template:Harvnb</ref> It is commonly believed that the contraction of νεαρός to νηρός happened later than Hesiod; however, the contraction of ε and α to η is quite old and widespread over many Greek dialects.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

The name could be related to the Hesychian glosses Template:Lang Template:Gloss or Template:Lang Template:Gloss. Robert S. P. Beekes (2010) favors a Pre-Greek (pre-Indo-European) origin, as is suggested by the suffix Template:Lang,Template:Nbsp Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Beekes2010" /> Another view is that of Apostolos Athanassakis (1983), who suggested an Illyrian origin for the name and compared it to the Albanian word Template:Lang Template:Gloss.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

According to August Fick (1890), the closest Indo-European relative of Nereus and Nereids is the Lithuanian verb Template:Lang Template:Gloss; moreover, the Lithuanian noun Template:Lang Template:Gloss has been associated with the Nereids.<ref name="Tsantsanoglou2015">Template:Harvnb</ref> Papachristophorou (1998) supported a derivation from the aforementioned Lithuanian verb, citing Pierre Chantraine (1968),<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> while Tsantsanoglou (2015) considered the relation plausible.<ref name="Tsantsanoglou2015" />

The name of the Nereids has survived in modern Greek folklore as νεράιδες, Template:Transliteration Template:Gloss.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>

Mythology

In the Iliad,<ref>Iliad i.358, 538, 556; xviii.141; xx.107; xxiv.562.</ref> the Old Man of the Sea is the father of Nereids, though Nereus is not directly named. He was never more manifestly the Old Man of the Sea than when he was described, like Proteus, as a shapeshifter with the power of prophecy, who would aid heroes such as Heracles<ref>Or, as Proteus, Menelaus.</ref> who managed to catch him even as he changed shapes. Nereus and Proteus (the "first") seem to be two manifestations of the god of the sea who was supplanted by Poseidon when Zeus overthrew Cronus.

The earliest poet to link Nereus with the labours of Heracles was Pherekydes, according to a scholion on Apollonius of Rhodes.<ref>On Argonautica iv.1396f, noted by Ruth Glynn, "Herakles, Nereus and Triton: A Study of Iconography in Sixth Century Athens", American Journal of Archaeology 85.2 (April 1981, pp. 121–132) p 121f.</ref>

During the course of the 5th century BC, Nereus was gradually replaced by Triton, who does not appear in Homer, in the imagery of the struggle between Heracles and the sea-god who had to be restrained in order to deliver his information that was employed by the vase-painters, independent of any literary testimony.<ref>Glynn 1981:121–132.</ref>

In a late appearance, according to a fragmentary papyrus, Alexander the Great paused at the Syrian seashore before the climacteric battle of Issus (333 BC), and resorted to prayers, "calling on Thetis, Nereus and the Nereids, nymphs of the sea, and invoking Poseidon the sea-god, for whom he ordered a four-horse chariot to be cast into the waves."<ref>Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller's ed. Papyrus Oxyrrhincus Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum 148, 44, col. 2; quoted by Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great (1973) 1986:168 and note. Thetis was the mother of Alexander's hero Achilles.</ref>

Nereus was known for his truthfulness and virtue: Template:Blockquote

The Attic vase-painters showed the draped torso of Nereus issuing from a long coiling scaly fishlike tail.<ref>Beazley Archive 201859; Theoi.com; Glynn 1981.</ref> Bearded Nereus generally wields a staff of authority. He was also shown in scenes depicting the flight of the Nereides as Peleus wrestled their sister Thetis.

In Aelian's natural history, written in the early third century,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nereus was also the father of a watery consort of Aphrodite and lover of Poseidon named Nerites who was transformed into "a shellfish with a spiral shell, small in size but of surpassing beauty."

Nereus was father to Thetis, one of the Nereids, who in turn was mother to the great Greek hero Achilles, and Amphitrite, who married Poseidon.