N

N, or n, is the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages, and others worldwide. Its name in English is en (pronounced Template:IPAc-en), plural ens.<ref>"N" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "en," op. cit.</ref>

History

Egyptian hieroglyph	Phoenician Nun	Western Greek Nu	Etruscan N	Latin N
<hiero>D</hiero>	File:PhoenicianN-01.svg	File:Greek Nu 01.svg	File:EtruscanN-01.svg	Latin N

One of the most common hieroglyphs, snake, was used in Egyptian writing to stand for a sound like the English Template:Angbr, because the Egyptian word for "snake" was djet. It is speculated by some, such as archeologist Douglas Petrovich, that Semitic speakers working in Egypt adapted hieroglyphs to create the first alphabet.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Some hold that they used the same snake symbol to represent N, with a great proponent of this theory being Alan Gardiner,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> because their word for "snake" may have begun with n (an example of a possible word being nahash<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>). However, this theory has become disputed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The name for the letter in the Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic alphabets is nun, which means "fish" in some of these languages. This possibly connects the letter to the hieroglyph for a water ripple, which phonetically makes the n sound.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The sound value of the letter was Template:IPA—as in Greek, Etruscan, Latin, and modern languages.

Use in writing systems

English

In English, Template:Angbr usually represents a voiced alveolar nasal Template:IPA, but can represent other nasal consonants due to assimilation. For example, before a velar plosive (as in ink or jungle), Template:Angbr represents a voiced velar nasal Template:IPA.

Template:Angbr is generally silent when it is preceded by an Template:Angbr at the end of words, as in hymn; however, it is pronounced in this combination when occurring word medially, as in hymnal. Other consonants are often silent when they precede an Template:Angbr at the beginning of an English word. Examples include gnome, knife, mnemonic, and pneumonia.

The letter N is the sixth-most common letter and the second-most commonly used consonant in the English language (after Template:Angbr).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other languages

The letter Template:Angbr represents a voiced dental nasal Template:IPA or voiced alveolar nasal Template:IPA in virtually all languages that use the Latin alphabet. In many languages, these nasal consonants assimilate with the consonant that follows them to produce other nasal consonants.

In Italian and French, Template:Angbr represents a palatal nasal Template:IPA. The Portuguese and Vietnamese spelling for this sound is Template:Angbr, while Spanish, Breton, and a few other languages use the letter Template:Angbr.

A common digraph with Template:Angbr is Template:Angbr, which represents a voiced velar nasal Template:IPA in a variety of languages.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, Template:Angbr represents the voiced alveolar nasal Template:IPA.

Other uses

• In mathematics, the italic form n is a particularly common symbol for a variable quantity which represents a natural number. The set of natural numbers is referred to as <math>\mathbb{N}</math>.

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• N with diacritics: Ń ń Ñ ñ Ň ň Ǹ ǹ Ṅ ṅ Ṇ ṇ Ņ ņ Ṉ ṉ Ṋ ṋ Ꞥ ꞥ ᵰ<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> ᶇ<ref name="L204132">Template:Cite web</ref>
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to N (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
  • Ŋ ŋ : Latin letter eng, which represents a velar nasal in the IPA
  • 𝼔 : Small letter eng with palatal hook, which is used in phonetic transcription<ref name="L220125">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="L221021">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 𝼇 : Small letter reversed eng, which is an extension to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA)<ref name="L220116">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ɲ ɲ : Latin letter Ɲ, which represents a palatal nasal or an alveolo-palatal nasal in the IPA
  • ⁿ : Superscript small n, which represents a nasal release in the IPA
  • Ƞ ƞ : Latin letter Ƞ (encoded in Unicode as "N with long right leg"), a mostly obsolete letter used to transcribe various nasal sounds
  • ɳ : Latin letter n with a hook, which represents a retroflex nasal in the IPA
  • ᶯ : Modifier letter small n with retroflex hook<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • ᶮ : Modifier letter small n with left hook<ref name="L204132"/>
  • ɴ : Small capital N, which represents a uvular nasal in the IPA
  • ᶰ : Modifier letter small capital N<ref name="L204132"/>
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to N:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Template:Unichar
  • Template:Unichar
  • Template:Unichar
  • Template:Unichar
• _n : Subscript small n was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The Teuthonista phonetic transcription system uses Template:Unichar and Template:Unichar<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
• ȵ : N with curl is used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>
• Ꞑ ꞑ : N with descender

  Small letter n with mid-height left hook was used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.<ref name="L221156">Template:Cite web</ref>

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤍 : Semitic letter Nun, from which the following symbols originally derive:
  • Ν ν : Greek letter Nu, from which the following symbols originally derive:
    • Template:Script : Coptic letter Ne
    • Н н : Cyrillic letter En
    • 𐌍 : Old Italic N, which is the ancestor of modern Latin N
    • Template:Script : Gothic letter nauþs

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• ₦ : Nigerian Naira

See also

• Template:Unichar
• Template:Unichar – phonetic symbol

External links

• Template:Commons-inline
• Template:Wiktionary-inline