Minnesota

Minnesota (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario to the north and east and by the U.S. states of Wisconsin to the east, Iowa to the south, and North Dakota and South Dakota to the west. It is the 12th-largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd-most populous, with about 5.8 million residents. Minnesota is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes"; it has 14,420 bodies of fresh water covering at least ten acres each.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Roughly a third of the state is forested. Much of the remainder is prairie and farmland. More than 60% of Minnesotans (about 3.71 million) live in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, known as the "Twin Cities", which is Minnesota's main political, economic, and cultural hub<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. Other minor metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas include Duluth, Mankato, Moorhead, Rochester, and St. Cloud.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Minnesota, which derives its name from the Dakota language, has been inhabited by various Native Americans since the Woodland period of the 11th century BCE. Between roughly 200 and 500 CE, two areas of the indigenous Hopewell tradition emerged: the Laurel complex in the north, and Trempealeau Hopewell in the Mississippi River Valley in the south. The Upper Mississippian culture, consisting of the Oneota people and other Siouan speakers, emerged around 1000 CE and lasted through the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century. French explorers and missionaries were the earliest Europeans to enter the region, encountering the Dakota, Ojibwe, and various Anishinaabe tribes. Much of what is now Minnesota formed part of the vast French holding of Louisiana, which the United States purchased in 1803. After several territorial reorganizations, the Minnesota Territory was admitted to the Union as the 32nd state in 1858. Minnesota's official motto, Template:Lang ("The Star of the North"), is the only state motto in French.<ref name="auto1"/> This phrase was adopted shortly after statehood and reflects both the state's early French explorers and its position as the northernmost state in the contiguous U.S.

As part of the American frontier, Minnesota attracted settlers and homesteaders from across the country. Its growth was initially based on timber, agriculture, and railroad construction. Into the early 20th century, European immigrants arrived in significant numbers, particularly from Scandinavia, Germany, and Central Europe. Many were linked to the failed revolutions of 1848, which partly influenced the state's development as a center of labor and social activism.<ref name="The transition of a new world Bohemia.">Template:Cite web</ref> Minnesota's rapid industrialization and urbanization precipitated major social, economic, and political changes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the state was at the forefront of labor rights, women's suffrage, and political reform.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Consequently, Minnesota is relatively unique among Midwestern states in being a reliable base for the Democratic Party, having voted for every Democratic presidential nominee since 1976, longer than any other U.S. state.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Since the late 20th century, Minnesota's economy has diversified away from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services, finance, and health care. Minnesota ranks highly among national averages in terms of life expectancy, healthcare standards, and education, and above average in income per capita. Minnesota is home to 11 federally recognized Native American reservations (seven Ojibwe, four Dakota), and its culture, demographics, and religious landscape reflect Scandinavian and German influence. This heritage continues to affect the state's racial demographics, making it one of the country's least diverse states,<ref name="CensusDiversity">Template:Cite web</ref> but in recent decades, Minnesota has become more multicultural, due to both larger domestic migration and immigration from Latin America, Asia, the Horn of Africa, and the Middle East. The state has the nation's largest population of Somali Americans and second-largest Hmong community.<ref name="MNHmong">Template:Cite web</ref>

Etymology

The word Minnesota comes from the Dakota<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> name for the Minnesota River, which got its name from one of two words in Dakota: "Template:Lang", which means "clear blue water",<ref>New Lakota dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium (2008).</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or "Template:Lang", which means "cloudy water".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="mnhs-name">Template:Cite web</ref> Early explorers interpreted the Dakota name for the Minnesota River in different ways, and four spellings of the state's name were considered before settling on "Minnesota" in 1849, when the Territory of Minnesota was formed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dakota people demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it Template:Lang.<ref name="mnhs-name" />

Many places in the state have similar Dakota names, such as Minnehaha Falls ("curling water" or waterfall), Minneiska ("white water"), Minneota ("much water"), Minnetonka ("big water"), Minnetrista ("crooked water"), and Minneapolis, a hybrid word combining Dakota Template:Lang ("water") and -Template:Lang (Greek for "city").<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The state seal features the phrase Template:Lang ("the land where the water reflects the skies"), the Dakota name for the larger region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

History

File:Minnesota Territory 1849.svg

A map of Minnesota Territory 1849–1858

When Europeans arrived in North America, the Dakota people lived in what is now Minnesota. The first Europeans to enter the region were French voyageurs, fur traders who arrived in the 17th century. They used the Grand Portage to access trapping and trading areas further into Minnesota. The Anishinaabe (also known as Ojibwe or Chippewa) were migrating into Minnesota, causing tensions with the Dakota people,<ref name="timepieces">Template:Cite web</ref> and dislocated the Mdewakanton from their homelands along Mille Lacs Lake. Explorers such as Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, Father Louis Hennepin, Jonathan Carver, Henry Schoolcraft, and Joseph Nicollet mapped the state.

The region was part of Spanish Louisiana from 1762 to 1802.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War, when the Second Treaty of Paris was signed. Land west of the Mississippi was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase, though the Hudson's Bay Company disputed the Red River Valley until the Treaty of 1818, when the border on the 49th parallel was agreed upon.<ref name="Lass" />

In 1805, Zebulon Pike bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers to create a military reservation. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825.<ref name="Gilman">Template:Cite book</ref> Its soldiers built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls, which were harbingers of the water-powered industries around which Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and others had settled near the fort; in 1839 the army forced them off military lands, and most moved downriver, just outside the military reservation, to the area that became St. Paul.<ref name="hfs">Template:Cite web</ref>

Minnesota was part of several territorial organizations between acquisition and statehood. From 1812 to 1821 it was part of the Territory of Missouri that corresponded with much of the Louisiana Purchase. It was briefly an unorganized territory (1821–1834) and was later consolidated with Wisconsin, Iowa and half the Dakotas to form the short-lived Territory of Michigan (1834–1836). From 1836 to 1848, Minnesota and Iowa were part of the Territory of Wisconsin. From 1838 to 1846, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River was part of the Territory of Iowa. Minnesota east of the Mississippi was part of Wisconsin until 1848.<ref name="auto">Minnesota: A History of the State By Theodore Christian Blegen page 202–203</ref>

When Iowa gained statehood, western Minnesota was in an Unorganized Territory again. Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3, 1849. The first territorial legislature, held on September 2, 1849,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was dominated by men of New England ancestry.<ref>New England in the Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 112</ref> Thousands of pioneers had come to create farms and cut timber. Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858. The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed "the New England of the West".<ref>A Collection of Confusable Phrases By Yuri Dolgopolov page 309</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West. With incidents of travel in that territory during the summer of 1849. With a map by E. S. SEYMOUR page xii</ref><ref>Northern Lights: The Stories of Minnesota's Past By Dave Kenney, Hillary Wackman, Nancy O'Brien Wagner page 94</ref>

File:Dakota War of 1862-stereo-right.jpg

Mixed Dakota-Europeans who were rescued by "non-hostile" Dakota. The girl in the foreground wrapped in the striped blanket is Elise Robertson, the sister of Thomas Robertson, a mixed blood who acted as an intermediary between the Dakota and the European-Americans during the Dakota War of 1862

Treaties between the U.S. government and the eastern Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and onto reservations. As conditions deteriorated for the eastern Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the Dakota War of 1862.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men, searching for food, killed a family of white settlers on August 17. That night, a faction of Little Crow's eastern Dakota decided to try to drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley. In the weeks that followed, Dakota warriors killed hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee the area.<ref name="anderson2019">Anderson, Gary Clayton (2019). Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. P. 107 Template:ISBN</ref> The six-week war ended with the defeat of the eastern Dakota and 2,000 in custody, who were eventually exiled to the Crow Creek Reservation by the Great Sioux Reservation in Dakota Territory. The remaining 4,500 to 5,000 Dakota mostly fled the state into Rupert's Land.<ref name="Lass">Template:Cite book</ref> As many as 800 settlers were killed during the war.<ref>Steil, Mark and Tim Post. Hundreds of settlers killed in attacks Template:Webarchive. Minnesota Public Radio. September 26, 2002.</ref>

Minnesota Governor Alexander Ramsey subsequently declared that "the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and placed a bounty of $25/scalp on the heads of the eastern Dakota men. Over 1,600 eastern Dakota women, children, and elderly walked from the Lower Sioux Agency to Fort Snelling to be held until the spring thaw allowed riverboats to take them out of Minnesota to Crow Creek Indian Reservation.<ref name="aftermath">Template:Cite news</ref> William Crooks, commander of 6th Minnesota, had a palisade erected around the encampment on Pike Island, just below the fort, to protect native people from the soldiers and settlers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Conditions there were poor and between 125 and 300 died of disease.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Bounty">Minnesota Bounties On Dakota Men During The US-Dakota War, Hamline University, C. Rotel, 2013,[1] Template:Webarchive</ref> Around 400 Dakota men were tried after the war. 303 were sentenced to death, but Abraham Lincoln reviewed the convictions and approved 39 of the death sentences. In December 1862, 38 of them were hanged.<ref name="Lass"/>

In early 1863, Ramsey resigned as governor to become the Federal Indian Commissioner. His successor, Governor Henry Swift, raised the bounty to $200/scalp. A total of $325 was paid out to four people collecting bounties, including for Little Crow who was killed in July 1863.<ref name="Bounty" /> Upon becoming Indian Commissioner, Ramsey set out to get Ojibwe lands too. In 1863 he negotiated the Treaty of Old Crossing, whereby the Ojibwe ceded all their land in northern Minnesota and moved to reservations.

Logging, farming, and railroads were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls and logging centers of Pine City, Marine on St. Croix, Stillwater, and Winona processed vast quantities of timber. These cities were on rivers that were ideal for transportation.<ref name="Lass" /> St. Anthony Falls was later tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers'" or "clear" flour which it replaced.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By 1900, Minnesota mills, led by Pillsbury, Northwestern, and the Washburn-Crosby Company, an ancestor of General Mills, were grinding 14.1% of the nation's grain.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Phelpsmill ottertailcounty.jpg

Phelps Mill in Otter Tail County

The state's iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the Vermilion and Mesabi ranges in the 1880s, followed by the Cuyuna Range in the early 1900s. The ore went by rail to Duluth and Two Harbors for ship transport east via the Great Lakes.<ref name="Lass" />

Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota's economy was hit hard by the Great Depression, resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. New Deal programs provided some economic turnaround. The Civilian Conservation Corps and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This gave Natives a greater voice within the state and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native languages were no longer suppressed.<ref name="Gilman" />

After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized, with hybridization of corn and wheat, and farm machinery such as tractors and combines became the norm. University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to these developments as part of the Green Revolution.<ref name="Gilman" /> Increased mobility enabled more specialized jobs.<ref name="Gilman" />

Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the United States Navy. It later merged with Remington Rand, and then became Sperry Rand. William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker Medtronic also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949. The nonprofit Mayo Clinic, which was founded in 1864 in Rochester, grew to become one of the country's leading medical systems, and, by the 21st century, Minnesota's largest private employer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1957, the legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area, which became the Metropolitan Council in 1967.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1971, under Governor Wendell Anderson, a series of legislation called the "Minnesota Miracle" led to a broad reform in financing of Minnesota public schools and local governments that created a fairer distribution in taxation and education.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Two postwar Minnesota governors, former dentist Rudy Perpich and former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura, attracted national attention for their unconventional manner, but both enjoyed some popularity within the state.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> After a period of mostly divided government during the 21st century, the DFL (Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party) gained control of all three branches of Minnesota's government and passed significant reforms in the 2023 legislative session, moving the state in a progressive direction.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geography

File:National-atlas-minnesota.svg

Scalable map of Minnesota, showing roads and major bodies of water

Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after Alaska) and northernmost contiguous state, as the isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods County is the only part of the 48 contiguous states north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest and part of North America's Great Lakes region. It shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are to the north. With Template:Convert,<ref>Template:Cite web Retrieved on July 4, 2009.</ref> or approximately 2.25% of the United States,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Minnesota is the 12th-largest state.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geology

File:StLouisRiver JayCooke.JPG

Tilted beds of the Middle Precambrian Thomson Formation in Jay Cooke State Park<ref name="MNGeog">Template:Cite book</ref>

Minnesota has some of the earth's oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6Template:Spacesbillion years old (80% as old as the planet).<ref name="MNGeog" /><ref name=autogenerated1>Template:Cite web</ref> About 2.7Template:Spacesbillion years ago basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean; the remains of this volcanic rock formed the Canadian Shield in northeast Minnesota.<ref name="MNGeog" /><ref name="Compass">Template:Cite book</ref> The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Since a period of volcanism 1.1Template:Spacesbillion years ago, Minnesota's geological activity has been more subdued, with no volcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, which left behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock.<ref name="MNGeog" />

In more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the state's landscape and sculpted its terrain.<ref name="MNGeog" /> The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago.<ref name="MNGeog" /> These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Much of the remainder of the state has 50 feet (15Template:Spacesm) or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago. Its flatbed now is the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling.<ref name="MNGeog" /> Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences earthquakes infrequently, most of them minor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Palisade, Shovel Point (cropped).jpg

Palisade Head on Lake Superior was formed from a Precambrian rhyolitic lava flow.<ref name="MNGeog" />

The state's high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet (701Template:Spacesm), which is only Template:Convert away from the low point of 601 feet (183Template:Spacesm) at the shore of Lake Superior.<ref name="Compass" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling peneplain.<ref name="MNGeog" />

Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesota's northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed. Precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The state's nickname "Land of 10,000 Lakes" is apt, as there are 11,842 Minnesota lakes over Template:Convert in size.<ref name="dnr">Template:Cite web</ref> Minnesota's portion of Lake Superior is the largest at Template:Convert and deepest (at Template:Convert) body of water in the state.<ref name="dnr" /> Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for Template:Convert.<ref name="dnr" /> The Mississippi River begins its journey from its headwaters at Lake Itasca and crosses the Iowa border Template:Convert downstream.<ref name="dnr" /> It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling, by the St. Croix River near Hastings, by the Chippewa River at Wabasha, and by many smaller streams. The Red River drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada's Hudson Bay. Approximately Template:Convert of wetlands are within Minnesota's borders, the most of any state outside Alaska.<ref name="weatheralmanac">Template:Cite book</ref>

Flora and fauna

Minnesota has four ecological provinces: prairie parkland, in the southwestern and western parts of the state; the eastern broadleaf forest (Big Woods) in the southeast, extending in a narrowing strip to the state's northwestern part, where it transitions into tallgrass aspen parkland; and the northern Laurentian mixed forest, a transitional forest between the northern boreal forest and the broadleaf forests to the south.<ref>Ecological Provinces Template:Webarchive, Ecological Classification System, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (1999). Retrieved on May 3, 2008.</ref> These northern forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar.

Much of Minnesota's northern forest has undergone logging, leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest, where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some Template:Convert of unlogged land.<ref name="Heinselman">Template:Cite book</ref> Although logging continues, regrowth and replanting keep about a third of the state forested.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Nearly all Minnesota's prairies and oak savannas have been fragmented by farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development.<ref>Template:Cite web (archived from original June 11, 2008).</ref>

While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten, elk, woodland caribou, and bison,<ref>Bison disappeared in the mid-19th century; the last bison was reported in southwest Minnesota in 1879. Template:Cite book As referenced in Template:Cite book</ref> others like whitetail deer and bobcat thrive. Minnesota has the nation's largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska,<ref>Gray Wolf Factsheet Template:Webarchive, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (January 2007). Retrieved on May 3, 2008.</ref> and supports healthy populations of black bears, moose, and gophers. Located on the Mississippi Flyway, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks, and game birds such as grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. It is home to birds of prey, including the largest number of breeding pairs of bald eagles in the lower 48 states as of 2007,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> red-tailed hawks, and snowy owls. Hawk Ridge is one of the premier birdwatching sites in North America. The lakes teem with sport fish such as walleye, bass, muskellunge, and northern pike, while brook, brown, and rainbow trout populate streams in the southeast and northeast.

Climate

File:Minnesota Köppen.svg

Minnesota's Köppen climate types

Minnesota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The lowest temperature recorded was Template:Convert at Tower on February 2, 1996. The highest was Template:Convert at Moorhead on July 6, 1936.<ref name="extremes">Template:Cite web</ref> Meteorological events include rain, snow, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, derechos, tornadoes, and high-velocity straight-line winds. The growing season varies from 90 days in the far northeast to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River. Average temperatures range from Template:Convert.<ref name="noaa">Template:Cite web</ref> Average summer dewpoints range from about Template:Convert in the south to about Template:Convert in the north.<ref name="noaa" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Average annual precipitation ranges from Template:Convert. Droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.<ref name="noaa" />

Minnesota has been affected by climate change and warmed over the past few years. Rising temperatures have affected natural habitats and many species that live in them. For example, the lakes' water is warming, which affects fish populations: trout, a cold-water fish, is losing its habitat, while the habitat of bass, a warm-water fish, is growing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Minnesota<ref name="Minnesota climate averages">Template:Cite web</ref>

Location	July (°F)	July (°C)	January (°F)	January (°C)
Minneapolis	83/64	28/18	23/7	−4/−13
Saint Paul	83/63	28/17	23/6	−5/−14
Rochester	82/63	28/17	23/3	−5/−16
Duluth	76/55	24/13	19/1	−7/−17
St. Cloud	81/58	27/14	18/−1	−7/−18
Mankato	86/62	30/16	23/3	−5/−16
International Falls	77/52	25/11	15/−6	−9/−21

Protected lands

File:Pose lake Minnesota.jpg

Pose Lake in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

Minnesota's first state park, Itasca State Park, was established in 1891, and is the source of the Mississippi River.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas, 58 state forests covering about four million acres (16,000Template:Spaceskm²), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. The Chippewa and Superior national forests comprise Template:Convert. The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, which encompasses over a million acres (4,000Template:Spaceskm²) and a thousand lakes. To its west is Voyageurs National Park. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MNRRA) is a Template:Convert corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic, cultural, and geologic interest.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Cities and towns

File:OwatonnaBank.JPG

National Farmers Bank in Owatonna by Louis Sullivan

File:Minnesota Municipalities.png

Minnesota Municipalities counties, cities, and towns.

Saint Paul, in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota's capital city since 1849, first as capital of the Territory of Minnesota, and then as the state capital since 1858.

Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are collectively known as the Twin Cities metropolitan area, the country's 16th-largest metropolitan area and home to about 55% of the state's population.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The remainder of the state is known as "Greater Minnesota" or "Outstate Minnesota".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The state has 17 cities with populations above 50,000 as of the 2010 census. In descending order of population, they are Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Rochester, Duluth, Bloomington, Brooklyn Park, Plymouth, Saint Cloud, Woodbury, Eagan, Maple Grove, Coon Rapids, Eden Prairie, Minnetonka, Burnsville, Apple Valley, Blaine, and Lakeville.<ref name="popest">Template:Cite web</ref> Of these, only Rochester, Duluth, and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.

Minnesota's population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state's 87 counties lost residents over the same period.<ref name="EIA">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Largest cities

The United States Navy has recognized multiple Minnesota communities.

Demographics

Overview

File:Minnesota 2020 Population Density.png

A map of Minnesota's population density, 2020

Template:US Census population According to the United States Census Bureau and the Minnesota State Demographic Center, Minnesota had a population of about 5.7 million in 2020, making it the 22nd-most populous U.S. state.<ref name="PopEstUS">Template:Cite web</ref> Its fertility rate in 2021 was slightly below the replacement rate at 1.75, but the state has seen growth over the past century through more births than deaths, and significant immigration.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018 y464">Template:Cite web</ref> A destination for European immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily from Scandinavia, Germany, and Ireland, it now attracts people from Latin America, primarily Mexico; East Africa, particularly Somalis and Ethiopians; and South and Southeast Asia, especially Hmong, Vietnamese, and Indians.<ref name="Immigration Language MN">Template:Cite web</ref> The state has a diverse population in terms of age, birthplace, ancestry, and socioeconomic status, with a well-educated populace and a median household income around $77,000.<ref name="Census Bureau QuickFacts 2022 f936">Template:Cite web</ref>

Race and ethnicity

Minnesota's racial demographics have significantly diversified since its early settlement period. As of 2020, according to U.S. census data, the white population had fallen to 77.5% from over 98% in the early to mid-20th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Concurrently, other racial populations have markedly increased. The Black population has risen to 7%, the Asian population to 5.3%, and those identifying as two or more races to 6.1%.

Racial composition in 2020<ref name="Census 2020">Template:Cite web</ref>

Race	Percentage
White	77.5%
Black or African American	7.0%
American Indian	1.2%
Asian	5.3%
Pacific Islander	0.1%
Other race	3.2%
Two or more races	6.1%

In the 2017 American Community Survey, 5.1% of Minnesota's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (3.5%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.2%).<ref name="ACS2016DEMO">Template:Cite web</ref> The ancestry groups claimed by more than 5% of the population were German (33.8%), Norwegian (15.3%), Irish (10.5%), Swedish (8.1%), and English (5.4%).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Minnesota has the country's largest Somali population, and the largest Hmong population per capita.<ref name="Imgpnanss">New Americans in the North Star State Template:Webarchive</ref> Minnesota also has the largest Norwegian American and Swedish American populations.

Immigration

Since the 1960s, Minnesota's immigrant population has been shaped by its status as a major area for refugee resettlement. As of 2018, Minnesota had the largest refugee population per capita of any state, with 2% of the country's population but 13% of its refugees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The largest groups of refugees over the past decades have been Hmongs, Somalis, Ethiopians, and Vietnamese; other major refugee groups that have recently been settling in Minnesota include Burmese, Liberians, Ecuadorians, Congolese, Russians, and Ukrainians.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Minnesota also receives large numbers of non-refugee immigrants, primarily from Mexico, India, China, Korea, and Canada.

Country of origin of first and second-generation immigrants (2023)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Country	Population
Template:Flag	95,227
Template:Flag	76,658
Hmong peopleTemplate:Efn	55,005
Template:Flag	39,559
Template:Flag	36,982
Template:Flag	24,901
Template:Flag	24,353
Template:Flag	22,283
Template:Flag	20,168
Template:Flag	20,126
Template:Flag	19,235
Template:Flag	18,804
Template:Flag	16,823
Template:Flag	15,679
Template:Flag	13,544
Template:Flag	12,787
Template:Flag	12,137
Template:Flagicon Nigeria	9,508
Template:Flagicon Guatemala	7,727
Template:Flag	6,298

Religion

File:St Paul Cathedral 2012.jpg

The French Renaissance style Cathedral of St. Paul in the city of St. Paul

Minnesota's religious landscape is also diverse, having evolved significantly over its history. The area's first Christian influence came from Catholic missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries. 19th-century European settlers, especially Scandinavians, established Protestant denominations, particularly Lutheranism. Catholicism also continued to be significant due to Irish immigrants, and the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis serves a substantial Catholic community. The 20th and 21st centuries witnessed growth in other Christian denominations and non-Christian religions due to further immigration, leading to the establishment of Buddhist, Hmong folk religion, Muslim, and Hindu communities, as well as a sizable Jewish community.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">Template:Cite book</ref> A growing number of people identify as non-religious, in line with national trends. As of 2014, 74% of Minnesotans identified as Christian, 5% belonged to non-Christian faiths, and 20% identified as religiously unaffiliated, according to the Pew Research Center.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Languages

The Spanish, Cushite, Beja, Somali, Miao, Hmong, Vietnamese, Chinese, Russian, Arabic, Amharic, Karen, and Niger-Congo languages are spoken in Minnesota.<ref>Minnesota Language and Demographic Data Report</ref>

Historical racial and ethnic composition

(NH = Non-Hispanic)

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.

Race / Ethnicity	Pop 2000	Pop 2010	Pop 2020
White alone (NH)	4,337,143	4,405,142	4,353,880
Black or African American alone (NH)	168,813	269,141	392,850
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	52,009	55,421	57,046
Asian alone (NH)	141,083	212,996	297,460
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	1,714	1,860	2,621
Some Other Race alone (NH)	5,031	5,947	20,963
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)	70,304	103,160	236,034
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	143,382	250,258	345,640
Total	4,919,979	5,303,925	5,706,494

Economy

Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Minnesota's economy had a gross domestic product of $383Template:Spacesbillion in 2019,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with 33 of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies by revenue headquartered in Minnesota,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> including Target, UnitedHealth Group, 3M, General Mills, U.S. Bancorp, Ameriprise, Hormel, Land O' Lakes, SuperValu, Best Buy, and Valspar. Private companies based in Minnesota include Cargill, the largest privately owned company in the United States,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Carlson Companies, the parent company of Radisson Hotels.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Minnesota's per capita personal income in 2019 was $58,834, the thirteenth-highest in the nation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its 2019 median household income was $74,593, ranking thirteenth in the U.S. and fifth among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Industry and commerce

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The IDS Tower, designed by Philip Johnson, is the state's tallest building,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> reflecting César Pelli's Art Deco-style Wells Fargo Center.

Minnesota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by St. Anthony Falls. Although less than 1% of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The state is the nation's largest producer of sugar beets, sweet corn, peas for processing, and farm-raised turkeys. Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans,<ref name="resources">Template:Cite web</ref> and has the most food cooperatives per capita in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Forestry remains strong, including logging, pulpwood processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world's iron ore for more than a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, taconite mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2016 the state produced 60% of the country's usable iron ore.<ref name="resources" /> The mining boom created the port of Duluth, which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and biomedical firms, in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor shopping mall was Edina's Southdale Center, and its largest is Bloomington's Mall of America. Minnesota is one of 45 U.S. states with its own lottery; its games include multi-jurisdiction draws and in-house draws.

Largest employers

As of 2025, Minnesota's largest employers were:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Company	Employees in Minnesota	Headquartered in Minnesota?
Mayo Clinic	56,999	Yes
State of Minnesota	44,889	Yes
Target Corporation	35,000	Yes
M Health Fairview	34,673	Yes
HealthPartners	26,300	Yes
Walmart	24,677	No
University of Minnesota	23,481	Yes
Allina Health	21,387	Yes
UnitedHealth Group	19,000	Yes
Federal government	18,031	No
Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system	14,539	Yes
Essentia Health	12,606	Yes
CentraCare Health	11,337	Yes
Wells Fargo	11,000	No
U.S. Bancorp	11,000	No

Energy use and production

Minnesota produces ethanol fuel and is the first to mandate its use, a 10% mix (E10).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2019 there were more than 411 service stations supplying E85 fuel, comprising 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A 2% biodiesel blend has been required in diesel fuel since 2005. Minnesota is ranked in the top ten for wind energy production. The state gets nearly one-fifth of all its electrical energy from wind.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Xcel Energy is the state's largest utility and is headquartered in the state;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> it is one of five investor-owned utilities.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> There are also a number of municipal utilities.<ref name=":0" /> There are also 44 electric distribution cooperatives serving retail electric consumers throughout the state.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

State taxes

Minnesota has a progressive income tax structure; the four brackets of state income tax rates are 5.35%, 7.05%, 7.85%, and 9.85%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2008 Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes.<ref name="TF" /> In 2008 Minnesotans paid 10.2% of their income in state and local taxes; the U.S. average was 9.7%.<ref name=TF>Template:Cite web</ref> The state sales tax in Minnesota is 6.875%, but clothing, prescription drug medications and food items for home consumption are exempt.<ref name="salestax">Template:Cite web</ref> The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Excise taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota.<ref name="salestax" /> Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.Template:Clear left

Culture

Fine and performing arts

File:Mpls arts.jpg

The Minneapolis Institute of Art's Neoclassical north facade, designed by McKim, Mead, and White

File:Menagha St. Urho.jpg

Sculpture of St. Urho in Menahga, Minnesota, in 2020

Minnesota's leading fine art museums include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, and The Museum of Russian Art (TMORA). All are in Minneapolis. The Minnesota Orchestra and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra are prominent full-time professional musical ensembles who perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities' community. The world-renowned Guthrie Theater moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006, boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River. Attendance at theatrical, musical, and comedy events in the area is strong. In the United States, Minneapolis's number of theater companies ranks behind only New York City's,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and about 2.3Template:Spacesmillion theater tickets were sold in the Twin Cities annually as of 2006.<ref name="Royce">Template:Cite news</ref> The Minnesota Fringe Festival in Minneapolis is an annual celebration of theatre, dance, improvisation, puppetry, kids' shows, visual art, and musicals with more than 800 performances over 11 days. It is the country's largest non-juried performing arts festival.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Literature

The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the prairie are the subject of Giants in the Earth by Ole Rolvaag and the Little House series of children's books by Laura Ingalls Wilder. Small-town life is portrayed grimly by Sinclair Lewis in the novel Main Street, and more gently and affectionately by Garrison Keillor in his tales of Lake Wobegon. St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as Winter Dreams and The Ice Palace (published in Flappers and Philosophers). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha was inspired by Minnesota and names of many of the state's places and bodies of water. Minnesota native Bob Dylan won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. Science fiction writer Marissa Lingen lives here.

Entertainment

File:First Avenue nightclub.jpg

First Avenue nightclub, the heart of Minnesota's music community<ref name="Compass" />

Minnesota musicians include Prince, Bob Dylan, Eddie Cochran, The Andrews Sisters, The Castaways, The Trashmen, Soul Asylum, David Ellefson, Chad Smith, John Wozniak, Hüsker Dü, Semisonic, The Replacements, Owl City, Holly Henry, Motion City Soundtrack, Atmosphere, and Dessa. Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture: the Andrews Sisters' "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was an iconic tune of World War II, while the Trashmen's "Surfin' Bird" and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s. In the 1980s, influential hit radio groups and musicians included Prince, The Original 7ven, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, The Jets, Lipps Inc., and Information Society.

Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy, theater, media, and film. The comic strip Peanuts was created by St. Paul native Charles M. Schulz. A Prairie Home Companion which first aired in 1974, became a long-running comedy radio show on National Public Radio. A cult sci-fi cable TV show, Mystery Science Theater 3000, was created by Joel Hodgson in Hopkins, and Minneapolis, MN. Another popular comedy staple developed in the 1990s, The Daily Show, was originated through Lizz Winstead and Madeleine Smithberg.

Joel and Ethan Coen, Terry Gilliam, Bill Pohlad, and Mike Todd contributed to the art of filmmaking as writers, directors, and producers. Notable actors from Minnesota include Loni Anderson, Richard Dean Anderson, James Arness, Jessica Biel, Rachael Leigh Cook, Julia Duffy, Mike Farrell, Judy Garland, Peter Graves, Josh Hartnett, Garrett Hedlund, Tippi Hedren, Jessica Lange, Kelly Lynch, E.G. Marshall, Laura Osnes, Melissa Peterman, Chris Pratt, Marion Ross, Jane Russell, Winona Ryder, Seann William Scott, Kevin Sorbo, Lea Thompson, Vince Vaughn, Jesse Ventura, James Hong, and Steve Zahn.

Popular culture

File:MNfiddles.jpg

A youth fiddle performance at the Minnesota State Fair

Stereotypical traits of Minnesotans include "Minnesota nice", Lutheranism, a strong sense of community and shared culture, and a distinctive brand of North Central American English sprinkled with Scandinavian expressions. Potlucks, usually with a variety of hotdishes, are popular small-town church activities. A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional lutefisk dinner to celebrate Christmas. Life in Minnesota has also been depicted or used as a backdrop, in movies such as Fargo, Grumpy Old Men, Grumpier Old Men, Juno, Drop Dead Gorgeous, Young Adult, A Serious Man, New in Town, Rio, The Mighty Ducks films, and in famous television series like Little House on the Prairie, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Golden Girls, Coach, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, How I Met Your Mother and Fargo. Major movies shot on location in Minnesota include That Was Then... This Is Now, Purple Rain, Airport, Beautiful Girls, North Country, Untamed Heart, Feeling Minnesota, Jingle All The Way, A Simple Plan, and The Mighty Ducks films.

The Minnesota State Fair, advertised as The Great Minnesota Get-Together, is an icon of state culture. In a state of 5.5Template:Spacesmillion people, there were more than 1.8Template:Spacesmillion visitors to the fair in 2014, setting a new attendance record.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The fair covers the variety of Minnesota life, including fine art, science, agriculture, food preparation, 4-H displays, music, the midway, and corporate merchandising. It is known for its displays of seed art, butter sculptures of dairy princesses, the birthing barn, and the "fattest pig" competition. In September 1927, John Philip Sousa and his band gave the premiere performance of "The Minnesota March" at the fair before a grandstand crowd of 12,000.<ref name=":03">Template:Cite web</ref> One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick, such as Pronto Pups, cheese curds, and deep-fried candy bars. On a smaller scale, many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs.

Other large annual festivals include the Saint Paul Winter Carnival, the Minnesota Renaissance Festival, Minneapolis' Aquatennial and Mill City Music Festival, Moondance Jam in Walker, the Judy Garland Festival in Grand Rapids, the Eelpout Festival on Leech Lake, and the WE Fest in Detroit Lakes.

Health

File:MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG

The Mayo Clinic in Rochester

Minnesotans have low rates of premature death, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, and occupational fatalities.<ref name = UHC>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They have long life expectancies,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise.<ref name = UHC /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation; however, in one of these rankings, Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of binge drinking.<ref name = UHC /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While overall health indicators are strong, Minnesota does have significant health disparities in minority populations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On October 1, 2007, the Freedom to Breathe Act took effect, outlawing smoking in restaurants and bars in Minnesota.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Minnesota Department of Health is the primary state health agency responsible for public policy and regulation. Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics operated by a number of large providers including Allina Hospitals & Clinics, CentraCare Health System, Essentia Health, HealthPartners, M Health Fairview and the Mayo Clinic Health System. There are two teaching hospitals and medical schools in Minnesota. The University of Minnesota Medical School is a high-rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and its research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing biotechnology industry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Mayo Clinic, a world-renowned hospital based in Rochester, was founded by William Worrall Mayo, an immigrant from England.<ref name="Welbourn1990">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Haddy2011">Template:Cite book</ref>

U.S. News & World ReportTemplate:'s 2020–21 survey ranked 4,554 hospitals in the country in 12 specialized fields of care, and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in most fields. The hospital ranked first on the best hospitals honor roll. The only specialty where it fell outside the top ten was ophthalmology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into cancer, Alzheimer's disease, heart health, obesity, and other areas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Education

File:Pillsbury Hall.jpg

The Richardsonian Romanesque Pillsbury Hall (1889) is one of the oldest buildings on the University of Minnesota Minneapolis campus.

One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a normal school in Winona. Minnesota's commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well-educated populace. In 2009, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Minnesota had the second-highest proportion of high school graduates, with 91.5% of people 25 and older holding a high school diploma, and the tenth-highest proportion of people with bachelor's degrees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2015, Minneapolis was named the nation's "Most Literate City", while St. Paul placed fourth, according to a major annual survey.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth-grade students internationally in math and science, Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States, behind Massachusetts and Vermont.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2014, Minnesota students earned the tenth-highest average composite score in the nation on the ACT exam.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2013, nationwide in per-student public education spending, Minnesota ranked 21st.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> While Minnesota has chosen not to implement school vouchers,<ref name="vouchers">Template:Cite news</ref> it is home to the first charter school.<ref name="Charter">Template:Cite web</ref>

The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, including 37 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and five major campuses of the University of Minnesota system. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities, six of which rank among the nation's top 100 liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News & World Report.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Transportation

File:Duluth canal.jpg

The Aerial Lift Bridge at Duluth

Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) at the state level and by regional and local governments at the local level. Principal transportation corridors radiate from the Twin Cities metropolitan area and along interstate corridors in Greater Minnesota. The major Interstate highways are [[Interstate 35 in Minnesota|InterstateTemplate:Spaces35]] (I-35), I-90, and I-94, with I-35 and I-94 connecting the Minneapolis–St. Paul area, and I-90 traveling east–west along the southern edge of the state.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref> In 2006, a constitutional amendment was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40% dedicated to public transit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are nearly two dozen rail corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis–St. Paul or Duluth.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref> There is water transportation along the Mississippi River system and from the ports of Lake Superior.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Green Line trains on both tracks.jpg

Two Metro Green Line trains on the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities campus

Minnesota's principal airport is Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport (MSP), a major passenger and freight hub for Delta Air Lines and Sun Country Airlines. Most other domestic carriers serve the airport. Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester, with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via Delta Connection carriers SkyWest Airlines, Compass Airlines, and Endeavor Air.<ref name="DeltaRoutes">Template:Cite web</ref>

Public transit services are available in the regional urban centers in Minnesota including Metro Transit in the Twin Cities, opt-out suburban operators Minnesota Valley Transit Authority, SouthWest Transit, Plymouth Metrolink, Maple Grove Transit and others. In Greater Minnesota transit services are provided by city systems such as Duluth Transit Authority, Mankato Transit System, MATBUS (Fargo-Moorhead), Rochester Public Transit, Saint Cloud Metro Bus, Winona Public Transit and others. Dial-a-Ride service is available for persons with disabilities in a majority of Minnesota counties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In addition to bus services, Amtrak's daily Empire Builder (Chicago–Seattle/Portland) train runs through Minnesota, calling at the Saint Paul Union Depot and five other stations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Intercity bus providers include Jefferson Lines, Greyhound, and Megabus. Local public transit is provided by bus networks in the larger cities and by two rail services. The Northstar Line commuter rail service runs from Big Lake to the Target Field station in downtown Minneapolis. From there, light rail runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the Green Line, and to the MSP airport and the Mall of America via the Blue Line.

Law and government

File:Minnesota state coat of arms (illustrated, 1876).jpg

The historical coat of arms of Minnesota in 1876

Minnesota is governed pursuant to the Minnesota Constitution, which was adopted on October 13, 1857, roughly one year before statehood.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> Like all U.S. states and the federal government, Minnesota has a republican system of political representation with power divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The state constitution includes a bill of rights that reaffirms many of the same rights and freedoms as its federal counterpart, with some protected more strongly and explicitly.<ref name=":1" />

Executive

File:Tim Walz official photo (cropped 2).jpg

Governor Tim Walz

The executive branch is led by Minnesota's governor, currently Tim Walz, a DFLer who took office on January 7, 2019. Walz was also Kamala Harris's running mate in the 2024 United States presidential election. As chief executive, the governor appoints the heads of state agencies and is responsible for faithful execution of the law. As commander-in-chief of the state's armed forces, the governor also has command and control over the Minnesota National Guard.<ref name="Article V, Minnesota Constitution">Template:Cite web</ref> A cabinet consisting of the lieutenant governor and the heads of Minnesota's 22 state agencies consults and assists the governor in the business of state government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Aside from the governor and lieutenant governor, who are elected on a joint ticket, Minnesotans separately elect three other constitutional officers: a secretary of state, an attorney general, and a state auditor.<ref name="Article V, Minnesota Constitution"/>Template:EfnTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn These five "executive officers" together constitute the Executive Council, which has certain statutory responsibilities in matters of state finance, emergency management, and public lands administration.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Constitutional officeholders:

• Governor Tim Walz (DFL)
• Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan (DFL)
• Secretary of State Steve Simon (DFL)
• Attorney General Keith Ellison (DFL)
• State Auditor Julie Blaha (DFL)

Legislature

File:Minnesota State Capitol.jpg

The Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, designed by Cass Gilbert

The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 67 districts, each with about 60,000 people. Each district has one senator and two representatives, each senatorial district being divided into A and B sections for members of the House. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.

Since 2023, both the House and Senate have had a slim DFL majority.<ref name="Faircloth 2022">Template:Cite web</ref>

Judiciary

Minnesota's court system has three levels. Most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the Minnesota Court of Appeals, consisting of 19 judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice Minnesota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the tax court, the workers' compensation court of appeals, first-degree murder convictions, and discretionary appeals from the court of appeals; it also has original jurisdiction over election disputes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established: the workers' compensation court of appeals, and the tax court, which deals with non-criminal tax cases.

Supreme Court Justices<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

• Chief Justice Natalie Hudson

Associate Justices

• Gordon Moore (judge)
• Theodora Gaïtas
• Karl Procaccini
• Sarah Hennesy
• Anne McKeig
• Paul Thissen

Regional

In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. Regional development commissions (RDCs) provide technical assistance to local governments in the broad multi-county areas of the state. Along with this Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), such as the Metropolitan Council, provide planning and oversight of land use actions in metropolitan areas. Many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts.

Federal

Minnesota's United States senators are Democrats Amy Klobuchar and Tina Smith. The state has eight congressional districts; they are represented by Brad Finstad (1st district; R), Angie Craig (2nd; DFL), Kelly Morrison (3rd; DFL), Betty McCollum (4th; DFL), Ilhan Omar (5th; DFL), Tom Emmer (6th; R), Michelle Fischbach (7th; R), and Pete Stauber (8th; R).

Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and Fergus Falls. Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in St. Louis, Missouri and St. Paul.

Tribal

The State of Minnesota was created by the United States federal government in the traditional and cultural range of lands occupied by the Dakota and Anishinaabe peoples as well as other Native American groups. After many years of unequal treaties and forced resettlement by the state and federal government, the tribes re-organized into sovereign tribal governments. Today, the tribal governments are divided into 11 semi-autonomous reservations that negotiate with the U.S. and the state on a bilateral basis:

Four Dakota Mdewakanton communities:

• Prairie Island Indian Community
• Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
• Lower Sioux Indian Reservation
• [[Upper Sioux Community, Minnesota|Upper Sioux CommunityTemplate:SndPejuhutazizi Oyate]]

Seven Anishinaabe reservations:

• Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
• Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Grand Portage Band of Chippewa
• Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
• Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
• White Earth Band of Ojibwe
• Red Lake Band of Chippewa

The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and White Earth reservations.

Politics

Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, and populism has been a long-standing force among the state's political parties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Minnesota has a consistently high voter turnout. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, 78.2% of eligible Minnesotans votedTemplate:Sndthe highest percentage of any U.S. stateTemplate:Sndversus the national average of 61.2%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That figure was surpassed in 2020, when 79.96% of registered voters participated in the general election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Voters can register on election day at their polling places with evidence of residency.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Hubert Humphrey brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for Ronald Reagan in either of his presidential campaigns. Minnesota has voted for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1960, with the exception of 1972, when the state was won by Republican Richard Nixon.

Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level Democratic party has a different name, officially known as the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer–Labor parties.

The state has had active third-party movements. The Reform Party, now the Independence Party, was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major-party status. The Green Party, while no longer having major-party status, has a large presence in municipal government,<ref name="GrnOffHldrs">Template:Cite web</ref> notably in Minneapolis and Duluth, where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Major-party status in Minnesota (which grants state funding for elections) is reserved for parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election (e.g., governor, secretary of state, U.S. president).

The state's U.S. Senate seats was split in the early 1990s and in the 108th and 109th Congresses, Minnesota's congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party. In the 2006 mid-term election, Democrats were elected to all state offices, except governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans Tim Pawlenty and Carol Molnau narrowly won reelection. The DFL posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the party's U.S. House caucus by one. Keith Ellison (DFL) was elected as the first African American U.S. Representative from Minnesota, as well as the first Muslim elected to Congress nationwide.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2008, DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host Al Franken defeated incumbent Republican Norm Coleman in the U.S. Senate race by 312 votes out of three million cast.

In the 2010 election, Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years and, with Mark Dayton's election, the DFL party took the governor's office for the first time in 20 years. Two years later, the DFL regained control of both houses, and with Dayton in office, the party had same-party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990. Two years later, the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House,<ref>Pugmire, Tim, Minn. House: Republicans take control Template:Webarchive, Minnesota Public Radio, November 5, 2014</ref> and in 2016, the GOP also regained control of the State Senate.<ref>MPR News Staff, Republicans take full control of Minnesota Legislature Template:Webarchive, Minnesota Public Radio, November 5, 2014</ref>

In 2018, the DFL retook control of the Minnesota House, while electing DFLer Tim Walz as Governor.

In a 2020 study, Minnesota was ranked as the 15th easiest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Media

File:KSTP Studio.jpg

KSTP studios

The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest media market in the United States, as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state's other top markets are Fargo–Moorhead (118th nationally), Duluth–Superior (137th), Rochester–Mason City–Austin (152nd), and Mankato (200th).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Broadcast television in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when KSTP-TV began broadcasting.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hubbard Broadcasting, which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota. Twin Cities CBS station WCCO-TV and FOX station KMSP-TV are owned-and-operated by their respective networks. There are 39 analog broadcast stations and 23 digital channels broadcast over Minnesota.

The four largest daily newspapers are the Star Tribune in Minneapolis, the Pioneer Press in Saint Paul, the Duluth News Tribune in Duluth, and the Post-Bulletin in Rochester. The Minnesota Daily is the largest student-run newspaper in the U.S.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sites offering daily news on the Web include The UpTake, MinnPost, the Twin Cities Daily Planet, business news site Finance and Commerce and Washington D.C.–based Minnesota Independent. Weekly and monthly publications such as Minnesota Monthly are available.

Two of the largest public radio networks, Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and Public Radio International (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation, broadcasting on 46 radio stations as of 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The state's oldest radio station, KUOM-AM, was launched in 1922 and is among the 10-oldest radio stations in the United States. The University of Minnesota-owned station is still on the air, and since 1993 broadcasts a college rock format.

Sports, recreation and tourism

Minnesota has an active program of organized amateur and professional sports. Tourism has become an important industry, especially in the Lake region. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.<ref>Aaron Shapiro, The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest (University of Minnesota Press, 2015).</ref>

Organized sports

File:2006 WCHA Final Five.jpg

The University of North Dakota and St. Cloud State University during the WCHA Final Five at the Xcel Energy Center

Minnesota has professional men's teams in all major sports.

The Minnesota Vikings have played in the National Football League since their admission as an expansion franchise in 1961. They played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 through 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 until its demolition after the 2013 season for the construction of the team's new home, U.S. Bank Stadium. The Vikings' current stadium hosted Super Bowl LII in February 2018. Super Bowl XXVI was played in the Metrodome in 1992. The Vikings have advanced to the Super Bowl Super Bowl IV, Super Bowl VIII, Super Bowl IX, and Super Bowl XI, losing all four games to their AFC/AFL opponent.

The Minnesota Twins have played in the Major League Baseball in the Twin Cities since 1961. The Twins began play as the original Washington Senators, a founding member of the American League in 1901, relocating to Minnesota in 1961. The Twins won the 1987 and 1991 World Series in seven-game matches where the home team was victorious in all games. The Twins also advanced to the 1965 World Series, where they lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games. The team has played at Target Field since 2010.

The Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association played in the Minneapolis Auditorium from 1947 to 1960, after which they relocated to Los Angeles. The Minnesota Timberwolves joined the NBA in 1989, and have played in Target Center since 1990.

The National Hockey League's Minnesota Wild play in St. Paul's Xcel Energy Center, and reached 300 consecutive sold-out games on January 16, 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Previously, the Minnesota North Stars competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993, which played in and lost the 1981 and 1991 Stanley Cup Finals.

Minnesota United FC joined Major League Soccer as an expansion team in 2017, having played in the lower-division North American Soccer League from 2010 to 2016. The team plays at Allianz Field in St. Paul.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Previous professional soccer teams have included the Minnesota Kicks, which played at Metropolitan Stadium from 1976 to 1981, and the Minnesota Strikers from 1984 to 1988.

Minnesota also has minor-league professional sports teams. The Minnesota Swarm of the National Lacrosse League played at the Xcel Energy Center until the team moved to Georgia in 2015. The St. Paul Saints, who play at CHS Field in St. Paul, are the Triple-A minor league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins.

Professional women's sports include the Minnesota Lynx of the Women's National Basketball Association, winners of the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 WNBA Championships, Minnesota Aurora FC of the United Soccer League W-League, the Minnesota Vixen of the Independent Women's Football League, the Minnesota Valkyrie of the Legends Football League, the Minnesota Frost of the Professional Women's Hockey League, and the Minnesota Whitecaps of the National Women's Hockey League.

The Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school competing in the Big Ten Conference. Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey: the University of Minnesota Duluth; Minnesota State University, Mankato; St. Cloud State University and Bemidji State University. There are nine NCAA Division II colleges in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference, and twenty NCAA Division III colleges in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and Upper Midwest Athletic Conference.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Minneapolis has hosted the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship in 1951, 1992, 2001, and 2019.

The Hazeltine National Golf Club has hosted the U.S. Open, U.S. Women's Open, U.S. Senior Open and PGA Championship. The course also hosted the Ryder Cup in the fall of 2016, when it became one of two courses in the U.S. to host all major golf competitions. The Ryder Cup is scheduled to return in 2028.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Interlachen Country Club has hosted the U.S. Open, U.S. Women's Open, and Solheim Cup.

Winter Olympic Games medalists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the gold medal 1980 ice hockey team (coached by Minnesota native Herb Brooks) and the bronze medalist U.S. men's curling team in the 2006 Winter Olympics, as well as the gold medal-winning team from Duluth at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Swimmer Tom Malchow won an Olympic gold medal in the 2000 Summer games and a silver medal in 1996.

Grandma's Marathon is run every summer along the scenic North Shore of Lake Superior, and the Twin Cities Marathon winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the fall color season. Farther north, Eveleth is the location of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.

Outdoor recreation

File:Lake Calhoun MN.jpg

Fishing on Bde Maka Ska in Minneapolis<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and many of these activities are outdoors. The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Listening Point sauna.jpg

An old sauna cabin of Listening Point on the shores of Burntside Lake in Morse Township, Minnesota

In the warmer months, these activities often involve water. Weekend and longer trips to family cabins on Minnesota's numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents. Activities include water sports such as water skiing, which originated in the state,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> boating, canoeing, and fishing. More than 36% of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze; ice fishing has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long, harsh winters in ice sports such as skating, hockey, curling, and broomball, and snow sports such as cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, luge, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Minnesota is the only U.S. state where bandy is played.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

State and national forests and the 72 state parks are used year-round for hunting, camping, and hiking. There are almost Template:Convert of snowmobile trails statewide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Minnesota has more miles of bike trails than any other state,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a growing network of hiking trails, including the Template:Convert Superior Hiking Trail in the northeast.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter.

See also

• Index of Minnesota-related articles
• Outline of Minnesota

External links

Culture and history

• Minnesota Historical Society
• Minnesota Place Names
• Minnesota Reflections Template:Webarchive
• Minnesota State Guide from the Library of Congress

Government

• Template:Official website
• Indian Affairs Council, State of Minnesota
• Prairie Island Indian Community
• Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
• Lower Sioux Indian Community
• The Upper Sioux Community Pejuhutazizi Oyate
• Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
• Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
• Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
• Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
• White Earth Indian Reservation Tribal Council
• Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians

Maps and demographics

• Minnesota State Demographic Center
• State Facts from USDA
• Minnesota State Highway Map
• Minnesota at OpenStreetMap

Tourism and recreation

• Explore Minnesota
• Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
• Template:Wikivoyage inline