MIT License

Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox software license The MIT License is a permissive software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in the late 1980s.<ref name="history">Template:Cite web</ref> As a permissive license, it puts very few restrictions on reuse and therefore has high license compatibility.<ref name="opensoucecomp">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="comaptible">Template:Cite web</ref>

Unlike copyleft software licenses, the MIT License also permits reuse within proprietary software, provided that all copies of the software or its substantial portions include a copy of the terms of the MIT License and also a copyright notice.<ref name="comaptible"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2015, the MIT License was the most popular software license on GitHub,<ref name="github2015" /> and was still the most popular in 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System, Ruby on Rails, Node.js, Lua, jQuery, .NET, Angular, and React.

License terms

The MIT License has the identifier MIT in the SPDX License List.<ref name="SPDX-MIT">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="OSI-MIT" /> It is also known as the "Expat License".<ref name="gnu-license-list-expat" /> It has the following terms:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Copyright (c) <year> <copyright holders>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Variations

X11 License

The X11 License, also known as the MIT/X Consortium License, is a variation on the MIT license, most known for its usage by the X Consortium.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> It has the identifier X11 in the SPDX License List.<ref name="SPDX-X11">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="gnu-license-list-x11" />

It differs from the MIT License mainly by an additional clause restricting use of the copyright holders' name for advertisement.

It has the following terms:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Copyright (C) <date> <copyright holders>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE X CONSORTIUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Except as contained in this notice, the name of <copyright holders> shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written authorization from <copyright holders>.

MIT No Attribution License

Template:Infobox software licence The MIT No Attribution License, a variation of the MIT License, has the identifier MIT-0 in the SPDX License List.<ref name="SPDX-MIT0">Template:Cite web</ref> A request for legacy approval to the Open Source Initiative was filed on May 15, 2020,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which led to a formal approval on August 5, 2020.<ref name="osi_approval_mit-0"/> By doing so, it forms a public-domain-equivalent license, the same way as BSD Zero Clause.Template:Citation needed It has the following terms:

MIT No Attribution

Copyright <YEAR> <COPYRIGHT HOLDER>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Other variations

The SPDX License List contains extra MIT license variations. Examples include:<ref name="SPDX License List">Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Code, a variation with an additional advertising clause.

There is also the Anti-Capitalist Software License (ACSL),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> built off of the MIT license. The ACSL is not OSI-approved, nor does it qualify as a free software license as defined by the FSF, since it limits the permissions granted to individuals and organizations that do not operate under capitalist structures, like non-profits and cooperatives.

Ambiguity and variants

The name "MIT License" is potentially ambiguous. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has used many licenses for software since its creation; for example, MIT offers four licensing options for the FFTW<ref name="MIT-FFTW-licensing">Template:Cite web</ref> C source code library, one of which is the GPL v2.0 and the other three of which are not open-source. The term "MIT License" has also been used to refer to the Expat License (used for the XML parsing library Expat) and to the X11 License (also called "MIT/X Consortium License"; used for X Window System by the MIT X Consortium).<ref name="gnu-license-list-expat" /> Furthermore, the "MIT License" as published by the Open Source Initiative is the same as the Expat License.<ref name="OSI-MIT">Template:Cite web</ref> Due to this differing use of terms, some prefer to avoid the name "MIT License".<ref name="history"/> The Free Software Foundation argues that the term is misleading and ambiguous, and recommends against its use.<ref name="gnu-license-list-expat" />

The X Consortium was dissolved late in 1996, and its assets transferred to The Open Group,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which released X11R6 initially under the same license. The X11 License<ref name="gnu-license-list-x11" /> and the X11R6 "MIT License" chosen for ncurses by the Free Software Foundation<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> both include the following clause, absent in the Expat License:<ref name="gnu-license-list-expat" />

Template:Blockquote

As of 2020, the successor to the X Window System is the X.Org Server, which is licensed under what is effectively the common MIT license, according to the X.org licensing page:<ref name="xorg-license">Template:Cite web</ref>

The X.Org Foundation has chosen the following format of the MIT License as the preferred format for code included in the X Window System distribution. This is a slight variant of the common MIT license form published by the Open Source Initiative

The "slight variant" is the addition of the phrase "(including the next paragraph)" to the second paragraph of the license text, resulting in: "The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the next paragraph) shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software." This inclusion clarifies that the liability paragraph must also be included for the conditions of the license to be met.<ref name="xorg-license" />

The license-management features at popular source code repository GitHub, as well as its "Choose a License" service, do not differentiate between MIT/Expat license variants. The text of the Expat variant is presented as simply the "MIT License" (represented by the metadata tag mit).<ref name="github-license-docs">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="choosealicense-mit">Template:Cite web</ref>

Comparison to other licenses

BSD

The original BSD license also includes a clause requiring all advertising of the software to display a notice crediting its authors. This "advertising clause" (since disavowed by UC Berkeley<ref name="update">Template:Cite web</ref>) is present in the modified MIT License used by XFree86.

The University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License combines text from both the MIT and BSD licenses; the license grant and disclaimer are taken from the MIT License.

The ISC license contains similarities to both the MIT and simplified BSD licenses, the biggest difference being that language deemed unnecessary by the Berne Convention is omitted.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="theo2008">Template:Cite mailing list</ref>

GNU General Public License

The GPL is explicit about the patent rights an owner grants when the code or derivative work is distributed,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while the MIT license does not discuss patents. Moreover, the GPL license impacts derivative works, but the MIT license does not.

Relation to patents

Like the BSD license, the MIT license does not include an express patent license although some commentators<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> state that the grant of rights covers all potential restrictions including patents. Both the BSD and the MIT licenses were drafted before the patentability of software was generally recognized under US law.<ref>Stern and Allen, Open Source Licensing, p. 495 in Understanding the Intellectual Property License 2013 (Practicing Law Institute 2013)</ref> The Apache License version 2.0<ref name="gnu-license-list-expat"/> is a similarly permissive license that includes an explicit contributor's patent license. Of specific relevance to US jurisdictions, the MIT license uses the terms "sell" and "use" that are also used in defining the rights of a patent holder in Title 35 of the United States Code section 154. This has been construed by some commentators<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref> Template:Citation </ref> as an unconventional but implicit license in the US to use any underlying patents.

Origins

One of the originators of the MIT license, computer scientist Jerry Saltzer, has published his recollections of its early development, along with documentary evidence.<ref name="saltzer-2020"> Template:Cite journal Template:Open access </ref>Template:R

Reception

Template:As of, according to WhiteSource Software<ref name="whitesource2020">Template:Cite web</ref> the MIT license was used in 27% of four million open source packages. Template:As of, according to Black Duck Software<ref name="blackduck2015">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed and a 2015 blog<ref name="github2015">Template:Cite web</ref> from GitHub, the MIT license was the most popular open-source license, with the GNU GPLv2 coming second in their sample of repositories.

References

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External links

MIT License variants
The MIT License template (Open Source Initiative official site)
Expat License Template:Webarchive
X11 License

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