George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

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George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, Template:Post-nominals (26 June 1866 – 5 April 1923), styled Lord Porchester until 1890, was an English peer and aristocrat best known as the financial backer of the search for and excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.

Background and education

Styled Lord Porchester from birth, he was born at 66 Grosvenor Street, Mayfair, London, the only son of Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, a distinguished Tory statesman, by his first wife Lady Evelyn Stanhope, daughter of Anne and George Stanhope, 6th Earl of Chesterfield. Aubrey Herbert was his half-brother.<ref name=Burke03/> He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.<ref>Template:Acad</ref> He inherited the Bretby Hall estate in Derbyshire from his maternal grandmother, Anne Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of Chesterfield in 1885, and succeeded his father in the earldom in 1890.<ref name="The Curse of King Tut's Mummy">Template:Cite book</ref>

He was High Steward of Newbury.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref>

Family

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Lady and Lord Carnarvon at the races in June 1921.

Lord Carnarvon married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell,<ref>Barnard Burke, 1914, p. 387</ref> alleged to be the illegitimate daughter of millionaire banker Alfred de Rothschild,<ref>Burke's Peerage, 107th Edition p. 835, says Rothschild was 'possibly' Almina's father; her son Henry Herbert described him as his grandfather, see No Regrets: Memoirs of the Earl of Carnarvon, 1976, p. 6.</ref> of the Rothschild family, at St Margaret's Church, Westminster, on 26 June 1895. Rothschild provided a marriage settlement of £500,000 (equivalent to £Template:Format price in Template:Inflation/year),Template:Inflation-fn and paid off all Lord Carnarvon's existing debts.<ref name=Cross>Template:Cite book</ref> The Carnarvons had two children:<ref name=Burke03>Template:Cite book</ref>

Henry George Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon (1898–1987), who married Anne Catherine Tredick Wendell (d. 1977) and had one son (the 7th Earl) and one daughter. They divorced in 1936 and from 1939 to 1947 he was married to actress and dancer Tilly Losch.
Lady Evelyn Leonora Almina Herbert (1901–1980), who married Sir Brograve Beauchamp, 2nd Baronet, and had a daughter.<ref name="Charles Mosley 2003">Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003).</ref>

Horse racing

Exceedingly wealthy due to his marriage settlement,<ref name=Cross/> Carnarvon was at first best known as an owner of racehorses, and in 1902 he established Highclere Stud to breed thoroughbred racehorses.<ref name="Architecture">Template:Cite journal.</ref> He joined the Jockey Club<ref name=Winstone98/> and in 1905 was appointed one of the stewards at the new Newbury Racecourse and acted as a steward at other racecourses.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His family has maintained the connection ever since. His grandson, the 7th Earl, was racing manager to Queen Elizabeth II from 1969 until his death in 2001.<ref name="Mosley1">Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, p. 698</ref>

Egyptology

Template:Further Lord Carnarvon was a keen motor-car driver. In 1903 he suffered a serious motoring accident near Bad Schwalbach in Germany, after which he never fully recovered his health.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After a lengthy convalescence his doctors advised that he winter out of England and from then on he and Lady Carnarvon often spent their winters in Egypt.<ref name="The death of Lord Carnarvon"/><ref name=Winstone98>Template:Cite book</ref> Here he became an enthusiastic amateur Egyptologist and also bought Egyptian antiquities for their collection in England.<ref name=Price>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn Herbert at Tutankhamen's tomb.jpg

Lord Carnarvon, his daughter, Lady Evelyn Herbert, and Howard Carter at the top of the steps leading to the newly discovered tomb of Tutankhamun, November 1922.<ref>Harry Burton's photos of Tutankhamun's Tomb, Griffith Institute Archive.</ref>

In 1907 Lord Carnarvon undertook to sponsor the excavation of nobles' tombs in Deir el-Bahri, near Thebes. He employed Howard Carter to undertake the work<ref name=Winstone98/> on the recommendation of Gaston Maspero, director of the Egyptian Antiquities Department.<ref>A letter of Maspero dated 14 October 1907 in his archives in the library of the Institut de France says: You have been kind enough to say to me that you could find a man who knows Egyptology to survey my works. Have you thought to anybody? I will leave the question of payment in your hands but I think I would prefer a compatriot (Manuscripts 4009, folios 292–293). On 16 January 1909 Carter writes to Maspero: Just a word to tell you that Lord Carnarvon has accepted my conditions. He will be there (in Egypt) from 12 February to 20 March. I have to thank you again... (Manuscripts 4009, folio 527) – from Elisabeth David.</ref> In 1912 Carnarvon published Five Years' Exploration at Thebes, cowritten with Carter, describing their excavations.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1914 Lord Carnarvon received the concession to dig in the Valley of the Kings, replacing Theodore Davis, who had resigned. Carter again led the work, undertaking a systematic search of the Valley for any tombs missed by previous expeditions, in particular that of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Excavations were interrupted during the First World War but resumed in late 1917.<ref name=Price/> By 1922 little of significance had been found and Lord Carnarvon decided this would be the final year he would fund the work.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However on 4 November 1922 Carter was able to send a telegram to Lord Carnarvon in England, saying: "At last we have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals intact; re-covered same for your arrival; congratulations."<ref name=Price/>

Lord Carnarvon, accompanied by his daughter, Lady Evelyn Herbert, returned to Egypt, arriving at Luxor on 23 November 1922.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Both were present the next day when the full extent of the stairway to the tomb was cleared and a seal containing Tutankhamun's cartouche found on the outer doorway. This door was removed and the rubble-filled corridor behind cleared, revealing the door of the tomb itself.Template:Sfn Carnarvon was also present when on 26 November Carter made a tiny breach in the top left-hand corner of this doorway, enabling him to peer in by the light of a candle. When Carnarvon asked, "Can you see anything?" Carter replied "Yes, wonderful things!" The tomb was then secured, to be entered in the presence of an official of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities the next day.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However that night Carter, his assistant Arthur Callender, Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn apparently made an unauthorised visit, becoming the first people in modern times to enter the tomb.<ref>Lord Carnarvon, The Times (11 December 1922), cited in Winstone, p. 154.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Hoving>Template:Cite book</ref> Some sources suggest that the group also entered the inner burial chamber.<ref>That the group entered the burial chamber is supported by Lucas and Hoving but dismissed by Carnarvon in The Times, 11 December 1922.</ref> In this account a small hole was found in the chamber's sealed doorway and Carter, Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn crawled through.<ref name=Hoving/>

The next morning, 27 November, saw an inspection of the tomb in the presence of an Egyptian official. Callender rigged up electric lighting, illuminating a vast haul of items, including gilded couches, chests, thrones and shrines. They also saw evidence of two further chambers, including the sealed doorway to the inner burial chamber, guarded by two life-size statues of Tutankhamun.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In spite of evidence of break-ins in ancient times, the tomb was virtually intact and would ultimately be found to contain more than 5,000 items.

On 29 November the tomb was officially opened in the presence of a number of invited dignitaries and Egyptian officials.Template:Sfn

Lord Carnarvon travelled to England in December 1922, returning in January 1923 to be present at the official opening of the inner burial chamber on 16 February.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Before the opening Carnarvon had sold the exclusive newspaper rights to report the excavation to The Times. Whilst this helped finance the work it created resentment both from other newspapers and from the Egyptian authorities, whose own press was also excluded.<ref name=Price130/>

Towards the end of February a rift with Carter, probably caused by a disagreement on how to manage the supervising Egyptian authorities, temporarily closed excavation. Work recommenced in early March after Carnarvon had apologised.<ref name=Price130>Template:Cite book</ref> This was to be Lord Carnarvon's last significant involvement in the excavation project since he fell seriously ill shortly afterwards.

Death

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Lord Carnarvon's tomb on Beacon Hill

On 19 March 1923 Carnarvon suffered a severe mosquito bite, which became infected after a razor cut. On the 5th of April he died in the Continental-Savoy Hotel in Cairo from, according to contemporary reports, blood poisoning progressing to pneumonia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 14 April Lady Almina Carnarvon moved Lord Carnarvon's remains to England.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His tomb appropriately reflects his archaeological interest, being situated within an ancient hill fort on Beacon Hill overlooking his Highclere family seat.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

After Lord Carnarvon's death Carter continued the excavation. However the Egyptian government took ownership of the contents of the tomb and in April 1930 provided a grant of £35,000 to his heirs (equivalent to £Template:Format price in Template:Inflation/year).Template:Inflation-fn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legends and speculations

Encouraged by newspaper speculation,<ref name=Price130/><ref>Pappas, Stephanie. Curse of King Tut's Tomb Turns 90, Live Science. retrieved on 10 June 2020. " 'As with all celebrity deaths, the story rapidly gathered its own momentum and soon there were reports of sinister goings on,' Tylsdesley said. 'At the very moment of Carnarvon's death all the lights in Cairo had been mysteriously extinguished and at his English home Carnarvon's dog, Susie, let out a great howl and died.' "</ref> the ‘Curse of Tutankhamun’, or the ‘Mummy's Curse’ entered into popular culture and was fuelled further by the author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's suggestion that Carnarvon's death had been caused by ‘elementals’ created by Tutankhamun's priests to guard the royal tomb.<ref>Hamilton-Paterson, J Mummies: Death and Life in Ancient Egypt, James Hamilton-Paterson, Carol Andrews, p. 197, Collins for British Museum Publications, 1978, p. 196. Template:ISBN</ref> On 3rd April 1923, just six weeks after Howard Carter had unsealed the burial chamber in the tomb of Tutankhamun, Conan Doyle arrived in New York to begin a four-month lecture tour on Spiritualism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Two days later he was asked by a reporter whether he connected the breaking news of Carnarvon’s death with the curse of the pharaohs. Conan Doyle responded to this question by drawing parallels between the death of Carnarvon and his late friend Bertram Fletcher Robinson,<ref>– Fletcher Robinson & the 'Mummy' (Part I) by Paul R Spiring, – Fletcher Robinson & the 'Mummy' (Part II) by Paul R Spiring</ref> and his comments were reported in an article, which appeared in the Daily Express newspaper on 7th April 1923, as follows:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

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In 1998 it was argued in the Canadian Medical Association Journal that Conan Doyle may well have been right, owing to research (published in Proceedings of the Royal Society) by Sylvain Gandon,<ref name=GandonBio2023a>Template:Cite web</ref> then of the Laboratoire d’Écologie in Paris, on the longevity and potency of toxic spores, as well as comments by archaeologist Nicholas Reeves on "reports of a black fungus inside the tomb".<ref name=CMAJ1998a>Template:Cite journal (If the current web address becomes out-of-date, Google Scholar versions are here (and here), giving alternative web addresses here, here (showing PMC), and (alternative PDF addresses:) here and here)</ref> Howard Carter dismissed such speculation as 'tommy-rot', commenting that "the sentiment of the Egyptologist [...] is not one of fear, but of respect and awe [...] entirely opposed to foolish superstitions".<ref>Winstone, H.V.F. Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, Barzan, Manchester. 2006, p. 326. Template:ISBN</ref> Carter also asked a scientist he knew to test for possible pathogens on one of Tutankhamun's bandages, and the test reportedly found nothing.<ref name=Channel4-2022a/> But modern testing of Egyptian mummies has found the presence of the toxic fungus Aspergillus flavus, whose spores also reportedly killed scientists after the opening of a 15th century royal tomb in Poland in 1973, and Carnarvon (and other alleged victims such as George Jay Gould and Arthur Mace) showed symptoms that were at least arguably consistent with poisoning by its spores. The Aspergillus flavus speculation was revived in a 2022 documentary by Channel 4 that argued that its spores were a possible cause of Carnarvon's death (and possibly also of the deaths of Gould and Mace).<ref name=Channel4-2022a>Template:Cite web</ref>

Some of the stories were clearly fabricated, including that a curse had been found inscribed on the wall of the tomb,<ref name=Price130/><ref>Pappas, Stephanie. Curse of King Tut's Tomb Turns 90, Live Science. retrieved on 10 June 2020. "After Carnarvon died, Corelli spread the false rumor that the phrase 'death comes on wings to he who enters the tomb of a pharaoh' was carved on King Tut's tomb."</ref> while a study showed that those involved in the tomb's discovery and clearance did not have a lower than average life expectancy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2003 a letter in The LancetTemplate:'s Correspondence section claimed that it was unlikely that Carnarvon's death had anything to do with Tutankhamun's tomb. The letter argues that although the earl was one of those to enter the tomb on several occasions, none of the other 25 from Europe was affected in the months after their entries. The cause of Carnarvon's death was reported as ‘pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas' (a streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue). Pneumonia was thought to be only one of various complications arising from the progressively invasive infection that eventually resulted in multiorgan failure." The earl had been "prone to frequent and severe lung infections" according to the letter to The Lancet and there had been a "general belief ... that one acute attack of bronchitis could have killed him. In such a debilitated state, the earl's immune system was easily overwhelmed by erysipelas."<ref name="The death of Lord Carnarvon">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In popular culture

Carnarvon has been portrayed several times in film, video game and television productions, with events portrayed with varying degrees of accuracy:Template:Sfn<ref name="imdb">Template:Cite web</ref>
- By Harry Andrews in the 1980 Columbia Pictures Television production The Curse of King Tut's Tomb.
- By Julian Curry in the 1998 IMAX documentary Mysteries of Egypt.
- By Julian Wadham in the 2005 BBC docudrama Egypt.
- By Sam Neill in the 2016 ITV series Tutankhamun.
In the film The Mummy the character Evelyn Carnahan is named in tribute to Lord Carnarvon's daughter, Lady Evelyn,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> whose father, although not named, is described as one of Egyptology's "finest patrons".
'Lord Carnarvon' is the quest leader for the Archaeologist role in the classic text-based computer game NetHack.
His country house, Highclere Castle, serves as the exterior and upstairs filming location of the ITV/PBS television series Downton Abbey. The below-stairs scenes were filmed on a set in London, since Highclere's basement is the home of Carnarvon's Egyptian collection. Highclere is owned by the present earl.

Works

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References

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External links

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