Harvey Fletcher

Harvey Fletcher (September 11, 1884 – July 23, 1981) was an American physicist.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Known as the "father of stereophonic sound", he is credited with the invention of the 2-A audiometer<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and an early electronic hearing aid.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=SHFletch-NAS>Template:Cite web</ref> He was an investigator into the nature of speech and hearing, and made contributions in acoustics, electrical engineering, speech, medicine, music, atomic physics, sound pictures, and education. Following his death, he was credited with collaborating with his doctoral advisor, Robert Millikan, on the Nobel-prize winning oil drop experiment which first determined the charge of the electron.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Early years

Fletcher was born in Provo, Utah. He graduated from Brigham Young High School in 1904. He enrolled at Brigham Young University (BYU), graduating in 1907 with a bachelor's degree. He married Lorena Chipman. They were the parents of seven children.<ref name= "Stanford 2016">Template:Citation</ref> Harvey Fletcher was the father of James C. Fletcher, former president of the University of Utah and NASA Administrator <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and of Harvey J. Fletcher, a BYU math professor.

Graduate work

In 1911, Fletcher was the first physics student to earn a PhD summa cum laude from the University of Chicago.<ref name= "Stanford 2016"/> His dissertation research was on methods to determine the charge of an electron. This included the oil drop experiment commonly attributed to his advisor and collaborator, Robert Andrews Millikan. Millikan took sole credit, in return for Fletcher claiming full authorship on a related result for his dissertation. Fletcher's contributions were detail-oriented but still contributed to the successful experiment, in which he incorporated, among other things, experience with projection lanterns.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Millikan went on to win the 1923 Nobel Prize for Physics, in part for this work, and Fletcher kept the agreement a secret until his death.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

After completing his doctorate, he returned to BYU, where he became the head of the physics department. He served in this capacity from 1911 until 1916. Fletcher left BYU to work at Western Electric, establishing himself as a researcher.<ref name= "Stanford 2016"/> He organized the founding of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) in 1929.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories' Engineering Staff Research Department where he found great interest in the physics of sound (acoustical science).<ref name= "Stanford 2016"/> He worked there from 1933 to 1949, when he became a professor of electrical engineering at Columbia University from 1949 to 1952. He returned to BYU in 1952 to be the director of research. He served in that role as well as being the first dean of the new college of physics and engineering sciences until 1958.<ref name="files.lib.byu.edu">L. Tom Perry Special Collections, BYU Library. http://files.lib.byu.edu/ead/XML/MSS1233.xml Retrieved 2014.12.20</ref>

Notable contributions

Fletcher's contributions to speech perception are among his best-known work. He showed that speech features are usually spread over a wide frequency range, and developed the articulation index to approximately quantify the quality of a speech channel.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He also developed the concepts of equal-loudness contours (commonly known as Fletcher–Munson curves), loudness scaling and summation, and the critical band.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

At Bell Labs, he oversaw research in electrical sound recording, including the first successful stereophonic recordings, the first live stereo sound transmission, and the production of the first vinyl recording. All of this was done with the help of the conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra, Leopold Stokowski, between 1931 and 1932.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>William Ander Smith. The Mystery of Leopold Stokowski. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990, p. 175.</ref> Some of his other accomplishments include the production of the first functional hearing aid, the 2-A audiometer, and the artificial larynx.<ref name= "Stanford 2016"/> At Bell Labs, he worked with and was reportedly a tremendous influence on Harold Burris-Meyer, who developed advances in psychoacoustics.<ref>Prof. Gascia Ouzounian, presentation about Harold Burris-Meyer entitled "Psycho-Acoustics: Sound Control, Emotional Control, and Sonic Warfare", presented by the Samuel C. Williams Library at Stevens Institute of Technology, October 19, 2022</ref>

Much of his research is considered to be authoritative, and his books, Speech and Hearing and Speech and Hearing in Communication, are notable treatises on the subject.

Honors

Fletcher was elected an honorary fellow of the Acoustical Society of America in 1949, the second person to receive this honor after Thomas Edison, 20 years earlier. He was president of the American Society for Hard of Hearing, an honorary member of the American Otological Society and an honorary member of the Audio Engineering Society. In 1924 he was awarded the Louis E. Levy Medal by the Franklin Institute for physical measurements of audition. He was president of the American Physical Society. He was the first president of Acoustical Society of America (1929–31).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1937 he was elected vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was also a member of the National Hearing Division Committee of Medical Sciences. He was given the Progress Medal Award by the American Academy of Motion Pictures, in Hollywood. For eight years he acted as National Councilor for the Ohio State University Research Foundation.

In 2010, Fletcher was honored by BYU as the founding dean of its College of Engineering <ref name="test">Template:Cite web</ref> (now the Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering).

On April 23, 2016, Fletcher was awarded a posthumous technical Grammy Award for his research and inventions related to stereophonic sound.<ref name= "Stanford 2016"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

Fletcher was a devout member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.<ref>In Memory of Harvey Fletcher</ref>

He died on July 23, 1981, after a stroke.

External links

• "In Memory of Harvey Fletcher" - a brief biography and collection of links
• Oral history interview transcript with Harvey Fletcher on 15 May 1964, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
• Department of Communication Disorders at BYU - Audiology department at BYU
• Harvey Fletcher Scientist, Father of Stereophonic Sound, Author
• Fletcher Interview, 1963
• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
• Materials related to Harvey Fletcher at the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University