International News Service

The International News Service (INS) was a U.S.-based news agency (newswire) founded by newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst in 1909.<ref name="Liebenson">Donald Liebenson, "Upi R.i.p.", Chicago Tribune, 4 May 2003, accessed 11 May 2011</ref>

The INS consistently ranked as the third-largest news agency in the U.S., trailing behind its major competitors, the Associated Press and United Press. Despite notable achievements and considerable investments, the INS never managed to surpass its rivals. At its peak, the INS served 19 percent of American daily newspapers (1948).<ref name="Journalism. 2009 pp. 775-776">Encyclopedia of Journalism. (2009). United States: SAGE Publications, pp. 775-776.</ref> In May 1958 it merged with rival United Press to become United Press International.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Hearst News Service

The precursor to the International News Service was the Hearst News Service, which was established in 1904. In 1903, the Hearst publishing organization leased a telegraph line from San Francisco to New York, passing through Chicago, to facilitate its expanding newspaper business in these three cities and to share reporting. This service also provided news items to other newspapers, leading to the formation of the Hearst News Service.<ref name="Journalism. 2009 p. 775">Encyclopedia of Journalism. (2009). United States: SAGE Publications, p. 775.</ref><ref>Editor & Publisher, January 20, 1917, Volume 49, Issue 32, p. 13.</ref>

International News Service

In May 1909, the Hearst publishing organization established the American News Service (ANS), headquartered in New York. The American News Service was formed to sell Hearst's wire reports to outside morning papers in the United States. Curtis J. Mar was appointed the first president and general manager of the ANS, succeeded the same year by Richard A. Farrelly. The service was expanded to include foreign news reporting from August 1909.<ref name="Richard A 1989 p. 229">Schwarzlose, R. A. (1989). The Nation's Newsbrokers: The rush to institution, from 1865 to 1920, Northwestern University Press, p. 229.</ref><ref name="Journalism. 2009 p. 775"/>

Shortly after its establishment, the American News Service was split into two divisions to cater to morning and evening newspapers across the United States. In order to reflect its widened news field which now included reporting of the domestic and foreign news, the American News Service was renamed the International News Service (INS) in January 1910. The INS was responsible for providing overnight reports to morning newspapers seven days a week. At the same time, Hearst established the National News Association (NNA) to provide six day a week news report for evening newspapers.<ref name="Richard A 1989 p. 229"/>

In 1911, the National News Association was dissolved: ultimately, the morning and evening services were integrated and operated under the INS banner.<ref name="Journalism. 2009 p. 775"/>

In 1916, E. Barry Faris joined the INS as a correspondent and news manager in Washington, D.C.<ref>The Editor and Publisher, ‘International News Service. Organization Received Many Congratulations on Its Effective Work', November 11, 1916, Vol. 49, Issue 22, p. 8.</ref> Consequently, E. Barry Faris stayed with the INS for the next forty years and became one of the key figures in the organization: he served as an assistant to editorial managers Marlen E. Pew and George G. Shor. In 1927 E. Barry Faris was promoted to general news manager and in 1932 became the editor of the INS, a position he held until the INS and United Press were merged in 1958.<ref>Koenigsberg, M. (1941). King News: An Autobiography. United States: F.A. Stokes Company, p. 458.</ref><ref>Schwarzlose, R. A. (1989). The Nation's Newsbrokers: The rush to institution, from 1865 to 1920, Northwestern University Press, p. 230.</ref>

File:30-yrs-of-momentous-journalism-with-ins-14-feb-1950.jpg

The INS press release (February 14, 1950): "30 Years of Momentous Journalism with INS"

Established two years after Hearst-competitor E.W. Scripps combined three smaller syndicates under his control into United Press Associations,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> INS battled the other major newswires. It added a picture service, International News Photos, or INP. The Hearst newsreel series Hearst Metrotone News (1914–1967) was released as International Newsreel from January 1919 to July 1929. Universal Service, another Hearst-owned news agency, merged with International News Service in 1937.<ref name="Time, Universal Service2">The Press: Mouthpiece Merged, Time, August 23, 1937</ref> Always a distant third to its larger rivals the Associated Press and the United Press, the INS was merged with UP on May 24, 1958, to become UPI.

New York City's all-news radio station, WINS, then under Hearst ownership, took its call letters from INS,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as did the short-lived (1948–49), DuMont Television Network nightly newscast, I.N.S. Telenews.

Notable employees and contributors

Among those who worked for INS were future broadcasters William Shirer, Edwin Newman, Bob Clark, Freeman Fulbright, and Irving R. Levine, who in 1950 covered the outbreak of war in Korea for INS.<ref name="NYT">Template:Cite news</ref> Marion Carpenter, the first woman national press photographer to cover Washington, D.C., and the White House, and to travel with a US president, also had worked for the INS.<ref name=APress>The Associated Press (AP): "Remembering Marion Carpenter: Pioneer White House Photographer Dies," Template:Cite web, retrieved November 25, 2002.</ref> The INS also counted among its ranks other famous journalists, including Jack Lait, Damon Runyon, Karl Henry von Wiegand, Otto D. Tolischus, Dorothy Thompson, Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker, Pierre J. Huss, Richard Tregaskis, Max Jordan.<ref name="Journalism. 2009 pp. 775-776"/>

International News Service v. Associated Press

During the early years of World War I, Hearst's INS was barred from using Allied telegraph lines, because of reporting of British losses.<ref>Koenigsberg, M. (1941). King News: An Autobiography. United States: F.A. Stokes Company, p. 454.</ref> INS made do by allegedly taking news stories off AP bulletin boards, rewriting them and selling them to other outlets. AP sued INS and the case reached the United States Supreme Court.<ref name=Findlaw/>

The case was considered important in terms of distinguishing between upholding the common law rule of "no copyright in facts", and applying the common law doctrine of misappropriation through the tort of unfair competition. In International News Service v. Associated Press of 1918, Justice Mahlon Pitney wrote for the majority in ruling that INS was infringing on AP's "lead-time protection", and defining it as an unfair business practice. Pitney narrowed the period for which the newly defined proprietary right would apply: this doctrine "postpones participation by complainant's competitor in the processes of distribution and reproduction of news that it has not gathered, and only to the extent necessary to prevent that competitor from reaping the fruits of complainant's efforts and expenditure."<ref name=Findlaw>Template:Cite web</ref> Justice Louis D. Brandeis wrote a minority opinion, objecting to the court's creating a new private property right.

INS Poll

Between 1952 and 1957, members of the International News Service conducted an annual college football poll, similar to those held by rivals at the Associated Press (AP Poll) and United Press (Coaches Poll). Every week during the football season, a group of experts and writers issues a list of the top 10 teams of that week, culminating in a national champion awarded at the end of the season, before the bowl games.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The poll ceased after INS merged with UP in 1958.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

Season	INS National Champion
1952	Georgia Tech
1953	Maryland
1954	Ohio State
1955	Oklahoma
1956	Oklahoma
1957	Ohio State
Source:<ref name=":0" />

Further reading

• Harnett, Richard M. and Billy G. Ferguson, UNIPRESS: United Press International — Covering the 20th Century, Fulcrum Publishing, 2003.
• Koenigsberg, M. (1941). King News: An Autobiography. United States: F.A. Stokes Company.

External links

• Template:Cite news (Report on United Press International/INS merger)