Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox officeholder Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (Template:IPA, 15 December 1861 – 29 February 1944) was the third president of Finland from 1931 to 1937. Serving as a lawyer, judge, and politician in the Grand Duchy of Finland, which was at that time an autonomous state under the Russian Empire’s rule, Svinhufvud played a major role in the movement for Finnish independence. He was the one who presented the Declaration of Independence to the Parliament.<ref name="valtioneuvosto">Template:Cite book</ref>
From December 1917, Svinhufvud was the first head of government of independent Finland as Chairman of the Senate.<ref name="valtioneuvosto"/> He led the White government during the Finnish Civil War while Mannerheim led their armies. After the war, he served as Finland's first temporary head of state with the title of Regent during the project to establish a German-aligned monarchy in the country, until late 1918 when he stepped down in favour of Mannerheim. He later served as Prime Minister from 1930 to 1931,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> before being elected to the presidency. As president, he was notable for putting an end to the Mäntsälä rebellion.
As a conservative and nationalist who was strong in his opposition to communism and the Left in general, Svinhufvud did not become a President embraced by all the people, although as the amiable Ukko-Pekka ("Old Man Pekka"), he did enjoy wide popularity.<ref>Kotkaniemen tiluksilla vaalitaan presidentti Svinhufvudin perintöä (in Finnish)</ref> Svinhufvud's sharp line as a defender of Finland's legal rights during the period under Russian rule was especially valued in the early years of independence until the end of the World War II, unlike in later decades. Ever since communism and the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s, appreciation of Svinhufvud has begun to increase.<ref>Svinhufvud, Pehr Evind (1861–1944) (in Finnish)</ref>
Family background and early life
[edit]Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad was born in Sääksmäki. He was the son of Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad II, a sea captain, and Olga von Becker. His father drowned at sea off Greece in 1863, when Pehr Evind was only two years old. He spent his early childhood at the home of his paternal grandfather, Per Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (a provincial treasurer of Häme), at Rapola, where the family had lived for five generations. The Svinhufvuds (literally translated as "Swine-head")<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> are a Finland-Swedish noble family tracing their history back to Dalarna, Sweden. Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, an army lieutenant in the reign of Charles XII, had moved from there to Rapola after the Great Northern War. The family had been ennobled in Sweden in 1574, and it was also introduced to the Finnish House of Nobility in 1818. Rapola was sold when his grandfather shot himself in 1866, and Svinhufvud moved to Helsinki with his mother and his sister.
He attended the Swedish-language high school in Helsinki. In 1878, at the age of 16, he enrolled at the Imperial Alexander University of Helsinki. There he gained a Bachelor's degree in 1881, and then completed a Master of Arts degree in 1882; his main subjects being Finnish, Russian and Scandinavian History. After this, he took a Master of Laws degree, graduating in 1886. In 1889, Svinhufvud married Alma (Ellen) Timgren (1869–1953). They had six children, Yngve (1890–1991), Ilmo Gretel (1892–1969), Aino Mary (1893–1980), Eino (1896–1938), Arne (1904–1942), and Veikko (1908–1969).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A lawyer and a politician
[edit]Svinhufvud's career in law followed a regular course: he worked as a lawyer, served at district courts, and served as a deputy judge at the Turku Court of Appeal. In 1892 he was appointed as a member of the Senate's law-drafting committee at the relatively young age of 31. For six years he worked in the committee, initially redrafting taxation laws. As head of his family, Svinhufvud participated as a member of the Estate of Nobles in the Diet of Finland in 1894 and 1899–1906.
He found his work on the law-drafting committee tedious and moved to the Court of Appeal as an assistant judge in 1902, his long-term goal being the easy life of a rural judge. Svinhufvud stayed mainly in the background until 1899, when Imperial Russia initiated a Russification policy for the autonomous Grand Duchy. The Finnish answer was mainly legislative and constitutional resistance, of which Svinhufvud became a central figure as a judge in the Court of Appeals.
When some inhabitants of Helsinki lodged a complaint with the Turku Court of Appeal in 1902, concerning violence employed by the Russian Governor of Uusimaa to break up a demonstration against military call-ups, the court initiated proceedings against Governor-General Bobrikov. Bobrikov demanded that they be stopped, and when this did not happen, he used a decree which the Finns regarded as illegal to dismiss sixteen officials of the court, including Svinhufvud.
Originally a moderate of the Finnish Party or Old Finnish Party, after his dismissal Svinhufvud became a strict constitutionalist who regarded the resistance of judges and officials as a question of justice, not believing that political expediency offered compromises. He moved to Helsinki to work as a lawyer and participated in the political activities both of the Diet and of a secret society, Kagal.
Svinhufvud played a key role in the birth of a new parliamentary system in 1905 and he was elected as a Young Finnish Party member of the new Parliament in 1906. Svinhufvud went on to serve as a member of Parliament on four occasions (1907–1908, 1908–1914, 1917, and 1930–1931).
After being appointed as a judge in Heinola in 1906, he attempted to keep out of the front line of politics. However he was elected Speaker of the Parliament in 1907, largely because the majority Social Democrats considered him "the best-known opponent of illegality". Svinhufvud's parliamentary opening speeches, in which he laid emphasis on legality, led to the Tsar dissolving Parliament in both 1909 and 1910. He served as Speaker until 1912. Svinhufvud also served as a judge in Lappee 1908–1914.
During the First World War Russia replaced various Finnish officials with Russians. Svinhufvud refused to obey the orders of the Russian procurator Konstantin Kazansky, which he considered illegal, and this led to his removal from office as a judge and being exiled to Tomsk in Siberia in November 1914. In his Siberian exile, he spent his time hunting and mending his clothes, still keeping secret contact with the independence movement. When he left Finland, he had promised to return "with the help of God and Hindenburg". When news of the February Revolution reached Svinhufvud, he walked to the town's police station and bluntly announced, "The person who sent me here has been arrested. Now I'm going home." In Helsinki he was greeted as a national hero.
Independence and the Civil War
[edit]
Svinhufvud was appointed as Chairman of the Senate on 27 November 1917, and was a key figure in the announcement of Finland's declaration of independence on 6 December 1917.<ref name="valtioneuvosto"/> He also personally went to Saint Petersburg with Carl Enckell and Gustaf Idman to meet Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who gave his official recognition of Finnish independence.<ref>IS: Lenin tunnusti Suomen tasan sata vuotta sitten – kohtasi suomalaisdelegaation pää painuksissa ja harmitteli myöhemmin lipsahdustaan (in Finnish)</ref> This is how the meeting is told in Svinhufvud's biography Svinhufvud ja itsenäisyyssenaatti written by Erkki Räikkönen: Template:Blockquote
Svinhufvud's Senate also authorized General Mannerheim to form a new Finnish army on the basis on White Guard, the (chiefly Rightist) volunteer militia called the Suojeluskunta, an act simultaneously coinciding with the beginning of the Civil War in Finland.
During the Civil War, Svinhufvud went underground in Helsinki and sent pleas for intervention to Germany and Sweden. The conflict also turned him into an active monarchist, though not a royalist. In March 1918 he managed to escape via Berlin-Stockholm to the Senate, now located in Vaasa, where he resumed his function as head of government. In this role he pardoned 36,000 Red prisoners in the autumn of 1918. On 18 May, Svinhufvud became Protector of State or Regent, retaining this post as head of state after he stood down as Chairman of the Senate on 27 May.
After Germany's defeat in World War I, and the failed attempt to make Finland a monarchy under the King of Finland (Frederick Charles of Hesse was elected), Svinhufvud withdrew from public life and was active only in the anti-communist Suojeluskunta militia.
Prime Minister and President
[edit]
In 1925 he was the presidential candidate for the conservative Kokoomus party, but was not elected. After the emergence of the anti-communist Lapua Movement, President Relander appointed him as Prime Minister of Finland on the Lapua Movement's insistence. Svinhufvud was elected president in 1931, and appointed Mannerheim as Chairman of the Defence Council, not least of all as an answer to the Lapua Movement's fear of having fought the Civil War in vain.
He resisted both communist agitation and the Lapua Movement's exploits. All Communist members of parliament were arrested. In February 1932 there was a so-called Mäntsälä Rebellion, when the Suojeluskunta-Militia and the Lapua Movement demanded the Cabinet's resignation. The turning point came with the President's broadcast radio speech, in which he called on the rebels to surrender and ordered all Civil Guard members who were heading for Mäntsälä to return to their homes:
Template:Blockquote His speech stopped the rebellion before anything serious happened.
Svinhufvud was not a supporter of Parliamentarism, or to put it differently, he believed that the President had a right to choose the Cabinet ministers after first consulting the parliamentary parties. Evidence of this semi-presidential attitude was the minority government of Toivo M. Kivimäki, which survived for 3 years and 10 months (December 1932 – October 1936). Svinhufvud strongly supported it, because he believed that it could effectively fight the Great Depression (which it did, generally speaking), he believed that Kivimäki had a strong personality like himself, and possibly because he hoped that the Agrarians and Swedish People's Party would let the Kivimäki government remain in office as a lesser evil, the greater evil being an Agrarian-Social Democratic government.
On the other hand, when a right-wing Conservative member of Parliament, Edwin Linkomies, proposed in 1934 that Finland abandon parliamentarism in favour of a government led by the President and that the President be given an absolute veto power over the laws passed by the Parliament, Svinhufvud opposed his ideas. In Svinhufvud's opinion, the Finnish President had enough power to lead the country, provided that the President had a strong personality. He believed it to be better for Finland if the Social Democrats could be kept outside of the Cabinet. In his opinion, they would implement too radical reforms that would lead the Finnish society into chaos or Marxism. On the other hand, he was realistic enough to admit privately to the German Ambassador to Finland, Wipert von Blücher, that if he was re-elected, he would be unable to keep the Social Democrats in the opposition.
They were, after all, Finland's largest political party with over 40% of the deputies (see, for example, Seppo Zetterberg et al., ed., "A Small Giant of the Finnish History" / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen, Helsinki: Werner Söderström Publications Ltd., 2003; Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents I"). It was due to this that, in the presidential election of 1937, the Social Democrats and the Agrarian party voted against him. He was not re-elected.
At the end of Winter War, he unsuccessfully sought audience with both Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini but met only Pope Pius XII. During the Continuation War he supported the idea of an expansionistic war.
Svinhufvud's most important and beloved hobbies were hunting and precision shooting. His grandson Jorma Svinhufvud describes:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Blockquote
Svinhufvud died at Luumäki in 1944, while Finland was seeking peace with the Soviet Union.Template:Citation needed
He refused to Finnicize the name of his 500-year-old noble house.Template:Citation needed
Cabinets
[edit]Honours
[edit]
Awards and decorations
[edit]- Template:Flag : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose (Finland) (1927)<ref name=HS1997>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Template:Flag : Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty (1918)<ref name=HS1997/>
- Template:Flag : Collar of the Order of the White Lion, Czechoslovakia (12 December 1931)
- Template:Flag : Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, Sweden (3 December 1932)
- Template:Flag : Order of the White Eagle
- Template:Flag : Order of the Cross of the Eagle
- Template:Flagcountry : Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary
- Template:Flagcountry : Chain of the Order of Muhammad Ali (1936)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flag : Grand Gross with Collar of the Order of the Three Stars (14 December 1931)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In popular culture
[edit]Svinhufvud appears as one of the main characters in the 1976 Finnish-Soviet historical drama film Trust, directed by Viktor Tregubovich and Edvin Laine, which portrays the events leading up to the Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia in 1917.<ref>Peter Rollberg: Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. Scarecrow Press, 2008.</ref> In the film, Svinhufvud was played by Vilho Siivola.
See also
[edit]
Sources
[edit]Literature
[edit]- Erkki Räikkönen: Svinhufvudin kertomukset Siperiasta. Otava, 1928.
- Erkki Räikkönen: Ukko-Pekka Siperiassa: pastorinrouva Johanna von Hörschelmannin päiväkirjan kertomus presidentti P. E. Svinhufvudin Siperian-matkan vaiheista. Otava, 1931.
- Erkki Räikkönen: Suuri juhlapäivä: onnittelut ja kunnianosoitukset tasavallan presidentin P. E. Svinhufvudin täyttäessä 70 vuotta. Otava, 1932.
- Martti Häikiö: Suomen leijona: Svinhufvud itsenäisyysmiehenä. Docendo, 2017.
References
[edit]External links
[edit]Template:Commons category-inline
- Pehr Evind Svinhufvud in 375 humanists – 4 June 2015. Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki.
- Pehr Evind Svinhufvud at National Biography of Finland
- Also available in Swedish: Template:BLF
- Template:PM20
- P. E. Svinhufvud in The Presidents of Finland
- Template:Gutenberg author
Template:S-start Template:S-reg Template:Succession box Template:S-off Template:Succession box Template:Succession box Template:Succession box Template:Succession box Template:S-end
- Pages with broken file links
- 1861 births
- 1944 deaths
- People from Valkeakoski
- People from Häme Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
- Finnish anti-communists
- Finnish Lutherans
- Swedish-speaking Finns
- Finnish people of Swedish descent
- 20th-century Finnish nobility
- Young Finnish Party politicians
- National Coalition Party politicians
- Presidents of Finland
- 20th-century regents
- Finnish senators
- Prime ministers of Finland
- Members of the Diet of Finland
- Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
- Members of the Parliament of Finland (1907–1908)
- Members of the Parliament of Finland (1908–1909)
- Members of the Parliament of Finland (1909–1910)
- Members of the Parliament of Finland (1910–1911)
- Members of the Parliament of Finland (1911–1913)
- Members of the Parliament of Finland (1913–1916)
- Members of the Parliament of Finland (1916–1917)
- Members of the Parliament of Finland (1930–1933)
- Chancellors of justice of Finland
- People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
- 19th-century Finnish nobility
- University of Helsinki alumni
- Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
- Finnish independence activists
- Anti-Russification activists
- Collars of the Order of the White Lion
- Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
- 20th-century presidents in Europe