Closer (Joy Division album)

Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox album CloserTemplate:Refn is the second and final studio album by English rock band Joy Division, released on 18 July 1980 by Factory Records.<ref name="official" >Template:Cite web</ref> Produced by Martin Hannett, it was released two months after the suicide of the band's lead singer and lyricist Ian Curtis. The album reached No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart<ref name="Official Charts Company">Template:Cite web</ref> and peaked at No. 3 in New Zealand in September 1981.<ref name="charts.nz">Template:Cite web</ref> Closer was also named NME Album of the Year.<ref name="Board">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="auto">Template:Cite news</ref> It was remastered and re-released in 2007.<ref name="official" />

Today, Closer is widely recognised as a seminal release of the post-punk era.<ref name="fact"/> Following the release of the non-album single "Love Will Tear Us Apart" in June 1980, the remaining members re-formed as New Order.

Composition and recording

The songs on Closer were mostly written or structured during jam sessions in the band's practice room.Template:Sfn The songs were drawn from two distinct periods. The earlier guitar-driven compositions were written during the latter half of 1979: "Atrocity Exhibition", "Passover", "Colony", "A Means to an End" and "Twenty Four Hours". All were played live during that year, with some being recorded for various radio sessions. The album's other songs were written in early 1980, and included more prominent use of synthesisers: "Isolation", "Heart and Soul", "The Eternal" and "Decades".Template:Sfn "Atrocity Exhibition" features a Synare drum synth put through a fuzz pedal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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The fiction of J. G. Ballard was a significant influence on the lyrics, especially The Atrocity Exhibition – a collection of "condensed novels" published in 1970 – which shares its title with the opening track.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Closer was recorded between 18 and 30 March 1980 at Britannia Row Studios in Islington, London.<ref name="official" /> It was produced by Martin Hannett. His production has been highly praised, with Pitchfork describing it as "sepulchral."<ref name="Pitchfork">Template:Cite web</ref> However, as with their debut album, both Sumner and bassist Peter Hook were unhappy with Hannett's work. Hook later complained that the track "Atrocity Exhibition" was mixed on one of his days off, and when he heard the final product he was disappointed that the abrasiveness of his guitar part had been laden with effects and toned down. He wrote; "I was like, head in hands, oh fucking hell, it's happening again. Unknown Pleasures number twoTemplate:Nbsp... Martin [Hannett] had melted the guitar with his Marshall Time Waster. Made it sound like somebody strangling a cat, and to my mind, absolutely killed the song. I was so annoyed with him and went in and gave him a piece of my mind but he just turned around and told me to fuck off."Template:Sfn

Release

File:Tomba Famiglia Appiani (Cimitero di Staglieno).jpg

The Appiani family tomb, as seen in the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno, Italy. Sculpted by Demetrio Paernio in 1910. A photograph of this tomb adorns the cover of Closer

The album cover was designed by Martyn Atkins and Peter Saville, with a photograph of the Appiani family tomb in Genoa's Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno adorning much of the sleeve. The photograph was taken by Bernard Pierre Wolff in 1978.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In a 2007 documentary on the band, designer Saville commented that he, upon learning of singer Ian Curtis's suicide, expressed immediate concern over the album's design as it depicted a funeral theme, remarking "we've got a tomb on the cover of the album!"Template:Refn

Closer was released on 18 July 1980 by Factory Records, as a vinyl LP. The album reached No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart.<ref name="Official Charts Company"/> It also peaked at No. 3 in New Zealand in September 1981.<ref name="charts.nz"/> Closer was also named NME Album of the Year.<ref name="Board"/><ref name="auto"/> The album, along with Unknown Pleasures and Still, was remastered and re-released in 2007.<ref name="official" /> As with Unknown Pleasures and Still, the remaster was packaged with a bonus live disc, recorded at the University of London Union.<ref name="official" />

Factory boss Tony Wilson was pleased with the final album and predicted it would be a commercial success. Sumner recalled him saying at the time, "You know, Bernard, this time next year you'll be lounging by a swimming pool in LA with a cocktail in your hand." Sumner was less optimistic and "just thought it was the most utterly ridiculous thing anyone had ever said to me."<ref name="Nicolson">Template:Cite news</ref>

Critical reception

Template:Album ratings At the time of release, Sounds critic Dave McCullough wrote that there were "dark strokes of gothic rock" on Closer. He described the album as "breathtaking rock music, a peak of current peaks, a sharing of something that's in [...] others at this time, but at the same time defining those black notions and leaving them unmatched."<ref name=Goth >Template:Cite magazine</ref> Writing for Smash Hits, Alastair Macaulay described the album as an "exercise in dark controlled passion" and wrote that its music "stands up on its own as the band's epitaph".<ref name="Smash Hits">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Writing for Melody Maker, Paolo Hewitt described the album as "probably some of the most irresistible dance music we'll hear this year [and] a far cry for sure from the almost suffocating claustrophobic world of the debut album," adding that "the best (and most subversive?) rock music has always dealt head-on with emotions and thought rather than clichéd, standardised stances; that's what makes Closer and Joy Division so important."<ref name="melody">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

At the end of 1980, Closer was voted the 22nd best record of the year in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics published by The Village Voice.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Robert Christgau, the poll's supervisor, deemed the album an improvement over Unknown Pleasures in a retrospective review: "Curtis's torment is less oppressive here because it's less dominant—the dark, roiling, off-center rhythms have a life of their own. And if last time the dancier material had hooks, this time even the dirges have something closely resembling tunes."<ref name="Christgau"/> Rolling StoneTemplate:'s Mikal Gilmore, in a 1981 profile of the band's work, wrote: "The music turns leaden, gray and steady because it means to fulfill a vision of a world where suffering is unremitting and nothingness is quiescent."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In a book titled 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, published in 2005, Closer is defined as a "quantum leap" in terms of progression when compared to the band's debut album.<ref name="Dimery">Template:Cite book</ref> According to Colin Larkin, Closer has since been "deservedly regarded by many critics as the most brilliant rock album of the 80s"; Larkin himself found the record flawless, writing in his Encyclopedia of Popular Music (2011) that it showed Joy Division at their creative peak and "maturity in every area" of their music.<ref name="Larkin"/> In his review of the 2007 reissue of the album, Pitchfork critic Joshua Klein described the album as "even more austere, more claustrophobic, more inventive, more beautiful and more haunting than its predecessor", calling it "Joy Division's start-to-finish masterpiece; a flawless encapsulation of everything the group sought to achieve."<ref name="Pitchfork"/>

Legacy

Closer has been highly acclaimed, and is often cited as Joy Division's finest work, being considered by music critics such as Mark Fisher to be "the crown jewel of post-punk"<ref name="fact">Template:Cite magazine</ref> and receiving praise from artists such as George Michael.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The album was voted number 1 in the 1980 Albums of the Year poll conducted by music magazine NME,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and would be listed as number 157 in Rolling Stone's 2003 list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, maintaining the rank in the 2012 revision, and dropping to number 309 in the 2020 edition.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

By 1982 Closer had sold over 250,000 copies worldwide, with the posthumous single "Love Will Tear Us Apart" having also sold over 160,000 copies.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1995 Closer was ranked one of the top 100 alternative albums ever to be released by Spin magazine (placing at number 69).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2002, the American online magazine Pitchfork listed Closer as the 10th best album to be released in the 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The album placed at number 72 on NMETemplate:'s list of the 100 greatest British albums ever to be released.Template:CN In addition, Q magazine placed Closer at number 8 in a list compiled of the 40 greatest albums to be released in the 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2012, Slant Magazine listed the album at number 7 upon their compiled list of the best albums of the 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2020, Rolling Stone included Closer in their "80 Greatest albums of 1980" list.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Track listing

Template:Track listing Template:Track listing Note: the original vinyl disc only contained a small etching on the disk marking the A and B sides.

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Personnel

Joy Division

Ian Curtis – vocals, guitar (track 6),Template:Sfn melodica (track 9)
Bernard Sumner – guitar (all except tracks 1 and 6), bass guitar (track 1), synthesisers (tracks 2, 6, 8, and 9)
Peter Hook – bass guitar (all except track 1), guitar (track 1), six-string bass guitar (tracks 3, 6, and 8)
Stephen Morris – drums (all except tracks 2 and 8), electronic drums (tracks 2, 4, 8, 9), percussion (all except track 2)