Ornette Coleman

Randolph Denard Ornette Coleman (March 9, 1930 – June 11, 2015)<ref name="Ratliff">Template:Cite news</ref> was an American jazz saxophonist, trumpeter, violinist, and composer. He is best known as a principal founder of the free jazz genre, a term derived from his 1960 album Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation. His pioneering works often abandoned the harmony-based composition, tonality, chord changes, and fixed rhythm found in earlier jazz idioms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Instead, Coleman emphasized an experimental approach to improvisation rooted in ensemble playing and blues phrasing.<ref name="allmusicbio"/> Thom Jurek of AllMusic called him "one of the most beloved and polarizing figures in jazz history," noting that while "now celebrated as a fearless innovator and a genius, he was initially regarded by peers and critics as rebellious, disruptive, and even a fraud."<ref name="allmusicbio"/>

Born and raised in Fort Worth, Texas, Coleman taught himself to play the saxophone when he was a teenager.<ref name="Ratliff"/> He began his musical career playing in local R&B and bebop groups, and eventually formed his own group in Los Angeles, featuring members such as Ed Blackwell, Don Cherry, Charlie Haden, and Billy Higgins. In November 1959, his quartet began a controversial residency at the Five Spot jazz club in New York City and he released the influential album The Shape of Jazz to Come, his debut LP on Atlantic Records. Coleman's subsequent Atlantic releases in the early 1960s would profoundly influence the direction of jazz in that decade, and his compositions "Lonely Woman" and "Broadway Blues" became genre standards that are cited as important early works in free jazz.<ref name="HellmerLawn2005">Template:Cite book</ref>

In the mid 1960s, Coleman left Atlantic for labels such as Blue Note and Columbia Records, and began performing with his young son Denardo Coleman on drums. He explored symphonic compositions with his 1972 album Skies of America, featuring the London Symphony Orchestra. In the mid-1970s, he formed the group Prime Time and explored electric jazz-funk and his concept of harmolodic music.<ref name="allmusicbio"/> In 1995, Coleman and his son Denardo founded the Harmolodic record label. His 2006 album Sound Grammar received the Pulitzer Prize for Music, making Coleman the second jazz musician ever to receive the honor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Biography

Early life

Coleman was born Randolph Denard Ornette Coleman on March 9, 1930, in Fort Worth, Texas,<ref name="Fordham">Template:Cite web</ref> where he was raised.<ref name="Atlantic1972">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="EGP">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Litweiler">Template:Cite book</ref> He attended I.M. Terrell High School in Fort Worth, where he participated in band until he was dismissed for improvising during John Philip Sousa's march "The Washington Post". He began performing R&B and bebop on tenor saxophone, and formed The Jam Jivers with Prince Lasha and Charles Moffett.<ref name="Litweiler" />

Eager to leave town, he accepted a job in 1949 with a Silas Green from New Orleans traveling show and then with touring rhythm and blues shows. After a show in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, he was assaulted and his saxophone was destroyed.<ref name="Spellman">Template:Cite book</ref>

Coleman subsequently switched to alto saxophone, first playing it in New Orleans after the Baton Rouge incident; the alto would remain his primary instrument for the rest of his life. He then joined the band of Pee Wee Crayton and traveled with them to Los Angeles. He worked at various jobs in Los Angeles, including as an elevator operator, while pursuing his music career.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Coleman found like-minded musicians in Los Angeles, such as Ed Blackwell, Bobby Bradford, Don Cherry, Charlie Haden, Billy Higgins, and Charles Moffett.<ref name="allmusicbio">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="EJN">Template:Cite web</ref> Thanks to the intercession of friends and a successful audition, Ornette signed his first recording contract with LA-based Contemporary Records,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which allowed him to sell the tracks from his debut album, Something Else!!!! (1958), with Cherry, Higgins, Walter Norris, and Don Payne.<ref name="Jurek">Template:Cite web</ref> During the same year he briefly belonged to a quintet led by Paul Bley that performed at a club in New York City (that band is recorded on Live at the Hilcrest Club 1958).<ref name="allmusicbio" /> By the time Tomorrow Is the Question! was recorded soon after with Cherry, bassists Percy Heath and Red Mitchell, and drummer Shelly Manne, the jazz world had been shaken up by Coleman's alien music. Some jazz musicians called him a fraud, while conductor Leonard Bernstein praised him.<ref name="EJN" />

1959: The Shape of Jazz to Come

In 1959, Atlantic Records released Coleman's third studio album, The Shape of Jazz to Come. According to music critic Steve Huey, the album "was a watershed event in the genesis of avant-garde jazz, profoundly steering its future course and throwing down a gauntlet that some still haven't come to grips with."<ref name="Huey">Template:Cite web</ref> Jazzwise listed it at number three on their list of the 100 best jazz albums of all time in 2017.<ref name="Flynn">Template:Cite web</ref>

Coleman's quartet received a long and sometimes controversial engagement at the Five Spot Café in Manhattan. Leonard Bernstein, Lionel Hampton, and the Modern Jazz Quartet were impressed and offered encouragement. Hampton asked to perform with the quartet; Bernstein helped Haden obtain a composition grant from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. A young Lou Reed followed Coleman's quartet around New York City.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Miles Davis said that Coleman was "all screwed up inside",<ref>Miles Davis, quoted in John Litwiler, Ornette Coleman: A Harmolodic Life (NY: W. Morrow, 1992), 82. Template:ISBN, 9780688072124</ref><ref name="Roberts">Template:Cite web</ref> although he later became a proponent of Coleman's innovations;<ref name="Kahn">Template:Cite news</ref> Dizzy Gillespie remarked of Coleman that “I don’t know what he’s playing, but it’s not jazz."<ref name=":0" />

Coleman's early sound was due in part to his use of a plastic saxophone; he had purchased it in Los Angeles in 1954 because he was unable to afford a metal saxophone at the time.<ref name="Litweiler" />

On his Atlantic recordings, Coleman's sidemen were Cherry on cornet or pocket trumpet; Charlie Haden, Scott LaFaro, and then Jimmy Garrison on bass; and Higgins or Ed Blackwell on drums. Coleman's complete recordings for the label were collected on the box set Beauty Is a Rare Thing in 1993.<ref name="Yanow">Template:Cite web</ref>

1960s: Free Jazz and Blue Note

In 1960, Coleman recorded Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation, which featured a double quartet, including Don Cherry and Freddie Hubbard on trumpet, Eric Dolphy on bass clarinet, Haden and LaFaro on bass, and both Higgins and Blackwell on drums.<ref name="rhino">Template:Cite web</ref> The album was recorded in stereo, with a reed/brass/bass/drums quartet isolated in each stereo channel. Free Jazz was, at 37 minutes, the longest recorded continuous jazz performance at the time<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> and was one of Coleman's most controversial albums.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the January 18, 1962, issue of Down Beat magazine, Pete Welding gave the album five stars while John A. Tynan rated it zero stars.<ref name="Welding">Template:Cite journal</ref>

While Coleman had intended "free jazz" as simply an album title, free jazz was soon considered a new genre; Coleman expressed discomfort with the term.<ref name="Reich2010">Template:Cite book</ref>

After the Atlantic period, Coleman's music became more angular and engaged with the avant-garde jazz which had developed in part around his innovations.<ref name="Yanow" /> After his quartet disbanded, he formed a trio with David Izenzon on bass and Charles Moffett on drums, and began playing trumpet and violin in addition to the saxophone. His friendship with Albert Ayler influenced his development on trumpet and violin. Charlie Haden sometimes joined this trio to form a two-bass quartet.

In 1966, Coleman signed with Blue Note and released the two-volume live album At the "Golden Circle" Stockholm, featuring Izenzon and Moffett.<ref name="Freeman">Template:Cite web</ref> Later that year, he recorded The Empty Foxhole with his ten year-old son Denardo Coleman and Haden;<ref name="The New York Times 2015">Template:Cite news</ref> Freddie Hubbard and Shelly Manne regarded Denardo's appearance on the album as an ill-advised piece of publicity.<ref name="Gabel">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Spencer">Template:Cite web</ref> Denardo later became his father's primary drummer in the late 1970s.

Coleman formed another quartet. Haden, Garrison, and Elvin Jones appeared, and Dewey Redman joined the group, usually on tenor saxophone. On February 29, 1968, Coleman's quartet performed live with Yoko Ono at the Royal Albert Hall, and a recording from their rehearsal was subsequently included on Ono's 1970 album Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band as the track "AOS".<ref name="Chrispell">Template:Cite web</ref>

He explored his interest in string textures on Town Hall, 1962, culminating in the 1972 album Skies of America with the London Symphony Orchestra.

1970s–1990s: Harmolodic funk and Prime Time

File:Ornette Coleman-140911-0002-96WP.jpg

Coleman playing his signature alto saxophone in 1971

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Coleman playing the violin in 1978

Coleman, like Miles Davis before him, soon took to playing with electric instruments. The 1976 album Dancing in Your Head, Coleman's first recording with the group which later became known as Prime Time, prominently featured two electric guitarists. While this marked a stylistic departure for Coleman, the music retained aspects of what he called harmolodics.

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Coleman performs in Toronto in 1982.

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Coleman playing the trumpet at the Great American Music Hall, San Francisco in 1981

Coleman's 1980s albums with Prime Time such as Virgin Beauty and Of Human Feelings continued to use rock and funk rhythms in a style sometimes called free funk.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Jerry Garcia played guitar on three tracks on Virgin Beauty: "Three Wishes", "Singing in the Shower", and "Desert Players". Coleman joined the Grateful Dead on stage in 1993 during "Space" and stayed for "The Other One", "Stella Blue", Bobby Bland's "Turn on Your Lovelight", and the encore "Brokedown Palace".<ref name=Deadbase>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In December 1985, Coleman and guitarist Pat Metheny recorded Song X.

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Coleman plays his Selmer alto saxophone (with low A) at The Hague in 1994.

In 1990, the city of Reggio Emilia, Italy, held a three-day "Portrait of the Artist" festival in Coleman's honor, in which he performed with Cherry, Haden, and Higgins. The festival also presented performances of his chamber music and Skies of America.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1991, Coleman played on the soundtrack of David Cronenberg's film Naked Lunch; the orchestra was conducted by Howard Shore.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Coleman released four records in 1995 and 1996, and for the first time in many years worked regularly with piano players (Geri Allen and Joachim Kühn).

2000s

Two 1972 Coleman recordings, "Happy House" and "Foreigner in a Free Land", were used in Gus Van Sant's 2000 Finding Forrester.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In September 2006, Coleman released the album Sound Grammar. Recorded live in Ludwigshafen, Germany, in 2005, it was his first album of new material in ten years. It won the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for music, making Coleman only the second jazz musician (after Wynton Marsalis) to win the prize.<ref name="Pulitzer">Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

Jazz pianist Joanne Brackeen stated in an interview with Marian McPartland that Coleman mentored her and gave her music lessons.<ref name="Lyon">Template:Cite news</ref>

Coleman married poet Jayne Cortez in 1954. The couple divorced in 1964.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They had one son, Denardo, born in 1956.<ref name="Fox">Template:Cite news</ref>

Coleman died of cardiac arrest in Manhattan on June 11, 2015, aged 85.<ref name="Ratliff" /> His funeral was a three-hour event with performances and speeches by several of his collaborators and contemporaries.<ref name="Remnick">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Awards and honors

• Guggenheim Fellowship, 1967 and 1974<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame, 1969
• MacArthur Fellowship, 1994
• Praemium Imperiale, 2001
• Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, 2004<ref>The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize Template:Webarchive, official website.</ref>
• Honorary doctorate of music, Berklee College of Music, 2006<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, 2007
• Pulitzer Prize for music, 2007<ref name="Pulitzer" />
• Miles Davis Award, Montreal International Jazz Festival, 2009<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Honorary doctorate, CUNY Graduate Center, 2008<ref name="CUNY">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Commencements">Template:Cite web</ref>
• Honorary doctorate of music, University of Michigan, 2010<ref name="Mergner">Template:Cite web</ref>

In popular culture

McClintic Sphere, a character in Thomas Pynchon's 1963 novel V., is modeled on Coleman and Thelonious Monk.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

References

• Interview with Roy Eldridge, Esquire March 1961
• Interview with Andy Hamilton. "A Question of Scale" The Wire July 2005
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External links

• Template:AllMusic Template:Bandcamp Template:Discogs artist Template:MusicBrainz artist
• "Forms and Sounds" by Ethan Iverson about early Coleman and Harmolodics
• Interviewed by Michael Jarrett in Cadence magazine, October 1995 Template:Webarchive
• "Ornette Coleman interview, 1996", LA Weekly
• New York Observer, December 19, 2005