Texas Guinan

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Mary Louise Cecilia "Texas" Guinan (January 12, 1884 – November 5, 1933) was an American actress, producer, and entrepreneur. Born in Texas to Irish immigrant parents, Guinan decided at an early age to become an entertainer. After becoming a star on the New York stage, the repercussions of her involvement in a weight loss scam motivated her to switch careers to the film business. Spending several years in California appearing in numerous productions, she eventually formed her own company.

She is most remembered for the speakeasy clubs she managed during Prohibition. Her clubs catered to the rich and famous, as well as to aspiring talent. After being arrested and indicted during a law enforcement sweep of speakeasy clubs, she was acquitted when her case went to trial.

Personal life and early career

Guinan was one of four siblings born in Waco, Texas, to Irish immigrants Michael and Bessie (née Duffy) Guinan, who had emigrated separately as adults, meeting and marrying in Colorado, where they initially operated a wholesale grocery business.Template:Refn Moving to Texas, they ran a horse and cattle ranch.Template:Sfn

As a child, Guinan was nicknamed "Mamie" and attended parochial school at the Loretta Convent in Waco, Texas. Growing up on a ranch provided her with basic cowboy skills, and she honed her marksmanship at a local shooting gallery. In 1898, her parents successfully secured her a two-year scholarship to the American Conservatory of Music offered by Chicago businessman Marshall Field.Template:Sfn After developing her soprano vocal talents and finishing her studies, she joined a touring actors' troupe that featured American "Wild West" entertainment.<ref name=TSHA>Template:Cite web</ref>

By 1904 using the name Marie Guinan, she married newspaper cartoonist John Moynahan on December 2. Two years later, Moynahan took a job in Boston. The couple eventually divorced, and Guinan moved to New York to pursue a career as a singer in the entertainment business.Template:Sfn<ref name=TSHA/><ref name=Walter>Template:Cite news</ref> For years, she claimed she had been born with the name Texas, and never let facts stand in the way of her narrative: in a full-page 1910 interview in The San Francisco Call, for example, she falsely stated that her father "was the first white child seen in Waco" (he had in fact been a married adult when he arrived, and white settlers led by Jacob De Cordova had lived in Waco from the early or mid-19th century).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=Walter/>

Theatre critic and Photoplay editor Julian Johnson, her companion for a decade, was influential in the creation of her public persona. Many erroneously believed them to be married.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Her 1933 obituaries mention Johnson as her second husband, and millionaire George E. Townley as a third husband. Lacking any verification that the latter two marriages took place, Moynahan is now believed to have been her only husband.<ref name=TSHA/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Johnson's connection is thought to have led to a poem carrying her byline being printed in Photoplay.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> An alleged connection to the U.S. Senator from Texas, Joseph Weldon Bailey, evolved over time from a nonspecific tie to her family, to Guinan's being the senator's niece. The niece relationship seems implausible, since her parents were born and raised in a different country than either Senator Bailey or his wife. Mentions of him coincide with the timeline of her association with Julian Johnson. While he was editor at Photoplay, an article written by then-staff journalist Adela Rogers St. Johns remarked that Guinan "bore a distinct resemblance to her uncle, Senator Joe Bailey of Texas."<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite journal</ref>

Vaudeville and stage productions

File:Stage actress Texas Guinan (SAYRE 3336).jpg

Guinan in 1911

Initially finding work as a chorus girl, she adopted the stage name Texas Guinan to give herself an edge in the competitive marketplaces of vaudeville and New York theatre productions.Template:Sfn Within a year, she had the female lead in a stage production of Simple Simon Simple, during which she accidentally shot herself on stage with a loaded gun.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> In 1908, she received favorable notices for her performance in The Gibson Girl Review.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> That same year, she placed an advertisement in newspapers offering $1,000 to any songwriter who provided her with a song of equal popularity to the Gus Edwards–penned "That's What the Rose Said to Me"<ref name=Song>Template:Cite news</ref> She appeared as a soprano vocalist in many productions, including The Gay Musician, The Hoyden and The Lone Star.<ref name=birth>Template:Cite news</ref>

She had achieved a degree of national stardom by 1910. John P. Slocum managed her when she appeared in his multiyear touring production of The Kissing Girl.<ref name=Walter/> When Ned Wayburn rolled out his production of The Passing Show on a national tour in 1913, Guinan was one of the headliners. Coinciding with the publicity for the tour, Guinan licensed her name and image to be used by W. C. Cunningham for a weight-loss plan. The advertisements that appeared in media across the country claimed Guinan had lost 70 pounds on the plan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Investigative journalism by the Chicago Tribune alleged that Guinan knowingly acted as a shill in perpetrating a fraud upon the public. A subsequent investigation by the postal service revealed it to be a swindle. United States Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson quickly acted to prohibit Guinan from receiving mail through the postal service.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> Although she continued on the stage, the incident damaged her career, and was a motivating factor in expanding her repertoire by trying her hand in the California film business.Template:Sfn

Guinan appeared as Zaza in the variety show Hop-o'-My-Thumb, based on a French fairytale of the same name. The show opened at the Manhattan Opera House November 26, 1913, and closed January 1, 1914.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She toured the United States with the Whirl of the World musical comedy in 1915. The tour coincided with her unverified account of being casually approached in Berlin by Kaiser Wilhelm II, who engaged her in conversation as she sat alone reading a book.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

She appeared in the musical Gay Paree that opened at the Shubert Theatre on August 18, 1925, and closed on January 30, 1926.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Guinan was part of the cast of the musical Padlocks of 1927, also at the Shubert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Films

In a film career that began in 1917 and continued through 1933, she was part of the vanguard of women filmmakers in the United States. Her later claims of being in France in 1917 entertaining the troops, and being decorated with a bronze medal by French field marshal Joseph Joffre, have been proven false by the timeline and California location of her prolific film-making.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Triangle Film Corporation, founded in 1915 by Harry Aitken and Roy Aitken, featured Guinan in four two-reel shorts between 1917 and 1918, The Fuel of Life, The Stainless Barrier, The Gun Woman and The Love Brokers. Unlike the musical genre she was known for on stage, she was now moving towards the Western movie genre, and on her dressing room door appeared a map of the state of Texas, rather than her name. Triangle began billing her as "the female Bill Hart" in reference to the industry's first Western star who at that time topped fandom popularity polls.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news; Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Texas Guinan.jpg

Advertisement for Frohman Amusement Corp featuring Texas Guinan

Frohman Brothers were Broadway producers. In 1915, brother Daniel Frohman and partner William L. Sherrill formed the Frohman Amusement Corporation, a motion picture business.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They made more than a dozen films with Guinan in 1918, including The Boss of the Rancho and The Heart of Texas.

During her years with Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft, she began to expand towards the production end of film-making, as a unit department head on the films Outwitted, The Lady of the Law, The Girl of the Rancho,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Desert Vulture, and at least five other productions. She created Texas Guinan Productions in 1921 to produce Code of the West, Spitfire and Texas of the Mounted.<ref name=WFPP/> After I Am the Woman and The Stampede for Victor Kremer Film Features, she returned to New York.Template:Sfn

Guinan was again seen on the screen with two sound pictures, playing slightly fictionalized versions of herself as a speakeasy proprietress in Queen of the Night Clubs (1929) and then Broadway Thru a Keyhole (1933, written by Walter Winchell) shortly before her death.<ref name=WFPP/>

Queen of the night clubs

The 1920 Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Prohibition into effect, making sales or transport of alcoholic beverages illegal. While it ruined legitimate businesses, people continued drinking alcohol. Those who transported and sold it were known as "bootleggers". Thus began the establishment of the speakeasy private clubs, a cultural phenomenon in which Guinan excelled. Her introduction into the business was when speakeasy partners Emil Gervasini and John Levi of the Beaux Arts club hired Guinan in 1923 as a singer, for which she was paid $50,000.<ref name=Dorman>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn

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Guinan's give-and-take dialogue with the customers inspired producer Nils Granlund to put together a full floor show with Guinan presiding as emcee for Ziegfeld Follies chorus girls. Bootleg huckster Larry Fay struck a deal with them to feature the show at his El Fey Club on West 47th Street in Manhattan. There, she became known for her catchphrase, "Hello, Sucker! Come on in and leave your wallet on the bar." In return for being the draw to attract wealthy and powerful clientele, Guinan received 50% of the profits. While working as dancers at the club,Ruby Keeler, Barbara Stanwyck and George Raft were discovered by talent scouts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Guinan and Fay were frequently shut down by the police, yet reopened soon after in new locations with new fixtures, and new names. Later, she opened the Texas Guinan Club at 117 West 48th Street, also closed by the police. She and Fay later opened the Del-Fey Club in Miami the same year. By her own account, they once took in $700,000 in less than a year.<ref name=Dorman/><ref>Template:Cite news;Template:Cite news</ref>

When Guinan returned to New York in January 1926, as hostess of the 300 Club at 151 W. 54th Street, the opening night's event was the marriage ceremony for actress Wilda Bennett and Argentine dancer Abraham "Peppy" de Albrew. Other celebrities who visited her club were Al Jolson, Scottish operatic soprano Mary Garden, Jack Dempsey, American operatic soprano Geraldine Farrar, and the Prince of Wales.<ref name=Dorman/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In July 1926, the 300 Club was raided by the police, who seized bottles of liquor and arrested two people for "violation of the section of the penal code forbidding suggestive dances".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The last week of June 1928, Assistant U.S. Attorney General Mabel Walker Willebrandt ordered a raid of speakeasy clubs in New York. Guinan, Helen Morgan (hostess of Chez Helen Morgan), Nils Granlund, and 104 others were arrested, and indicted by a federal grand jury. Guinan, Morgan and Granlund faced two years in prison, with a $10,000 maximum fine, if convicted. The others indicted were employees and patrons, who faced lesser penalties. At her April 1929 trial, Guinan was acquitted.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref>

Final years and death

During the Great Depression, she took her show on the road. She attempted to move to Europe, but Scotland Yard threatened to board her ship if she tried to land in England, where she was on their list of "barred aliens". The show was banned from France under labor technicalities. Guinan had a contract with a Paris club, but French employment laws dissuaded non-citizens from working in France. She turned this to her advantage by launching the satirical revue Too Hot for Paris upon her return to NY, in 1933.<ref>Texas Guinan Back In NY (1933)</ref><ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=1933Trib>Template:Cite news</ref>

Guinan played Green Mill Cocktail Lounge in Chicago,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Illinois. Part of her act included audience participation with small give-away slapsticks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

While on the road with Too Hot for Paris, she contracted amoebic dysentery in Chicago,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Illinois, during the epidemic outbreak at the Congress Hotel during the run of the Chicago World's Fair. The epidemic was traced to tainted water. She fell ill in Vancouver, British Columbia, and died there on November 5, 1933, age 49, exactly one month before Prohibition was repealed; 7,500 people attended her funeral. Bandleader Paul Whiteman was a pallbearer along with two of her former lawyers and writer Heywood Broun.Template:Sfn

Guinan is interred at the Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York. Her family donated a tabernacle in her name to St. Patrick's Church in Vancouver in recognition of Father Louis Forget's attentions during her last hours. When the original church was demolished in 2004, the tabernacle was preserved for the new church built on the site. She was survived by both of her parents. Her father was 81 years old at his death on May 14, 1935, and her mother died at age 101 in 1959. The newspaper obituary listed his place of birth as Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, and his profession as a wholesale grocer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Legacy

Actress portrayals of Guinan

1927 – Broadway Nights, De Sacia Mooers<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1945 – Incendiary Blonde, Betty Hutton.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1961 – The George Raft Story, Barbara Nichols.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1961 – Splendor in the Grass, Phyllis Diller.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fictional characters based on Guinan

1920s – Miss Missouri Martin, Damon Runyon's short stories about BroadwayTemplate:Sfn
1932 – Maudie Triplett played by Mae West, Night After NightTemplate:Sfn
1939 – Panama Smith played by Gladys George, The Roaring TwentiesTemplate:Sfn
1960 – Sally Kansas played by June Havoc, episode The Larry Fay Story, The UntouchablesTemplate:Sfn
1984 – Vera played by Diane Lane, The Cotton ClubTemplate:Sfn
Velma Kelly, the musical Chicago; personality modeled on Guinan and backstory based on murder suspect Belva Gaertner Template:Sfn
Guinan, fictional bartender, played by Whoopi Goldberg, Star Trek: The Next GenerationTemplate:Sfn

Miscellaneous

2007 – Black Hats, as a character in the novelTemplate:Sfn

Gallery

Filmography

Acting credits of Texas Guinan
Year	Title	Production	Notes	Template:Abbr
1917	Template:Sort	Triangle Film Corporation		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1917	Template:Sort	Triangle Film Corporation		<ref name=WFPP>Template:Cite web</ref>
1918	Template:Sort	Triangle Film Corporation		<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1918	Template:Sort	Triangle Film Corporation		<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1918	Getaway Kate	Astra Films		<ref name=Vogue>Template:Cite web</ref>
1918	Template:Sort	Goldwyn Pictures	Lost film	Template:Sfn
1919	Template:Sort	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Template:Sort	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Template:Sort	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Template:Sort	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Template:Sort	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Template:Sort	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Just Bill	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Little Miss Deputy	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Malamute Meg	Frohman Amusement Corp.		Template:Sfn
1919	Template:Sort	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Template:Sort	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1919	Some Gal	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	South of Santa Fe	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	The Spirit of Cabin Mine	Frohman Amusement Corp.		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Letters of Fire	Melody Productions		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Template:Sort	World Film Company		Template:Sfn
1919	Texas Guinan and Jack Hane			<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	My Lady Robin Hood	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft		<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Outwitted	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft	also unit department head	<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Template:Sort	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft	also unit department head	<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Template:Sort	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft	also unit department head	<ref name=WFPP/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1919	Template:Sort	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft	also unit department head	<ref name=WFPP/>
1919	Fighting the Vigilantes	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft	also unit department head	<ref name=WFPP/>
1920	Template:Sort	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft	also unit department head	<ref name=WFPP/>
1920	Template:Sort	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft	also unit department head	<ref name=WFPP/>
1920	Not Guilty	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft	also unit department head	<ref name=WFPP/>
1920	Template:Sort	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft	also unit department head	<ref name=WFPP/>
1920	Template:Sort	Bull's Eye Productions/Reelcraft		<ref name=WFPP/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1921	Code of the West	Texas Guinan Productions		<ref name=WFPP/>
1921	Spitfire	Texas Guinan Productions		Template:Sfn
1921	Texas of the Mounted	Texas Guinan Productions		<ref name=WFPP/>
1921	I Am the Woman	Victor Kremer Film Features		<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1921	Template:Sort	Victor Kremer Film Features		<ref name=WFPP/>
1924	Night Life of New York	Famous Players–Lasky	Lost film	Template:Sfn
1929	Queen of the Night Clubs	Warner Bros.	Lost film	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1929	Glorifying the American Girl	Paramount Famous Lansky Corp.	Uncredited as herself	<ref name=WFPP/>
1933	Broadway Through a Keyhole	Twentieth Century Pictures	Written by Walter Winchell	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Written by Texas Guinan

"How to Keep Your Husband Out of My Night Club", Liberty magazine, No 18, April 30, 1932, pp. 50–51 Template:Sfn
"Oh, Professor!", College Humor, June 1932, p. 24.

Footnotes

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References