D

D, or d, is the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is dee (pronounced Template:IPAc-en), plural dees.<ref>"D" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "dee", op. cit.</ref>

History

Egyptian hieroglyph door, fish	Phoenician daleth	Western Greek Delta	Etruscan D	Latin D
<hiero>O31</hiero><hiero>K1</hiero><hiero>K2</hiero>	File:PhoenicianD-01.svg	File:Greek Delta 04.svg	File:EtruscanD-01.svg	Latin D

The Semitic letter Dāleth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> and Latin,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the letter represented Template:IPA; in the Etruscan alphabet<ref>Rex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions</ref> the letter was archaic but still retained. The equivalent Greek letter is delta, Δ.<ref name=":0" />

The minuscule (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a lower-story left bowl and a stem ascender. It most likely developed by gradual variations on the majuscule (capital) form 'D', and is now composed as a stem with a full lobe to the right. In handwriting, it was common to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a serif at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Use in writing systems

English

In English, Template:Angbr generally represents the voiced alveolar plosive Template:IPA.

The letter Template:Angbr is the tenth most frequently used in the English language.

Other languages

File:Boundary stone on the Demeljoch - 2.jpg

The letter D, standing for "Deutschland" (German for "Germany"), on a boundary stone at the border between Austria and Germany.

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, Template:Angbr generally represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental plosive Template:IPA.

In the Vietnamese alphabet, it represents the sound Template:IPA in northern dialects or Template:IPA in southern dialects. In Fijian, it represents a prenasalized stop Template:IPA.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In some languages where voiceless unaspirated stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, Template:Angbr represents an unaspirated Template:IPA, while Template:Angbr represents an aspirated Template:IPA. Examples of such languages include Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic, Navajo and the pinyin transliteration of Mandarin.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, Template:Angbr represents the voiced alveolar plosive Template:IPA.

Other uses

• In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in decimal (base 10) counting.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The Roman numeral D represents the number 500.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Unit prefix d, meaning one tenth.
• D is the grade below C but above E/F in the school grading system.
• D is the international vehicle registration code for Germany (also .de as its top-level domain).
• In Cantonese: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in early computer systems, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to represent Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• In the Gregory-Aland system for cataloging Biblical manuscripts, D can refer to documents in the Western text-type tradition, either Codex Bezae or Codex Claromontanus.
• d. is the standard abbreviation for the Penny (British pre-decimal coin) (from Template:Langx)

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• Ɖ ɖ : African D
• Ð ð : Latin letter Eth
• D with diacritics: Đ đ Ꟈ ꟈ<ref name="L219179">Template:Cite web</ref> Ɗ ɗ Ḋ ḋ Ḍ ḍ Ḑ ḑ Ḓ ḓ Ď ď Ḏ ḏ
• Phonetic symbols related to D:
  • Symbols related to D used in the IPA: Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
  • Symbols related to D used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet: Template:Not a typo<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Superscript IPA letters: 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Other phonetic symbols related to D: ȡ<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> ᵭ<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> ᶁ<ref name="L204132">Template:Cite web</ref> ᶑ<ref name="L204132"/>
• Ƌ ƌ : D with topbar
• 𝼥: D with mid-height left hook – Used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Ꝺ ꝺ: Insular D is used in various phonetic contexts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤃: Semitic letter Dalet, from which the following symbols originally derive:
  • Δ δ: Greek letter Delta, from which the following symbols originally derive:
    • Template:Script: Coptic letter Delta
    • Д д: Cyrillic letter De
    • 𐌃: Old Italic D, the ancestor of modern Latin D
      • Template:Script: Runic letter dagaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic D
      • Template:Script: Runic letter thurisaz, another possible descendant of Old Italic D
    • Template:Script: Gothic letter daaz, which derives from Greek Delta

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• ₫: Đồng sign
• ⅆ: Unicode symbol for d used as derivative symbol
• ∂: the partial derivative symbol, <math>\partial</math>

Other representations

Computing

The Latin letters Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr have Unicode encodings Template:Unichar and Template:Unichar. These are the same code points as those used in ASCII and ISO 8859. There are also precomposed character encodings for Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr with diacritics, for most of those listed above; the remainder are produced using combining diacritics.

Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, plosive sounds in linguistics and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy CJK font compatibility.

Other

Template:Letter other reps In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and thumb extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the thumb and finger held against the extended index of the left hand.

External links

• Template:Wiktionary-inline
• Template:Wiktionary-inline