Casablanca
Template:Short description Template:For2 Template:Infobox settlement
Casablanca (Template:Langx, Template:IPA) is the largest city in Morocco and the country's economic and business centre. Located on the Atlantic coast of the Chaouia plain in the central-western part of Morocco, the city has a population of about 3.22 million in the urban area, and over 4.27 million in Greater Casablanca, making it the most populous city in the Maghreb region, and the eighth-largest in the Arab world.
Casablanca is Morocco's chief port, with the Port of Casablanca being one of the largest artificial ports in Africa,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and the third-largest port in North Africa, after Tanger-Med (Template:Convert east of Tangier) and Port Said.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Casablanca also hosts the primary naval base for the Royal Moroccan Navy.
Casablanca is a significant financial centre, ranking 54th globally in the September 2023 Global Financial Centres Index rankings, between Brussels and Rome.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite web</ref> The Casablanca Stock Exchange is Africa's third-largest in terms of market capitalization, as of December 2022.<ref name=":10">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Major Moroccan companies and many of the largest American and European companies operating in the country have their headquarters and main industrial facilities in Casablanca. Recent industrial statistics show that Casablanca is the main industrial zone in the country.
Etymology
[edit]Anfa
[edit]Before the 15th century, the settlement at what is now Casablanca had been called Anfa, rendered in European sources variously as El-Anfa, Anafa or Anaffa, Anafe, Anife, Anafee, Nafe, and Nafee.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref> Ibn Khaldun ascribed the name to the Anfaça, a branch of the Template:Interlanguage link tribe of the Maghreb, though the sociologist André Adam refuted this claim due to the absence of the third syllable.<ref name=":6" /> Nahum Slouschz gave a Hebrew etymology, citing the Lexicon of Gesenius: anâphâh (a type of bird) or anaph (face, figure), though Adam refuted this arguing that even a Judaized population would still have spoken Tamazight.<ref name=":6" /> Adam also refuted an Arabic etymology, Template:Lang (anf, "nose"), as the city predated the linguistic Arabization of the country, and the term anf was not used to describe geographic areas.<ref name=":6" /> Adam affirmed a Tamazight etymology—from anfa "hill", anfa "promontory on the sea", ifni "sandy beach", or anfa "threshing floor"—although he determined the available information insufficient to establish exactly which.<ref name=":6" />
The name "Anfa" was used in maps until around 1830—in some until 1851—which Adam attributes to the tendency of cartographers to replicate previous maps.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite book</ref>
Casablanca
[edit]
When the ʿAlawi Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah (Template:Circa–1790) rebuilt the city after its destruction in the earthquake of 1755, it was renamed "ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ " (Template:Lang The White House), though in vernacular use it was pronounced "Dar al-Baiḍā" (Template:Lang literally House of the White, although in Moroccan Arabic vernacular it retains the original sense of The White House).<ref name=":7" />
The origins of the name "Casablanca" are unclear, although several theories have been suggested. André Adam mentions the legend of the Sufi saint and merchant Allal al-Qairawani, who supposedly came from Tunisia and settled in Casablanca with his wife Lalla al-Baiḍāʾ (Template:Lang White Lady).<ref name=":7" /> The villagers of Mediouna would reportedly provision themselves at "Dar al-Baiḍāʾ" (Template:Lang House of the White).<ref name=":7" />
In fact, on a low hill slightly inland above the ruins of Anfa and just to the west of today's city centre, it appears there was a white-washed structure, possibly a Sufi zawiya that acted as a landmark to sailors.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Portuguese cartographer Duarte Pacheco wrote in the early 16th century that the city could easily be identified by a tower, and nautical guides from the late 19th century still mentioned a "white tower" as a point of reference.<ref name=":7" /> The Portuguese mariners calqued the modern Arabic name to "Casa Branca" (Template:IPA White House) in place of Anfa.<ref name=":7" /> The name "Casablanca" was then a calque of the Portuguese name when the Spanish took over trade through the Iberian Union.<ref name=":7" />
During the French protectorate in Morocco, the name remained Casablanca (Template:IPA). Today, Moroccans still call the city Casablanca or Casa for short, or by its Arabic name, pronounced Template:Transliteration in Moroccan Arabic or Template:Transliteration in Standard Arabic.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref>
History
[edit]Template:Main Template:For timeline
Early history
[edit]The area that is today Casablanca was founded and settled by Berbers by the seventh century BC.<ref name=JVL>Template:Cite web</ref> It was used as a port by the Phoenicians, then the Romans.Template:Citation needed In his book Description of Africa, Leo Africanus refers to ancient Casablanca as "Anfa", a great city founded in the Berber kingdom of Barghawata in 744 AD. He believed Anfa was the most "prosperous city on the Atlantic Coast because of its fertile land."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Barghawata rose as an independent state around this time, and continued until it was conquered by the Almoravids in 1068. After the defeat of the Barghawata in the 12th century, Arab tribes of Hilal and Sulaym descent settled in the region, mixing with the local Berbers, which led to widespread Arabization.<ref>Britannica, Casablanca Template:Webarchive, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019</ref><ref name="Levy12">S. Lévy, Pour une histoire linguistique du Maroc, in Peuplement et arabisation au Maghreb occidental: dialectologie et histoire, 1998, pp.11–26 (Template:ISBN)</ref> During the 14th century, under the Merinids, Anfa rose in importance as a port. The last of the Merinids were ousted by a popular revolt in 1465.<ref name="VauchezDobson2000">Template:Cite book</ref>
Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence
[edit]
In the early 15th century, the town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbour for pirates and privateers. The Portuguese consequently bombarded the town into ruins in 1468.<ref name="Britain)1987">Template:Cite book</ref> The town that grew up around it was called Casa Branca, meaning "white house" in Portuguese.
The town was finally rebuilt between 1756 and 1790 by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah, the grandson of Moulay Ismail and an ally of George Washington, with the help of Spaniards from the nearby emporium. The town was called ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ (الدار البيضاء), the Arabic translation of the Portuguese Casa Branca.
Colonial struggle
[edit]In the 19th century, the area's population began to grow as it became a major supplier of wool to the booming textile industry in Britain and shipping traffic increased (the British, in return, began importing gunpowder tea, used in Morocco's national drink, mint tea).<ref name="Srhir2005">Template:Cite book</ref> By the 1860s, around 5,000 residents were there, and the population grew to around 10,000 by the late 1880s.<ref>Pennel, CR: Morocco from Empire to Independence, Oneworld, Oxford, 2003, p 121</ref> Casablanca remained a modestly sized port, with a population reaching around 12,000 within a few years of the French conquest and arrival of French colonialists in 1906. By 1921, this rose to 110,000,<ref>Pennel, CR: Morocco from Empire to Independence, Oneworld, Oxford, 2003, p 149.</ref> largely through the development of shanty towns.
Bombardment of Casablanca
[edit]The Treaty of Algeciras of 1906 formalized French preeminence in Morocco and included three measures that directly impacted Casablanca: that French officers would control operations at the customs office and seize revenue as collateral for loans given by France, that the French holding company La Compagnie Marocaine would develop the port of Casablanca, and that a French-and-Spanish-trained police force would be assembled to patrol the port.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
To build the port's breakwater, narrow-gauge track was laid in June 1907 for a small Decauville locomotive to connect the port to a quarry in Roches Noires, passing through the sacred Sidi Belyout graveyard. In resistance to this and the measures of the 1906 Treaty of Algeciras, tribesmen of the Chaouia attacked the locomotive, killing 9 Compagnie Marocaine laborers—3 French, 3 Italians, and 3 Spanish.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In response, the French bombarded the city in August 1907 with multiple gunboats and landed troops inside the town, causing severe damage and killing between 600 and 3,000 Moroccans.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Estimates for the total casualties are as high as 15,000 dead and wounded. In the immediate aftermath of the bombardment and the deployment of French troops, the European homes and the Mellah, or Jewish quarter, were sacked, and the latter was also set ablaze.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
As Oujda had already been occupied, the bombardment and military invasion of the city opened a western front to the French military conquest of Morocco.
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A man inspects the derailed Decauville locomotive at the scene of the attack that served as the pretext for the French bombardment of Casablanca in 1907.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":2" />
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A postcard showing the French cruiser Gloire recoiling from firing artillery at the city during the bombardment of Casablanca August 1907.
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Moroccan cadavers in a mass grave in 1907.
French rule and influence
[edit]
French control of Casablanca was formalized March 1912 when the Treaty of Fes established the French Protectorat.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Under French imperial control, Casablanca became a port of colonial extraction.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Right at the beginning of the twentieth century when Morocco was officially declared a French protectorate, the French decided to shift power to Morocco's coastal areas (i.e. Rabat and Casablanca) at the expense of its interior areas (i.e. Fez and Marrakech). Rabat was made the administrative capital of the country and Casablanca its economic capital.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
General Hubert Lyautey assigned the planning of the new colonial port city to Henri Prost. As he did in other Moroccan cities, Prost designed a European ville nouvelle outside the walls of the medina. In Casablanca, he also designed a new "ville indigène" to house Moroccans arriving from other cities.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Europeans formed almost half the population of Casablanca.<ref name="A history of the Arab peoples">Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "A history of the Arab peoples". Harvard University Press. p.323. Template:ISBN</ref>
A 1937-1938 typhoid fever outbreak was exploited by colonial authorities to justify the appropriation of urban spaces in Casablanca.<ref name=":42">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Moroccans residing in informal housing were cleared out of the center and displaced, notably to Template:Lang.<ref name=":42" />
World War II
[edit]Template:Further After Philippe Pétain of France signed the armistice with the Nazis, he ordered French troops in France's colonial empire to defend French territory against any aggressors—Allied or otherwise—applying a policy of "asymmetrical neutrality" in favour of the Germans.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> French colonists in Morocco generally supported Pétain, while Moroccans tended to favour de Gaulle and the Allies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Operation Torch, which started on 8 November 1942, was the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African campaign of World War II. The Western Task Force, composed of American units led by Major General George S. Patton and Rear Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt, carried out the invasions of Mehdia, Fedhala, and Asfi. American forces captured Casablanca from Vichy control when France surrendered 11 November 1942, but the Naval Battle of Casablanca continued until American forces sank German submarine U-173 on 16 November.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Casablanca was the site of the Berrechid Airfield, a large American air base used as the staging area for all American aircraft for the European Theatre of Operations during World War II. The airfield has since become Mohammed V International Airport.
Anfa Conference
[edit]Template:Main Casablanca hosted the Anfa Conference (also called the Casablanca Conference) in January 1943. Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt discussed the progress of the war. Also in attendance were the Free France generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud, though they played minor roles and didn't participate in the military planning.
It was at this conference that the Allies adopted the doctrine of "unconditional surrender", meaning that the Axis powers would be fought until their defeat. Roosevelt also met privately with Sultan Muhammad V and expressed his support for Moroccan independence after the war.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> This became a turning point, as Moroccan nationalists were emboldened to openly seek complete independence.<ref name=":0" />
Toward independence
[edit]During the 1940s and 1950s, Casablanca was a major centre of anti-French rioting.
On 7 April 1947, a massacre of working class Moroccans, carried out by Senegalese Tirailleurs in the service of the French colonial army, was instigated just as Sultan Muhammed V was due to make a speech in Tangier appealing for independence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Riots in Casablanca took place from 7–8 December 1952, in response to the assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist Farhat Hached by La Main Rouge—the clandestine militant wing of French intelligence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Then, on 25 December 1953 (Christmas Day), Muhammad Zarqtuni orchestrated a bombing of Casablanca's Central Market in response to the forced exile of Sultan Muhammad V and the royal family on 20 August (Eid al-Adha) of that year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Since independence
[edit]Morocco gained independence from France in 1956. The post-independence era witnessed significant urban transformations and socio-economic shifts, particularly in neighborhoods like Hay Mohammadi, which were deeply impacted by neoliberal policies and state-led urban redevelopment projects.<ref>Strava, C. (2021). Precarious modernities: Assembling State, Space and Society on the Urban Margins in Morocco. Bloomsbury Publishing. P. 3</ref>
Casablanca Group
[edit]On 4–7 January 1961, the city hosted an ensemble of progressive African leaders during the Casablanca Conference of 1961. Among those received by King Muhammad V were Gamal Abd An-Nasser, Kwame Nkrumah, Modibo Keïta, and Ahmed Sékou Touré, Ferhat Abbas.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Jewish emigration
[edit]Casablanca was a major departure point for Jews leaving Morocco through Operation Yachin, an operation conducted by Mossad to secretly migrate Moroccan Jews to Israel between November 1961 and spring 1964.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1965 riots
[edit]The 1965 student protests organized by the National Union of Popular Forces-affiliated National Union of Moroccan Students, which spread to cities around the country and devolved into riots, started on 22 March 1965, in front of Lycée Mohammed V in Casablanca.<ref name="Brousky20052">Par Omar Brouksy, "Que s'est-il vraiment passé le 23 mars 1965?", Jeune Afrique, 21 March 2005. Template:Usurped.</ref><ref>"Il y avait au moins quinze mille lycéens. Je n'avais jamais vu un rassemblement d'adolescents aussi impressionnant" as quoted in Brousky, 2005.</ref><ref>Parker & Boum, Historical Dictionary of Morocco (2006), p. 213.</ref> The protests started as a peaceful march to demand the right to public higher education for Morocco, but expanded to include concerns of labourers, the unemployed, and other marginalized segments of society, and devolved into vandalism and rioting.<ref name="Miller2013">Miller, A History of Modern Morocco (2013), pp. 162–168–169.</ref> The riots were violently repressed by security forces with tanks and armoured vehicles; Moroccan authorities reported a dozen deaths while the UNFP reported more than 1,000.<ref name="Brousky20052"/>
King Hassan II blamed the events on teachers and parents, and declared in a speech to the nation on 30 March 1965: "There is no greater danger to the State than a so-called intellectual. It would have been better if you were all illiterate."<ref>"Permettez-moi de vous dire qu'il n'y a pas de danger aussi grave pour l'Etat que celui d'un prétendu intellectuel. Il aurait mieux valu que vous soyez tous illettrés." Quoted in Rollinde, Le Mouvement marocain des droits de l'Homme (2003), p. 123.</ref><ref>Susan Ossman, Picturing Casablanca: Portraits of Power in a Modern City; University of California Press, 1994; p. 37.</ref>
1981 riots
[edit]On 6 June 1981, the Casablanca Bread Riots took place,<ref name=":3" /> which were sparked by a sharp increase in the price of necessities such as butter, sugar, wheat flour, and cooking oil following a period of severe drought.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hassan II appointed the French-trained interior minister Driss Basri as hardliner, who would later become a symbol of the Years of Lead, with quelling the protests.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The government stated that 66 people were killed and 100 were injured, while opposition leaders put the number of dead at 637, saying that many of these were killed by police and army gunfire.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref>
Mudawana
[edit]In March 2000, more than 60 women's groups organized demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country.<ref name="ParkBoum2006">Template:Cite book</ref> About 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on polygamy and the introduction of divorce law (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time). Although the counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change started in 2000 was influential on King Mohammed VI, and he enacted a new mudawana, or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists.<ref name="MiliNewark2009">Template:Cite book</ref>
Further history
[edit]On 16 May 2003, 33 civilians were killed and more than 100 people were injured when Casablanca was hit by a multiple suicide bomb attack carried out by Moroccans and claimed by some to have been linked to al-Qaeda. Twelve suicide bombers struck five locations in the city.<ref name="DakwarWatch2004">Template:Cite book</ref>
Another series of suicide bombings struck the city in early 2007.<ref name="McClellanDorn2006">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These events illustrated some of the persistent challenges the city faces in addressing poverty and integrating disadvantaged neighborhoods and populations.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> One initiative to improve conditions in the city's disadvantaged neighborhoods was the creation of the Sidi Moumen Cultural Center.<ref name=":1" />
As calls for reform spread through the Arab world in 2011, Moroccans joined in, but concessions by the ruler led to acceptance.Template:Citation needed However, in December, thousands of people demonstrated in several parts of the cityTemplate:Citation needed, especially the city center near la Fontaine, desiring more significant political reforms. On 1 November 2023, Casablanca along with Ouarzazate joined UNESCO's Creative Cities Network.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="CreativeCities2023">Template:Cite web</ref>
Geography
[edit]
Casablanca is located on the Atlantic coast of the Chaouia Plains, which have historically been the breadbasket of Morocco.<ref name="PellowMorsy1983">Template:Cite book</ref> Apart from the Atlantic coast, the Bouskoura forest is the only natural attraction in the city.<ref name="CohenEleb2002">Template:Cite book</ref> The forest was planted in the 20th century and consists mostly of eucalyptus, palm, and pine trees.<ref name="WordellSeiler2007">Template:Cite book</ref> It is located halfway to the city's international airport.
The only watercourse in Casablanca is oued Bouskoura,<ref name="Pierre2002">Template:Cite book</ref> a small seasonal creek that until 1912 reached the Atlantic Ocean near the actual port. Most of oued Bouskoura's bed has been covered due to urbanization and only the part south of El Jadida road can now be seen. The closest permanent river to Casablanca is Oum Rabia, Template:Convert to the south-east.
Neighborhood
[edit]The list of neighborhoods is indicative and not complete: Template:Div col
- 2 Mars
- Ain Chock
- Ain Diab
- Ain Sebaa
- Attacharouk
- Belvédère
- Beauséjour
- Bouchentouf
- Bouskoura
- Bourgogne
- Californie
- Centre Ville
- C.I.L.
- La Colline
- Derb Ghallef
- Derb Sultan
- Derb Tazi
- Gauthier
- Ghandi
- Habous
- El Hank
- Hay Dakhla
- Hay El Baraka
- Hay El Hanaa
- Hay El Hassani
- Hay El Mohammadi
- Hay Farah
- Hay Moulay Rachid
- Hay Salama
- Hubous
- Inara
- Laimoun (Hay Hassani)
- Lamkansa
- Lissasfa
- Maârif
- Mers Sultan
- Nassim
- Oasis
- Old Madina
- Oulfa
- Palmiers
- Polo
- Racine
- Riviera
- Roches Noires
- Salmia 2
- Sbata
- Sidi Bernoussi
- Sidi Maârouf
- Sidi Moumen
- Sidi Othmane
Climate
[edit]Casablanca has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The cool Canary Current off the Atlantic coast moderates temperature variation, which results in a climate remarkably similar to that of coastal Los Angeles, with similar temperature ranges. The city has an annual average of 72 days with significant precipitation, which amounts to Template:Convert per year. The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in the city are Template:Convert and Template:Convert, respectively. The highest amount of rainfall recorded in a single day is Template:Convert on 30 November 2010.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert | Template:Convert |
Climate change
[edit]A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~Template:Convert by 2100, the climate of Casablanca in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Tripoli, Libya. The annual temperature would increase by Template:Convert, and the temperature of the warmest month by Template:Convert, while the temperature of the coldest month would actually decrease by Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Moreover, according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Casablanca is one of 12 major African cities (Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda and Maputo) which would be the most severely affected by future sea level rise. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: Chapter 9: Africa Template:Webarchive. In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Template:Webarchive [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Economy
[edit]
The Grand Casablanca region is considered the locomotive of the development of the Moroccan economy. It attracts 32% of the country's production units and 56% of industrial labor. The region uses 30% of the national electricity production. With MAD 93 billion, the region contributes to 44% of the industrial production of the kingdom. About 33% of national industrial exports, MAD 27 billion, comes from the Grand Casablanca; 30% of the Moroccan banking network is concentrated in Casablanca.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
One of the most important exports of Casablanca is phosphate. Other industries include fishing, fish canning, sawmills, furniture production, building materials, glass, textiles, electronics, leather work, processed food, spirits, soft drinks, and cigarettes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Casablanca and Mohammedia seaports activity represent 50% of the international commercial flows of Morocco.Template:Citation needed Almost the entire Casablanca waterfront is under development, mainly the construction of huge entertainment centres between the port and Hassan II Mosque, the Anfa Resort project near the business, entertainment and living centre of Megarama, the shopping and entertainment complex of Morocco Mall, as well as a complete renovation of the coastal walkway. The Sindbad park was also renewed with rides, games and entertainment services.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Casablanca is a significant financial centre, ranking 54th globally in the September 2023 Global Financial Centres Index rankings, between Brussels and Rome.<ref name=":9" /> The Casablanca Stock Exchange is Africa's third-largest in terms of market capitalization, as of December 2022.<ref name=":10" />
Royal Air Maroc has its head office at the previous Casablanca-Anfa Airport location.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2004, it announced that it was moving its head office from Casablanca to a location in Province of Nouaceur, close to Mohammed V International Airport.<ref>"Royal Air Maroc.(Africa/Middle East)(Brief Article) Template:Webarchive." Air Transport World. 1 July 2004. Retrieved on 19 October 2009. </ref> The agreement to build the head office in Nouaceur was signed in 2009 but was never implemented.<ref>"Casablanca: Nouaceur abritera le futur siège de la RAMTemplate:Dead link." L'Économiste. 18 August 2009. Retrieved on 19 October 2009.</ref>
Administration and Politics
[edit]Casablanca is a munipality that is part of the Casablanca-Settat region.
The municipality is divided into 16 districts (arrondissements).
Municipality
[edit]The responsibilities of the Casablanca municipality include :
- Economic and social development
- Traffic, Roads, Sidewalks, Bike Lanes
- Parking
- Public Transit
- The environment
- Parks
- Beaches
- Public Safety
- Hygiene
- Libraries
- Museums
- Cultural Events
- Kindergartens
- Cemeteries
Mayor
[edit]The Mayor of Casablanca is the head of the Casablanca municipality. He controls the Casablanca municipality administration.
The Mayor :
- Represents the city<ref name=":03">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Sits on the board of public development societies (SDL) <ref name=":03" />
- Must execute the budget voted by the city ouncil<ref name=":03" />
- Must answer questions from the council members<ref name=":03" />
- Must ask the council for approval before signing any partnership with the private sector<ref name=":03" />
- Meets the leader of the 16 districts to receive suggestion <ref name=":03" />
- Can sue on behalf of the Municipality of Casablanca <ref name=":03" />
- Can create a police force that focuses on public hygiene and public order<ref name=":03" />
- Can be removed by the majority of the council<ref name=":03" />
City Council
[edit].jpg){kind=link}
The Mayor is accountable to the City Council, who represents a total of 100 to 130 elected citizens from every Casablanca neighborhood.
The City Council meets each year during the months of february, may and october.<ref name=":03" /> These 3 meetings are mandatory according to Moroccan law.<ref name=":03" />
The council members are informed 10 days before the meetings.<ref name=":03" />
Apart from these 3 sessions, the council can also be summoned by:
- The Mayor <ref name=":03" />
- The Wali of Casablanca <ref name=":03" />
- 1/3 of the council members <ref name=":03" />
At the end of every council session, a record of the votes must be preserved by a Secretary.<ref name=":03" />
16 Districts (arrondissements)
[edit]The municipality of Casablanca is divided into 16 local districts (arrondissements).
| 1. Anfa (أنفا) | 5. Hay Mohammadi (الحي المحمدي), | 9. Aïn Sebaâ (عين السبع) | 10. Hay Hassani (الحي الحسني). |
| 2. Maârif (المعاريف) | 6. Roches Noires (الصخور السوداء) | 10. Mers Sultan (مرس السلطان). | 14. Sidi Othmane (سيدي عثمان). |
| 3. Sidi Belyout (سيدي بليوط). | 8. Sidi Moumen (سيدي مومن). | 11. Hay Mohammadi (الحي المحمدي), | 15. Sbata (سباتة) |
| 4. Sidi Bernoussi (سيدي برنوصي) | 8. Moulay Rachid (مولاي رشيد) | 12. Ben Msick (بن مسيك) | 16. Ain Shock (عين الشق) |
According to Moroccan law, the main responsibilities of the districts include:
- Local parks <ref name=":03" />
- Local green spaces<ref name=":03" />
- Local cultural events <ref name=":03" />
- Maintaining any cultural asset given to the district by the municipality<ref name=":03" />
Each year, the 16 districts all receive a small budget from the municipality of Casablanca. However, they each determine how to use that budget. Each district has a President who is accountable to 15 to 20 district council members.
Example: The President of Anfa is accountable to the Council of Anfa. Only people living in Anfa can vote for the Anfa council.
Each of the 16 local councils meets 3 times a year, in january, june, and september.<ref name=":03" />
These 3 meetings are mandatory and generally open to the public.<ref name=":03" />
The President of the 16 Districts can ask the Mayor of Casablanca to give them special powers.<ref name=":03" />
Prefectures
[edit]Casablanca is divided into 8 prefectures. Each prefecture is led by a Governor who is appointed by the Moroccan government.
A governor typically oversees 2 or 3 districts.
Example: The Governor of Prefecture de Casablanca-Anfa oversees Anfa, Sidi Belyout and Maarif.
Governors can cancel decisions voted by a council if the proper legal procedures were not respected. They can also ask a judge to remove a District President from office if there is evidence he doesn't show up at council meetings.
Demographics
[edit]
The commune of Casablanca recorded a population of 3,359,818 in the 2014 Moroccan census.<ref name=census2014>Template:Cite web</ref> About 98% live in urban areas. Around 25% of the population are under 15 years old, and 9% are over 60 years old. The population of the city is about 11% of the total population of Morocco. Grand Casablanca is the largest urban area in the Maghreb. 99.9% of the population of Morocco are Arab and Berber Muslims.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the French protectorate in Morocco, European Christians formed almost half the population of Casablanca.<ref name="A history of the Arab peoples"/> Since Moroccan independence in 1956, the European population has decreased substantially. The city also is still home to a small community of Moroccan Christians, as well as a small group of foreign Roman Catholic and Protestant residents.<ref name="state.gov">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Judaism in Casablanca
[edit].jpg){kind=link}
Jews have a long history in Casablanca. A Sephardic Jewish community was in Anfa up to the destruction of the city by the Portuguese in 1468. Jews were slow to return to the town, but by 1750, the Rabbi Elijah synagogue was built as the first Jewish synagogue in Casablanca. It was destroyed along with much of the town in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.<ref name=JVL/>
In the mid-19th century, with commercial development through European economic penetration, industrial imports from Europe drove traditional Jewish crafts out of the market, costing many Jews in the interior their traditional livelihoods.<ref>Jean-Louis Miège, L'ouverture, vol. 2 of Le Maroc et l'Europe, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1961, 569</ref><ref>Mohammed Kenbib, Juifs et musulmans au Maroc, 1859–1948, Rabat: Université Mohammed V, 1994, 431-33</ref> Moroccan Jews started migrating from the interior to coastal cities such as Essaouira, Mazagan, Asfi, and later Casablanca for economic opportunity, participating in trade with Europeans and the development of those cities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Casablanca's mellah was ravaged in the bombardment of Casablanca of 1907, the beginning of the French invasion of Morocco from the West.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref>
Jean-Louis Cohen highlights the role of Jewish patrons in the architecture and urban development of Casablanca, particularly in construction of the overwhelming majority of the city's tallest buildings during the interwar period.<ref name=":18">Template:Cite journal</ref> One notable example of this trend is the Lévy-Bendayan Building designed by Marius Boyer.<ref name=":18" />
Approximately 28,000 Moroccan Jews immigrated to the State of Israel between 1948 and 1951, many through Casablanca.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Casablanca then became a departure point in Operation Yachin, the covert Mossad-organized migration operation from 1961 to 1964. In 1956 there were 100,000 Jews registered in Casablanca.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2018 it was estimated that there were only 2,500 Moroccan Jews living in Casablanca,<ref name="state.gov"/> while according to the World Jewish Congress there were only 1,000 Moroccan Jews remaining.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Today, the Jewish cemetery of Casablanca is one of the major cemeteries of the city, and many synagogues remain in service, but the city's Jewish community has dwindled. The Moroccan Jewish Museum is a museum established in the city in 1997.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Education
[edit]Colleges and universities
[edit]Public:
Private:
Primary and secondary schools
[edit]International schools:
- Belgium: École Belge de Casablanca
- French:
- Italian: Scuola "Enrico Mattei"
- Spanish: Instituto Español Juan Ramón Jiménez
- American:
- Montessori:
- École Montessori Casablanca
Libraries
[edit]- Template:Interlanguage link
- King Abdul Aziz Foundation for Human Sciences and Islamic Studies
- Dar America
- Institut Français
- Instituto Cervantes
Places of worship
[edit]
Most of the city's places of worship are Muslim mosques.<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1959</ref> Some of the city's synagogues, such as Ettedgui Synagogue, also remain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are also Christian churches; some remain in use — particularly by the West African migrant community — while many of the churches built during the colonial period have been repurposed, such as Church of the Sacred Heart.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sports
[edit]Association football
[edit]
Casablanca is home to two popular football clubs: Wydad Casablanca<ref name="African concord">Template:Cite book</ref> and Raja Casablanca<ref name="West Africa">Template:Cite book</ref>—which are rivals.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Raja's symbol is an eagle and Wydad's symbol is a star and crescent, a symbol of Islam. These two popular clubs have produced some of Morocco's best players, such as: Salaheddine Bassir, Abdelmajid Dolmy, Baddou Zaki, Aziz Bouderbala, and Noureddine Naybet. Other football teams on top of these two major teams based in the city of Casablanca include Rachad Bernoussi, TAS de Casablanca, Majd Al Madina, and Racing Casablanca.
Raja CA, founded in 1949, compete in Botola and play their home games at the Stade Mohammed V. The club is known for their supporters and is one of the most supported teams in Africa. Wydad AC, founded in 1937, also compete in Botola and play their home games at the Stade Mohammed V. Both have a strong reputation on continental competitions, having both won the CAF Champions League three times.
Casablanca hosted eight African Champions League finals, all eight at the Stade Mohammed V. The Stade also hosted the 2018 CHAN Final (which Morocco won) and 1988 African Cup of Nations final.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It could potentially host matches for the 2030 FIFA World Cup including the final.
Tennis
[edit]Casablanca hosts The Grand Prix Hassan II, a professional men's tennis tournament of the ATP tour. It first began in 1986, and is played on clay courts type at Complexe Al Amal.
Notable winners of the Hassan II Grand-Prix are Thomas Muster in 1990, Hicham Arazi in 1997, Younes El Aynaoui in 2002, and Stanislas Wawrinka in 2010.
Hosting
[edit]Casablanca staged the 1961 Pan Arab Games, the 1983 Mediterranean Games, and games during the 1988 Africa Cup of Nations. Morocco was scheduled to host the 2015 African Nations Cup, but decided to decline due to Ebola fears. Morocco was expelled and the tournament was held in Equatorial Guinea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, Morocco will host the 2025 edition after original host Guinea was stripped from hosting rights due to lack of readiness and preparation delays.
Venues
[edit]The Hassan II Stadium is the planned football stadium to be built in the city. Once completed in 2025, it will be used mostly for football matches and will serve as the home of Raja Casablanca, Wydad Casablanca, and the Morocco national football team. The stadium was designed with a capacity of 93,000 spectators, making it one of the highest-capacity stadiums in Africa. Once completed, it will replace the Stade Mohamed V. The initial idea of the stadium was for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, for which Morocco lost their bid to South Africa. Nevertheless, the Moroccan government supported the decision to go ahead with the plans. It will be completed in 2025. The idea of the stadium was also for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, for which Morocco lost their bid to Canada, Mexico and United States. It will now host the 2030 FIFA World Cup which Morocco will co-host with two European nations Spain and Portugal. It is expected to be complete by 2028.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Road Racing
[edit]The city is host to the International Casablanca Marathon, a 26.2-mile road race that draws international competition. The race was founded in 2008 and is a member of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races Template:Webarchive.
Culture
[edit]Music
[edit]Haja El Hamdaouia, one of the most iconic figures in aita music, was born in Casablanca.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nass El Ghiwane, led by Larbi Batma, came out of Hay Mohammadi in Casablanca.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Naima Samih of Derb Sultan gained prominence through the program Mawahib (Template:Lang).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Abdelhadi Belkhayat and Abdelwahab Doukkali are musicians specializing in traditional Moroccan Arabic popular music.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Zina Daoudia, Abdelaziz Stati, Abdellah Daoudi, and Said Senhaji are notable Moroccan chaabi musicians.
Abdelakabir Faradjallah founded Attarazat Addahabia, a Moroccan funk band, in 1968.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Fadoul, another funk band, formed in the 1970s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Hoba Hoba Spirit also formed in Casablanca, and is still based there.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Casablanca has a thriving hiphop scene, with artists such as El Grande Toto, Don Big, 7liwa, and Issam Harris.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Casablanca hosts numerous music festivals, such as Jazzablanca and L'Boulevard,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as well as a museum dedicated to Andalusi music, Dar ul-Aala.<ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
Literature
[edit]Francesco Cavalli's L'Ormindo is a 17th-century Venetian opera set between Anfa and Fes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The French writer Antoine de Saint-Exupéry is associated with Casablanca.
Driss Chraïbi's novel The Simple Past takes place in Casablanca. Mohamed Zafzaf lived in Maarif while writing and teaching at a high school.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Lamalif, a radical leftist political and cultural magazine, was based in Casablanca.
Casablanca's International Book Fair is held at the fair grounds opposite Hassan II Mosque annually in February.
Theater
[edit]Tayeb Saddiki, described as the father of Moroccan theater, grew up in Casablanca and made his career there.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Hanane el-Fadili and Hassan El Fad are popular comedians from Casablanca. Gad Elmaleh is another comedian from Casablanca, though he has made his career abroad.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Visual art
[edit]The École des Beaux-Arts of Casablanca was founded in 1919 by a French Orientalist painter named Édouard Brindeau de Jarny, who started his career teaching drawing at Lycée Lyautey.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":02">Template:Cite book</ref> The Casablanca School—a Modernist art movement and collective including artists such as Farid Belkahia, Mohamed Melehi, and Mohammed Chabâa—developed out of the École des Beaux-Arts of Casablanca in the late 1960s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Academy of Traditional Arts, part of the Hassan II Mosque complex, was founded 31 October 2012.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
L'Uzine is a community-based art and culture space in Casablanca.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Rebel Spirit published The Casablanca Guide (Template:Lang, Template:Lang) a comic book about life in Casablanca.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sbagha Bagha is a street art festival during which murals are created on the sides of apartment buildings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Photography
[edit]Postcard companies such as Léon & Lévy were active in Casablanca. Gabriel Veyre also worked and eventually died in Casablanca.
Marcelin Flandrin (1889–1957), a French military photographer, settled in Casablanca and recorded much of the early colonial period in Morocco with his photography.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> With his staged nude postcard photos taken in Casablanca's colonial brothel quarter, Flandrin was also responsible for disseminating the orientalist image of Moroccan women as sexual objects.<ref name="tibb">Template:Cite web</ref>
Casablanca has a thriving street photography scene.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Yoriyas is prominent among photographers capturing the economic capital's street scenes, and has attracted international attention.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Film
[edit]
In the first half of the 20th century, Casablanca had many movie theaters, such as Cinema Rialto, Cinema Lynx and Cinema Vox, the largest in Africa when it was built.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The 1942 American film Casablanca is set in Casablanca and has had a lasting impact on the city's image although it was filmed in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Salut Casa! was a propaganda film brandishing France's purported colonial triumph in its mission civilisatrice in the city.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref>
Mostafa Derkaoui's revolutionary independent film About Some Meaningless Events (1974) took place in Casablanca.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> It was the main subject of Ali Essafi's documentary Before the Dying of the Light.<ref name=":4" />
Love in Casablanca (1991), starring Abdelkarim Derqaoui and Muna Fettou, is one of the first Moroccan films to deal with Morocco's complex realities and to depict life in Casablanca with verisimilitude. Nour-Eddine Lakhmari's Casanegra (2008) depicts the harsh realities of Casablanca's working classes.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The films Ali Zaoua (2000), Horses of God (2012), and Razzia (2017) of Nabil Ayouch, a French director of Moroccan heritage, deal with street crime, terrorism and social issues in Casablanca, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The events in Meryem Benm'Barek-Aloïsi's 2018 film Sofia revolve around an illegitimate pregnancy in Casablanca.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ahmed El Maanouni, Hicham Lasri and Said Naciri are also from Casablanca.
Architecture
[edit]
Casablanca's architecture and urban development are historically significant. The city is home to many notable buildings in a variety of styles, including traditional Moroccan architecture, various colonial architectural styles, Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Neo-Mauresque, Streamline Moderne, Modernism, Brutalism, and more. During the French Protectorate, the French government described Casablanca as a "laboratory of urbanism".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The work of the Groupe des Architectes Modernes Marocains (GAMMA) on public housing projects—such as Carrières Centrales in Hay Mohammadi—in a style described as vernacular modernism influenced modernist architecture around the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Casamémoire and MAMMA. are two organizations dedicated to the preservation and appreciation of the city's architectural heritage.
Transport
[edit]
Rapid transit
[edit]The Casablanca Tramway is the rapid transit tram system in Casablanca. As of 2024, the network consists of four lines covering Template:Convert, with 110 stops.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Casablanca has also implemented a rapid bus transit system known as the Casablanca Busway, a high-level bus network serving the city. As of 2024, the network consists of two lines, BW1 and BW2.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Since the 1970s, Casablanca had planned to build a metro system to offer some relief to the problems of traffic congestion and poor air quality.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the city council voted to abandon the metro project in 2014 due to high costs, and decided to continue expanding the already operating tram system instead.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Air
[edit]
Casablanca's main airport is Mohammed V International Airport, Morocco's busiest airport. Regular domestic flights serve Marrakech, Rabat, Agadir, Oujda, Tangier, Al Hoceima, and Laayoune, as well as other cities.
Casablanca is well-served by international flights to Europe, especially French and Spanish airports, and has regular connections to North American, Middle Eastern and sub-Saharan African destinations. New York City, Montreal, Paris, Washington D.C., London and Dubai are important primary destinations.
The older, smaller Casablanca-Anfa Airport to the west of the city, served certain destinations including Damascus and Tunis, and was largely closed to international civilian traffic in 2006. It was eventually demolished to make way for construction of the "Casablanca Finance City", the new heart of the city of Casablanca. Casablanca Tit Mellil Airport is located in the nearby community of Tit Mellil.
Coach buses
[edit]Compagnie de Transports au Maroc (CTM) offers private intercity coach buses on various lines run servicing most notable Moroccan towns, as well as a number of European cities. These run from the CTM Bus Station on Leo Africanus Street near the Central Market in downtown Casablanca. Supratours, an affiliate of ONCF, also offers coach bus service at a slightly lower cost, departing from a station on Wilad Zian Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There is another bus station farther down on the same street called the Wilad Zian Bus Station; this station is the country's largest bus station, serving over 800 buses daily, catering more to Morocco's lower income population.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Taxis
[edit]
Registered taxis in Casablanca are coloured red and known as petits taxis (small taxis), or coloured white and known as grands taxis (big taxis). As is standard Moroccan practice, petits taxis, typically small-four door Dacia Logan, Peugeot 207, or similar cars, provide metered cab service in the central metropolitan areas. Grands taxis, generally older Mercedes-Benz sedans, provide shared mini-bus like service within the city on predefined routes, or shared intercity service. Grands taxis may also be hired for private service by the hour or day.
Trains
[edit]Casablanca is served by three main railway stations run by the national rail service, the ONCF.
Template:Stnlnk is the main intercity station, from which trains run south to Marrakech or El Jadida and north to Mohammedia and Rabat, and then on either to Tangier or Meknes, Fes, Taza and Oujda/Nador. It also serves as the southern terminus of the Al-Boraq high speed line from Tangier. A dedicated airport shuttle service to Mohammed V International Airport also has its primary in-city stop at this station, for connections on to further destinations.
Template:Stnlnk serves primarily commuter trains such as the Train Navette Rapide (TNR or Aouita) operating on the Casablanca – Kenitra rail corridor, with some connecting trains running on to Gare de Casa-Voyageurs. The station provides a direct interchange between train and shipping services, and is located near several port-area hotels. It is the nearest station to the old town of Casablanca, and to the modern city centre, around the landmark Casablanca Twin Center. Casa-Port station is being rebuilt in a modern and enlarged configuration. During the construction, the station is still operational. From 2013, it will provide a close connection from the rail network to the city's new tram network.
Casa-Oasis was originally a suburban commuter station which was fully redesigned and rebuilt in the early 21st century, and officially reopened in 2005 as a primary city rail station. Owing to its new status, all southern intercity train services to and from Casa-Voyageurs now call at Casa-Oasis. ONCF stated in 2005 that the refurbishment and upgrading of Casa-Oasis to intercity standards was intended to relieve passenger congestion at Casa-Voyageurs station.
Tourism
[edit]Although Mohammed V International Airport receives most international flights into Morocco,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> international tourism in Casablanca is not as developed as it is in cities <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> such as Fes and Marrakech.
The Hassan II Mosque, which is the second largest mosque in Africa and the seventh-largest in the world, is the city's main tourist attraction.<ref name="Reference">Kingfisher Geography encyclopedia. Template:ISBN. Page 137</ref><ref name="Hassan">Template:Cite web</ref> Visitors also come to see the city's rich architectural heritage.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Popular sites for national tourism include shopping centers such as Morocco Mall, Anfa Place, the Marina Shopping Center, and the Tachfine Center. Additional sites include the Corniche and the beach of Ain Diab, and parks such as the Arab League Park or the Sindibad theme park.<ref name="LaQuotidienne 12-2016">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ParcSindibad">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Notable people
[edit]
- Lahcen Abrami – former Moroccan footballer
- Amine Atouchi – Moroccan footballer
- Khalil Azmi – former Moroccan goalkeeper
- Amal Ayouch – Moroccan stage and film actress
- Wissam Baraka – Moroccan footballer
- Salaheddine Bassir – Moroccan footballer
- Laarbi Batma – Moroccan musician and artist, founding member of Nas El Ghiwan
- Larbi Benbarek – Moroccan footballer
- Badr Benoun – Moroccan footballer
- Miriem Bensalah-Chaqroun – Moroccan businesswoman
- Jean-Paul Bertrand-Demanes – French footballer
- Frida Boccara – French singer, winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1969
- Aziz Bouderbala – former Moroccan footballer
- Merieme Chadid – Moroccan astronomer
- Mustapha Chadili – former goalkeeper
- Achraf Dari – Moroccan footballer
- Jean-Charles de Castelbajac – Moroccan/French fashion designer
- Nabil Dirar – Moroccan footballer
- Abdelmajid Dolmy – former Moroccan footballer
- Don Bigg – Moroccan rapper and songwriter
- Dizzy DROS – Moroccan rapper and producer
- Issam El Adoua – Moroccan footballer
- Badr El Kaddouri – former Moroccan footballer
- Talal El Karkouri – former Moroccan footballer
- Gad Elmaleh – French/Canadian/Moroccan comedian
- Bouchaib El Moubarki – former Moroccan footballer
- Youssef Fertout – Moroccan manager
- La Fouine – Moroccan/French rapper
- Khalid Fouhami – former Moroccan goalkeeper
- Mohamed Fouzair – Moroccan footballer
- Divina Frau-Meigs – Moroccan sociologist and professor
- El Haqed – Moroccan rapper
- Serge Haroche – French physicist, awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physics
- Shatha Hassoun – Moroccan/Iraqi singer and actress
- Lydia Hatuel-Czuckermann – Israeli Olympic fencer
- Mouhcine Iajour – Moroccan footballer
- Driss Joumad – former Morocco international footballer
- Nadir Lamyaghri – former Moroccan goalkeeper
- Hamza Mendyl – Moroccan footballer
- Hicham Mesbahi – Moroccan boxer
- French Montana – Moroccan/American rapper
- Nawal El Moutawakel – Moroccan Olympic champion
- Hakim Mouzaki – Moroccan footballer
- Abderrahim Najah – Moroccan international basketball player
- Noureddine Naybet – Moroccan footballer
- Mostafa Nissaboury – Moroccan poet
- Hakim Noury – Moroccan film director
- Maurice Ohana – French composer
- Faouzia Ouihya – Moroccan-Canadian singer
- Azzedine Ounahi – Moroccan footballer
- Jean Reno – Hollywood actor
- Youssef Rossi – former Moroccan footballer
- Abdelilah Saber – Moroccan former footballer
- Youssef Safri – Moroccan football manager
- Jamal Sellami – Moroccan football manager
- Daniel Sivan – Israeli professor
- Alain Souchon – French songwriter
- Frank Stephenson – Moroccan/British/American award-winning automobile designer
- Hassan Saada – Moroccan boxer arrested for alleged rape before Olympic match<ref name="straitstimes">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Tagne – rapper
- Sidney Taurel – naturalized American CEO of Eli Lilly and Company from 1998 to 2008
- Richard Virenque – French cyclist
- Muhammad Zarqtuni – Moroccan nationalist and resistance leader
- Abdallah Zrika – Moroccan poet
In popular culture
[edit]
- The 1942 film Casablanca (starring Ingrid Bergman and Humphrey Bogart) is supposed to have been set in Casablanca, although it was filmed entirely in Los Angeles and does not feature a single Arab or North African character with a speaking role.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> The film depicts Casablanca as the scene of power struggle between various foreign powers, which had much more to do with the Tangier of the time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The film has achieved worldwide popularity since its release. Nominated for eight Academy Awards, it won three, including Best Picture.
- A Night in Casablanca (1946) was the 12th Marx Brothers' movie. The film stars Groucho Marx, Chico Marx, and Harpo Marx. It was directed by Archie Mayo and written by Joseph Fields and Roland Kibbee. The film contains the song "Who's Sorry Now?", with music by Ted Snyder and lyrics by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby. It is sung in French by Lisette Verea playing the part of Beatrice Rheiner, and then later sung in English. Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2" is played twice, once by Chico on piano as an introduction to the "Beer Barrel Polka", and again by Harpo on the harp.
- The city is featured in The Mysterious Caravan (1975), volume 54 in the original Hardy Boys series.
- Casablanca is the setting for several chapters in Doubleshot, a 2000 James Bond novel by Raymond Benson. In the novel, one of the characters mentions that the 1942 film was shot in Hollywood and not on location.
- Casablanca is one of the key locations in the 2006 video game Dreamfall, as it is where the primary protagonist of the game, Zoë Castillo, lives. Although the city is imagined in the year 2219, much of the present-day architecture is used for inspiration.
- Casablanca is the setting for the first act of the 2016 World War II romantic thriller film Allied starring Brad Pitt and Marion Cotillard.
Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]Template:See also Casablanca is twinned with:<ref name=Jumelages>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col
- Template:Flagicon Bordeaux, France
- Template:Flagicon Busan, South Korea<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Chicago, United States
- Template:Flagicon Dakar, Senegal
- Template:Flagicon Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Template:Flagicon Jakarta, Indonesia
- Template:Flagicon Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Template:Flagicon Muscat, Oman
- Template:Flagicon Nouadhibou, Mauritania
- Template:Flagicon Shanghai, China
Casablanca also has cooperation agreements with:<ref name=Jumelages/> Template:Div col
- Template:Flagicon Abuja, Nigeria
- Template:Flagicon Amman, Jordan
- Template:Flagicon Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Template:Flagicon Barcelona, Spain
- Template:Flagicon Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Template:Flagicon Hebron, Palestine
- Template:Flagicon Istanbul, Turkey
- Template:Flagicon Kajiado, Kenya
- Template:Flagicon Koudougou, Burkina Faso
- Template:Flagicon Montreal, Canada
- Template:Flagicon Moroni, Comoros
- Template:Flagicon Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Template:Flagicon Paris, France
- Template:Flagicon Ramallah, Palestine
- Template:Flagicon Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Template:Flagicon Brussels, Belgium<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Madrid, Spain
- Template:Flagicon London, United Kingdom
- Template:Flagicon San Sebastián, Spain
- Template:Flagicon Bucharest, Romania
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]External links
[edit]Template:Commons category Template:Wikivoyage
- Official web site of Casablanca
- Template:Usurped Template:In lang
- Casablanca photo gallery (buildings and other landmarks with a history dating back to the French Protectorate)
- Open Air Museum of 20th century architecture
- Template:Osmrelation-inline
Template:Coord Template:Casablanca Template:Prefectures and provinces of Morocco Template:Mediterranean Games