Kivalina, Alaska

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox settlement Kivalina Template:Smaller<ref>

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</ref> (Template:Langx) is a city<ref name="2010 Census">

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</ref><ref>

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</ref> and village in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska, United States. The population was 377 at the 2000 census<ref name="GR2">Template:Cite web</ref> and 374 as of the 2010 census.<ref name="2010 Census"/>

The island on which the village lies is threatened by rising sea levels and coastal erosion caused by climate change. Template:As of, it is predicted that the island will be inundated by 2025.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In addition to well-publicized impacts of climate change, the Village of Kivalina has been a party in several environmentally related court cases.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Hansen 2013 Article 10">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Rosen">Template:Cite news</ref>

History

Kivalina is an Inupiat community first reported as "Kivualinagmut" in 1847 by Lt. Lavrenty Zagoskin of the Imperial Russian Navy. It has long been a stopping place for travelers between Arctic coastal areas and Kotzebue Sound communities. Three bodies and artifacts were found in 2009 representing the Ipiutak culture, a pre-Thule, non-whaling civilization that disappeared over a millennium ago.<ref>"Remains of ancient inhabitants found in Kivilina." Anchorage Daily News, 25 August 2009 Template:Webarchive</ref>

It is the only village in the region where people hunt the bowhead whale. The original village was located at the north end of the Kivalina Lagoon, but was relocated.

In about 1900, reindeer were brought to the area and some people were trained as reindeer herders.

An airstrip was built at Kivalina in 1960. Kivalina incorporated as a second-class city in 1969. During the 1970s, a new school and an electric system were constructed in the city.

On December 5, 2014, the only general store in Kivalina burned down.<ref>DeMarban, Alex, "Fire Destroys General Store in Arctic Village of Kivalina", December 5, 2014. Alaska Dispatch News. Web. December 11, 2014</ref> In July 2015, a newer store was opened after months of rebuilding to make the store more convenient and safe.<ref>"This is climate change: Alaskan villagers struggle as island is chewed up by the sea" LA Times, 30 August 2015</ref>

Geography

Kivalina is on the southern tip of a Template:Convert long barrier island located between the Chukchi Sea and a lagoon at the mouth of the Kivalina River.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> It lies Template:Convert northwest of Kotzebue. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of Template:Convert, of which, Template:Convert of it is land and Template:Convert of it (51.55%) is water.

Climate

Kivalina has a dry subarctic climate with long very cold winters and short cool summers. August is the wettest month of the year, while December is the snowiest month.

Demographics

Template:US Census population Kivalina first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as an unincorporated (native) village. It formally incorporated in 1969.

As of the census of 2010, there were 374 people, and 99 households.<ref name=":13">Template:Cite web</ref> The population density was Template:Convert. There were 80 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the village was 3.45% White and 96.55% Native American. The Native Village of Kivalina is a federally recognized tribe with an elected tribal council.<ref name=":13"/> The City of Kivalina, organized under the Northwest Arctic Borough under the State of Alaska, has an elected mayor and city administrator and a 7-member city council.<ref name=":13"/> Per the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, NANA Corporation owns the surface and sub-surface rights to the city site and surrounding area.<ref name=":13"/> Manilaaq Association serves the community as an Alaska Native non-profit regional corporation providing social, tribal and health care services.<ref name=":13"/>

In 2010, there were 78 households, out of which 61.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 15.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.9% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.83 and the average family size was 5.50. In the village the population was spread out, with 44.0% under the age of 18, 13.3% from 18 to 24, 20.7% from 25 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,833, and the median income for a family was $30,179. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $8,360. About 25.4% of families and 26.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.9% of those under age 18 and 30.0% of those age 65 or over.

Environmental issues

Due to severe sea wave erosion during storms, the city hopes to relocate again to a new site Template:Convert from the present site; studies of alternate sites are ongoing.<ref>An Alaska island is Losing Ground, Los Angeles Times, November 25, 2007</ref> According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the estimated cost of relocation runs between $95 and $125 million, whereas the Government Accountability Office (GAO) estimates it to be between $100 and $400 million.<ref name=abate>Template:Cite journal</ref> Since the temperatures in the Arctic as rising is it heavily impacting the Kivalina community.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The sea ice that was once there helping to protect the city has now disappeared. Due to these rising sea levels maybe people are out of homes and since resources are becoming scarce it is leading to overcrowding and poor sanitation.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

In 2011, Haymarket Books published "Kivalina: A Climate Change Story" by Christine Shearer.

Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation

The city of Kivalina and a federally recognized tribe, the Alaska Native Village of Kivalina, sued ExxonMobil, eight other oil companies, 14 power companies and one coal company in a lawsuit filed in federal court in San Francisco on February 26, 2008, claiming that the large amounts of greenhouse gases they emit contribute to global warming that threatens the community's existence.<ref>"Eskimo village sues over global warming", CNN News, February 26, 2008</ref> The lawsuit estimated the cost of relocation at $400 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The suit was dismissed by the United States district court on September 30, 2009, on the grounds that regulating greenhouse emissions was a political rather than a legal issue and one that needed to be resolved by Congress and the Administration rather than by courts.<ref name=dismiss>Order Granting Motions to Dismiss, N.D. Cal., September 30, 2009</ref>

Kivalina v Teck Cominco

In 2004, Kivalina underrepresentation from the co-founder of Center on Race Poverty and Environment, Luke Cole, sued Canadian mining company Teck Cominco, operator of the Red Dog Mine, for polluting its water drinking water source and subsistence fish resources through their discharge of mine waste into the Wulik River. Teck Cominco settled the suit in 2008 by agreeing to build a wastewater pipeline from the mine to the ocean that would bypass discharging into the Wulik River.<ref name="Rosen"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the pipeline was not constructed and the alternative settlement clause was followed.

Kivalina v. US EPA

In 2010, the Native Village of Kivalina IRA Council brought suit against the US EPA for failing to adequately address public comments in their permitting of the Red Dog Mine discharge plan under the National Pollutant Discharge Elilmination System (NPDES). In 2012, the US Ninth Circuit court upheld the decision of the EPA Appeals Board to not review the permit, citing the insufficiency of the Tribe's argument.<ref name="Hansen 2013 Article 10"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:KivalinaOrangeGoo.jpg

"Orange goo"

Orange goo

On August 4, 2011, it was reported that residents of the city of Kivalina had seen a strange orange goo wash up on the shores. According to the Associated Press, "Tests have been conducted on the substance on the surface of the water in Kivalina. City Administrator Janet Mitchell told the Associated Press that the substance has also shown up in some residents' rain buckets."<ref name="ORANGE SUBSTANCE">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore </ref> On August 8, 2011, Associated Press reported that the substance consisted of millions of microscopic eggs.<ref>Orange goo near remote Alaska village ID'd as eggsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore, Associated Press, August 8, 2011</ref> Later, officials of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirmed that the orange colored materials were some kind of crustacean eggs or embryos,<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but subsequent examination resulted in a declaration that the substance consisted of spores from a possibly undescribed species of rust fungus,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> later revealed to be Chrysomyxa ledicola.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sea level rise and coastal erosion

On numerous occasions the community has been inundated by storm surges and been forced to evacuate.<ref name=":0">Brubaker, M., Berner, J., Bell, J. N., & Warren, J. (2011). Climate Change in Kivalina Alaska.pdf (p. 70) [Funded by United States Indian Health Service Cooperative Agreement No. AN 08-X59]. ANTHC. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/php/26952/Climate%20Change%20HIA%20Report_Kivalina.pdf</ref> While the risk of inundation from sea water has always existed, storms caused extensive flooding in 1970, 1976, 2002, 2004, and spurred a village-wide evacuation in 2007.<ref name=":0" /> To slow erosion, the US Army Corps of Engineers conducted a rip-rap revetment project along the tip of the barrier island<ref name=":13"/> and adjacent to the airport.

Other climate change impacts

In addition to increased flooding from storm surges, bank erosion along the Wulik River causes increased turbidity which affects the city's drinking water source and complicates water treatment.<ref name=":0" />

Relocation

Due to severe sea wave erosion during storms, the city hopes to relocate again to a new site 12 km (7.5 mi) from the present site.<ref name="dot.alaska.gov">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2009, Kivalina was identified by a GAO report as one of 31 environmentally threatened communities in Alaska.<ref name="Office">Template:Cite report</ref> Relocation to a site off the barrier island to higher ground has had little progress.<ref name="Office"/> According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the estimated cost of relocation runs between $95 and $125 million, whereas the Government Accountability Office (GAO) estimates it to be between $100 and $400 million. In 2018, a decision was made to build an evacuation road across the Kivalina Lagoon to provide a means for the community to escape devastating storms that can inundate the barrier island. Additionally, the road will connect the village with the proposed new school site on K-Hill.<ref name="dot.alaska.gov"/>

Kivalina in the media

Kivalina's environmental issues were prominently featured in The 2015 Weather Channel documentary "Alaska: State of Emergency" hosted by Dave Malkoff. Kivalina was one of the two towns featured in the Al Jazeera English Fault Lines documentary, When the Water Took the Land.<ref name="AlJazeera-FaultLines-WhenTheWaterTook-2015">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ADN-FaultLinesDocumentary-2015">Template:Cite news</ref> The community, who were originally nomadic, were given an ultimatum that they would have to settle in the permanent community or their children would be taken from them.<ref name="NPR-DayToDay-2AlaskanVillages-2008">Template:Cite news</ref> The village's plight was also examined in Kivalina, an hourlong documentary released as part of the PBS World series America ReFramed. The Atlantic did a photo journalism story documenting climate change in Kivalina in their September 2019 article, The Impact of Climate Change on Kivalina, Alaska.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Education

The McQueen School, operated by the Northwest Arctic Borough School District, serves the community.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of it had 141 students, with Alaska Natives making up 100% of the student body.<ref>Home. McQueen School. Retrieved on March 26, 2017.</ref>

See also

• Kivalina Airport

Further reading

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• Kivalina Strategic Management Plan<ref>Template:Cite web
• City of Kivalina Local Hazards Mitigation Plan

External links

• Re-Locate Kivalina
• America ReFramed: Kivalina (documentary)
• Alaska Climate Change Impact Mitigation Program: Kivalina at Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development, State of Alaska