Ender's Game

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Good article Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox book Ender's Game is a 1985 military science fiction novel by American author Orson Scott Card. Set at an unspecified date in Earth's future, the novel presents an imperiled humankind after two conflicts with an insectoid alien species they dub "the buggers". In preparation for an anticipated third invasion, Earth's international military force recruits young children, including the novel's protagonist, Andrew "Ender" Wiggin, to be trained as elite officers. The children learn military strategy and leadership by playing increasingly difficult war games, including some in zero gravity, where Ender's tactical genius is revealed.

The book originated as a short story of the same name, published in the August 1977 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The novel was published on January 15, 1985. Later, by elaborating on characters and plotlines depicted in the novel, Card wrote additional books in the Ender's Game series. Card released an updated version of Ender's Game in 1991, changing some political facts to account for the then-recent dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The novel has been translated into 34 languages. In the movie adaptation and novels after the original sequels, "buggers" are referred to as "Formics".

Reception of the book has been largely positive. It has become suggested reading for military organizations such as the United States Marine Corps.<ref name="MarineC">Template:Cite web</ref> Ender's Game was recognized as "best novel" by the 1985 Nebula Award<ref name="WWE-1985">Template:Cite web</ref> and the 1986 Hugo Award<ref name="WWE-1986">Template:Cite web</ref> in the genres of science fiction and fantasy. Its four sequels—Speaker for the Dead (1986), Xenocide (1991), Children of the Mind (1996), and Ender in Exile (2008)—follow Ender's subsequent travels to many different worlds in the galaxy. In addition, the later novella A War of Gifts (2007) and novel Ender's Shadow (1999), plus other novels in the Shadow saga, take place during the same time period as the original.

A film adaptation of the same name, written for the screen and directed by Gavin Hood, and starring Asa Butterfield as Ender, was released in October 2013. Card co-produced the film.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The novel has also been adapted into two comic book series.

Synopsis

Template:Ender's Game chronology War breaks out between humans and an insect-like alien race referred to as "buggers". The humans are able to repel the First and Second Invasions by narrow margins. Earth's space military force is the International Fleet (I.F.), which trains gifted children to become commanders at their orbiting Battle School.

Andrew "Ender" Wiggin is born a "Third": a rare exception to Earth's two-child policy, allowed by the government due to the promise and high intellect displayed by his two older siblings. The eldest, Peter, is a sociopath who bullies Ender. His sister, Valentine, is deeply empathic. The I.F. removed Ender's monitoring device when he was six years old, seemingly ending his chances of Battle School. He is taunted and pushed around by his classmates, led by a school bully named Stilson. Ender viciously retaliates against Stilson. Ender is disturbed that he, through his actions, is becoming more like his brother Peter. Unbeknownst to Ender, Stilson later dies from his wounds. Colonel Hyrum Graff visits Ender after hearing about the fight. Ender attests that by showing superiority now, he has prevented future struggle. Graff offers him a place in the Battle School.

Once at Battle School, Graff and the other leaders covertly work to keep Ender isolated. Ender finds solace in playing a simulated adventure game that involves being killed by and eventually killing a giant. The cadets participate in competitive war simulations in zero gravity, where Ender quickly masters the competition with novel tactics. To further wear Ender down, he is promoted to command a new army composed of new recruits, then pitted against multiple armies at once, but Ender's success continues. Ender's jealous ex-commander, Bonzo Madrid, draws him into a fight outside the simulation, and once again seeking to preemptively stop future conflicts, Ender uses excessive force, and Bonzo dies from his injuries without Ender being notified.

Meanwhile on Earth, Peter Wiggin uses a global communication system to post political essays under the pseudonym "Locke", hoping to establish himself as a respected orator and then as a powerful politician. Valentine, despite not trusting Peter, agrees to publish alongside him as "Demosthenes". Their essays are soon taken seriously by the government and the people.

Ender, now ten years old, is promoted to Command School. After some preliminary battles in the simulator, he is introduced to Mazer Rackham, a hero from the First and Second Invasions who saw key patterns in the bugger behavior. Ender participates in space combat simulations created and controlled by Mazer. As the fighting becomes harder, he is joined by some of his friends from the Battle School as sub-commanders. Ender grows depressed by the battles, his isolation, and the way Mazer treats him.

For his final test, under observation by I.F.'s commanders, Ender finds his fleet far outnumbered by bugger ships surrounding their homeworld. He sacrifices his entire fleet to fire a Molecular Disruption Device at the planet. The Device destroys the planet and paralyzes the surrounding bugger fleet. The commanders cheer and celebrate. Mazer informs Ender that the "simulations" were real battles, directing human spacecraft against bugger fleets via an ansible and that Ender has won the war. Ender realizes that he has committed genocide and become just like Peter, additionally learning about the deaths of Stilson and Bonzo.

Ender and Valentine join a group of space colonists. On their new planet, Ender becomes the colony's governor. He discovers a structure that matches the simulation of the giant game from Battle School and inside finds the dormant egg of a queen. The bugger queen telepathically communicates to Ender that before the First Invasion, they had assumed humans were a non-sentient race, for want of collective consciousness, but realized their mistake too late. Instead, she had reached out to Ender to draw him here and requested that he take the egg to a new planet for the buggers to colonize.

Ender takes the egg and, with information from the queen, writes The Hive Queen under the alias "Speaker for the Dead". Peter, now the leader of Earth and 77 with heart failure, recognizes Ender as the author of The Hive Queen. He asks Ender to write a book about him, which Ender titles The Hegemon. The combined works create a new type of funeral, in which the Speaker for the Dead tells the whole and unapologetic story of the deceased, adopted by many on Earth and its colonies. Ender and Valentine leave the colony and travel to other worlds, looking for a safe place to establish the unborn Hive Queen.

Creation and inspiration

The original "Ender's Game" is a short story published in 1977 that conveys Ender's experiences in Battle and Command School, training, and application of his talents.

At the age of 16, Card conceived of the 'Battle Room' for zero gravity war game training,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> considering the common failure of WWII trainee pilots to think in three dimensions, and stories from his older brother about various good and bad aspects of his military training.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In a commentary track for the 20th anniversary audiobook edition of the novel, as well as in the 1991 Author's Definitive Edition, Card stated that Ender's Game was written to establish the character of Ender for his role of the Speaker in Speaker for the Dead, the outline for which he had written before novelizing Ender's Game.<ref name="book">Template:Cite book</ref> Additionally, in the post-script of the 20th anniversary audiobook edition, Card mentions that he named Ender so that he could have a name that sounded like "endgame" from chess.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In his 1991 introduction to the novel, Card discussed the influence of Isaac Asimov's Foundation series on the novelette and novel. Historian Bruce Catton's work on the American Civil War also influenced Card.<ref name="book" />

Ender's Game was the first science-fiction novel published entirely online, when it appeared on Delphi a year before print publication.<ref name="dignazio198612">Template:Cite news</ref>

Critical response

Ender's Game won the Nebula Award for best novel in 1985,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Hugo Award for best novel in 1986,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> considered the two most prestigious awards in science fiction.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ender's Game was also nominated for a Locus Award in 1986.<ref name="WWE-1986"/> In 1999, it placed No. 59 on the reader's list of Modern Library 100 Best Novels. It was also honored with a spot on American Library Association's "100 Best Books for Teens". In 2008, the novel, along with Ender's Shadow, won the Margaret A. Edwards Award, which honors an author and specific works by that author for lifetime contribution to young adult literature.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ender's Game was included in Damien Broderick's book Science Fiction: The 101 Best Novels 1985–2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It ranked number nine on Locus's top SF novels published before 1990.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The New York Times writer Gerald Jonas asserts that the novel's plot summary resembles a "grade Z, made-for-television, science-fiction rip-off movie", but says that Card develops the elements well despite this "unpromising material". Jonas further praises the development of the character Ender Wiggin: "Alternately likable and insufferable, he is a convincing little Napoleon in short pants."<ref name="NYT">Template:Cite news</ref>

The novel has received criticism for its portrayal of violence and its justification. Elaine Radford's review, "Ender and Hitler: Sympathy for the Superman", posits that Ender Wiggin is an intentional reference by Card to Adolf Hitler and criticizes the violence in the novel, particularly at the hands of the protagonist.<ref name="Elaine-2">Template:Cite web</ref> Card responded to Radford's criticisms in Fantasy Review, the same publication. Radford's criticisms are echoed in John Kessel's essay "Creating the Innocent Killer: Ender's Game, Intention, and Morality", wherein Kessel states: "Ender gets to strike out at his enemies and still remain morally clean. Nothing is his fault."<ref name="Kessel">Template:Cite web</ref> Noah Berlatsky makes similar claims in his analysis of the relationship between colonization and science fiction, where he describes Ender's Game as in part a justification of "Western expansion and genocide".<ref name="Atlantic_SF_imperial">Template:Cite web</ref> However, more recently, science fiction scholar Mike Ryder has refuted the claims of Kessel and Radford, arguing that Ender is exploited by powers beyond his control.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The U.S. Marine Corps Professional Reading List makes the novel recommended reading at several lower ranks, and again at Officer Candidate/Midshipman.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The book was placed on the reading list by Captain John F. Schmitt, author of FMFM-1 (Fleet Marine Force Manual, on maneuver doctrine) for "provid[ing] useful allegories to explain why militaries do what they do in a particularly effective shorthand way".<ref name = USMCEnders3>Template:Cite web</ref> In introducing the novel for use in leadership training, Marine Corps University's Lejeune program opines that it offers "lessons in training methodology, leadership, and ethics as well. . . . Ender's Game has been a stalwart item on the Marine Corps Reading List since its inception".<ref name=USMCEnders3/> It is also used as an early fictional example of game-based learning.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Accolades

Publication	Country	Accolade	Year	Rank
Amazon.com	United States	Best of the Century: Best Books of the Millennium Poll<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	1999	Template:Center
Locus	United States	Best 20th Century Science Fiction Novels: Reader's Poll<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	2012	Template:Center
NPR	United States	Top 100 Science Fiction, Fantasy Books: Readers' Poll<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	2011	Template:Center
Publishers Weekly	United States	Bestselling Science Fiction Novels of 2012<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>	2012	Template:Center
Science Channel	United States	Top 10 Sci-fi Books of All Time<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	2013	Template:Center

The weeks ending June 9, August 11, September 1, September 8, October 27, November 3, November 10, and November 24, 2013, the novel was No. 1 on The New York Times' Best Sellers List of Paperback Mass-Market Fiction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Revisions

In 1991, Card made several minor changes to reflect the political climates of the time, including the decline of the Soviet Union. In the afterword of Ender in Exile (2008), Card stated that many of the details in chapter 15 of Ender's Game were modified for use in the subsequent novels and short stories. In order to more closely match the other material, Card has rewritten chapter 15 and plans to offer a revised edition of the book.<ref>Template:Cite web Audio edition, Macmillan Audio, Nov 2008</ref>

Adaptations

Film

Template:Main After several years of speculation on the possibility, Summit Entertainment financed and coordinated the development of a film in 2011, serving as its distributor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gavin Hood directed the film, which lasts 1 hour and 54 minutes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Filming began in New Orleans, Louisiana, on February 27, 2012,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was released on November 1, 2013 (USA).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A movie preview trailer<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was released in May 2013 and a second trailer<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was released later that year.

Card has called Ender's Game "unfilmable", "because everything takes place in Ender's head", and refused to sign a film deal unless he could ensure that the film was "true to the story". Of the film that he eventually agreed to, Card said it was "the best that good people could do with a story they really cared about and believed in", and while warning fans not to expect a completely faithful adaptation, called the film "damn good".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The movie starred Asa Butterfield as Ender Wiggin and Harrison Ford as Colonel Hyrum Graff. It grossed $125 million worldwide,<ref name="mojo">Template:Cite web</ref> and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Video game

In 2008, it was announced an Ender's Game video game was in the works.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was to be known as Ender's Game: Battle Room and was a planned digitally distributed video game for all viable downloadable platforms.<ref name=devdiscuss>Template:Cite magazine</ref> It was under development by Chair Entertainment, which also developed the Xbox Live Arcade games Undertow and Shadow Complex. Chair had sold the licensing of Empire to Card, which became a bestselling novel. Little was revealed about the game, save its setting in the Ender universe and that it would have focused on the Battle Room.<ref name=devdiscuss/>

In December 2010, it was announced that the video game development had stopped and the project put on indefinite hold.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Orson Scott Card and Amaze Entertainment also came to an agreement regarding a video game adaption of the novel but nothing ever materialized.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Comics

Template:Main Marvel Comics and Orson Scott Card announced on April 19, 2008, that they would be publishing a limited series adaptation of Ender's Game as the first in a comic series that would adapt all of Card's Ender's Game novels. Card was quoted as saying that it is the first step in moving the story to a visual medium.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The first five-issue series, titled Ender's Game: Battle School, was written by Christopher Yost, while the second five-issue series, Ender's Shadow: Battle School, was written by Mike Carey.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Audioplay

Ender's Game Alive: The Full Cast Audioplay, is a 2013 audio drama written by Orson Scott Card, based on the Ender's Game novel. At over seven hours in length, this retelling of Ender's Game hints at storylines from "Teacher's Pest", "The Polish Boy", "The Gold Bug", Ender's Shadow, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow of the Giant, Shadows in Flight, Earth Unaware, and Speaker for the Dead, and gives new insight into the beginnings of Ender's philotic connection with the Hive Queen. Ender's Game Alive is directed by Gabrielle de Cuir, produced by Stefan Rudnicki at Skyboat Media, published by Audible.com, and performed by a cast of over 30 voice actors playing over 100 roles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Audible also commissioned a German-language adaptation of the same script. Titled Ender's Game/Das grosse Spiel - Das ungekürzte Hörspiel ("The unabridged audio drama"), this adaptation was produced by "Lauscherlounge", directed by Balthasar von Weymarn and performed by a cast of 100 different voice actors including children.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Translations

Ender's Game has been translated into 34 languages: Template:Div col

• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game").
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game").
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 2000.
• Template:Lang-zh (pinyin：Ān dé de yóu xì) ("Ender's Game"), 2003.
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 2007.
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 1994.
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Strategy"), 1990.
• Template:Langx ("Ender Wins", "The Tactics of Ender"), 1989, 1994 (two editions)
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 2000.
• Template:Langx ("Ender"), 1990.
• Template:Langx ("The Ender Strategy"), 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001.
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 2011
• Template:Lang-ka (enderis TamaSi) ("Ender's Game"), 2015.
• Template:Langx ("The Big Game"), 1986, 2005.
• Template:Langx (Tǒ pehníthi too Ender) ("Ender's Game"), 1996.
• Template:Langx (Ha-Misḥaq šel Ender) ("Ender's Game"), 1994.
• Template:Langx ("Endgame"), 1991.
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game").
• Template:Langx (Endā no Gēmu) ("Ender's Game"), 1987.
• Template:Langx (Endeoŭi Geim) ("Ender's Game"), 1992, 2000 (two editions).
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 2008.
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 2007
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 1999.
• Template:Langx (Bazi ē Ender) ("Ender's Game"), 2011
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 1994.
• Template:Langx ("The Game of the Exterminator") (Brazil).
• Template:Langx ("The Final Game") (Portugal).
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game").
• Template:Langx (Igra Endera) ("Ender's Game"), 1995, 1996, 2002, 2003 (two editions).
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 2010.
• Template:Langx (Enderova igra) ("Ender's Game"), 1988.
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game").
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 1991, 1998.
• Template:Langx ("The Game that Changed the World"), 2007.
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game").
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 2013.
• Template:Langx ("Ender's Game"), 2014.

See also

• List of Ender's Game characters
• The Last Starfighter - 1984 film with a similar premise

External links

• About the novel Ender's Game from Card's website
• Ender's Game at Macmillan
• Template:ISFDB title
• Ender's Game. Mormon Literature & Creative Arts Database.
• Intergalactic Medicine Show: Online science fiction magazine published by Orson Scott Card. Features a new Ender's world story in every issue.