Neturei Karta

Neturei Karta (Template:Langx) is a Jewish anti-Zionist organization that advocates Palestinian nationalism. Founded by and for Haredi Jews opposed to Zionism, it is primarily active in parts of Israel and the Western world, where it partakes in activism supporting a form of the one-state solution in which the Palestinian people control the combined territory of Israel and the State of Palestine. The group's opposition to Israel is rooted in its core religious belief that the Jewish exile must continue until the coming of the Hebrew Messiah.

Established in Jerusalem in 1938, Neturei Karta began as an offshoot of World Agudath Israel, which represented the most devout members of the Haredi community of the Old Yishuv. Initially, World Agudath Israel was largely opposed to the secular orientation of political Zionism, which it believed did not place enough importance on Judaism and thus constituted a threat to the Haredi way of life. However, it eventually reneged to reach an understanding with Zionist aspirations in light of World War II and the Holocaust. The founders of Neturei Karta, Amram Blau and Aharon Katzenelbogen, disagreed with the Aguda's accommodationist stance and broke off from the movement.

The general view of Neturei Karta is that Israel stands in opposition to God because it enabled an effectively secular undoing of the Jewish exile and does not govern by religious law. The group believes that the Jewish people may only be restored to the Land of Israel by the Messiah, who will bring about the resurrection of the dead, the ingathering of the exiles, and a complete return to Torah law. As such, it does not recognize Israel or the two-state solution, and has pursued relationships with entities seeking the destruction of Israel throughout the Muslim world.

The group's views are considered fringe, even within Haredi Jewish circles.<ref name="Fringe">Sources describing the group as fringe:

• Template:Cite journal
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• Template:Cite news</ref> Most notably, Neturei Karta's activities and relationships with the Iranian government and many Holocaust deniers, including its members' attendance at the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust in 2006, have drawn condemnation from many other Orthodox Jewish movements.

Etymology

The name Neturei Karta means "city guards" in Aramaic<ref name="Haaretzexplainer">Template:Cite news</ref> and is derived from an aggadta recorded in several texts of the Talmud, including the Jerusalem Talmud Hagigah 1:7 (page six in the standard Vilna edition). There, it is related that:

Judah the Prince sent rabbisTemplate:Efn to tour the cities of Israel and establish for them teachers and scribes. They came to one place and did not find a teacher or a scribe. They said, "Bring us the city guards," and the city watchmen were brought.Template:Efn They said, "These are the city ruiners, but those are the city guards."Template:Efn And who were the city guards? The scribes and the teachers, who guard the Torah day and night.Template:Efn

The name thus reflects Neturei Karta's original mission to oppose efforts in the Old Yishuv to establish a Jewish armed force during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt, as the group believed that such a force would be destructive and that Torah scholars are the true guards of the Jewish people.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Today, Neturei Karta members generally understand the name to mean that they defend their interpretation of Jewish religious law against that of other rabbis, namely those who do not oppose modern Israel's existence.<ref name="whatnk">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

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Neturei Karta synagogue and study hall in Jerusalem

Before modern Israel

In the Old Yishuv under the Ottoman Empire, the religious Jewish communities primarily concentrated in the Jewish holy cities of Jerusalem, Safed, Hebron, and Tiberias largely eschewed the secular orientation of political Zionism, which they saw as a potential threat to their way of life.<ref name="Haaretzexplainer" /> They resented the new arrivals, who were predominantly non-religious, while they asserted that Jewish redemption could be brought about only by the Jewish messiah.Template:Citation needed

In 1921, some of the most devout of the Ashkenazi Old Yishuv formed the Haredi Council of Jerusalem as a counterpoint to the Chief Rabbinate, created by the British Mandatory Palestine government. The Haredi saw the rabbinate as a capitulation to the secular Zionists and their nationalist aspirations.<ref name="Haaretzexplainer" />

The Aguda movement represented by the Haredi Council opposed the formation of a Jewish political state in the Land of Israel and discouraged its European members from immigrating to Palestine. However, in the 1930s, the movement adopted a more compromising and accommodationist approach to the Zionist movement in response to rising antisemitism in Europe. Aguda's leniency was too much for Rabbi Amram Blau, active in Aguda's Jerusalem chapter. Along with Rabbi Aharon Katzenelbogen, Blau split with the Aguda in 1937 and co-founded Chevrat HaChayim, quickly renamed Neturei Karta.<ref name="Haaretzexplainer" /><ref>Rabbi Amram Blau Founder of the Neturei Karta Movement: An Abridged Biography. Motti Inbari, Hebrew Union College Annual, Vol. 81 (2010), pp. 11-12.</ref>

Since Israeli independence

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Members of Neturei Karta holding Palestinian flags and placards saying that "Judaism condemns the state of Israel and its atrocities" in London, 2022

After the creation of the modern State of Israel in 1948, Neturei Karta refused to recognize the Israeli government or any of its institutions. The group began holding public protests that often turned violent over what they perceived as the secularization of Jerusalem, the violation of Shabbat in ultra-Orthodox neighborhoods, and public gender mixing.<ref name="Haaretzexplainer" />

After the Six Day War, Neturei Karta began cultivating friendly relationships in the Arab world. In 1969, the group protested Israel outside the United Nations, then in 1970 held a similar protest with the new Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Then Neturei Karta leader Moshe Hirsch befriended PLO leader Yasir Arafat, who many Israelis viewed as their public enemy number one. Arafat appointed Hirsch to the symbolic position of Jewish affairs minister, receiving a $30,000 monthly salary.<ref name="Haaretzexplainer" /> Two Neturei Karta members participated in a 2004 prayer vigil for Arafat outside the Percy Military Hospital in Paris, France, where he lay on his death bed,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> an act widely condemned by other Orthodox Jewish organizations, including many other anti-Zionist Haredi organizations, both in New York and Jerusalem. Hirsh attended Arafat's funeral in Ramallah.<ref name="Forwardexplainer" />

Members

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Members of Neturei Karta at a pro-Palestinian rally in the United Kingdom, 2005

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Members of Neturei Karta at the Quds Day protests in Berlin 2014

Generally, members of Neturei Karta are descendants of Hungarian Jews and Lithuanian Jews who were students of the Gaon of Vilna (known as Perushim) who had settled in Jerusalem in the early nineteenth century. In the late nineteenth century, their ancestors participated in the creation of new neighborhoods outside the city walls to alleviate overcrowding in the Old City, and most are now concentrated in the neighborhood of Batei Ungarin and the larger Meah Shearim neighborhood. Members of the Malachim are also prominently represented within Neturei Karta.

Neturei Karta is notoriously vague about its size, and there are no official population statistics available, in 1971, it was reported to consist of several hundred families in Israel and throughout the diaspora.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As recently as 2007, the group was reported to have a few thousand members.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Haaretz estimated in 2024 that the group had a membership in the low thousands, predominantly in Israel, but also in diaspora locations with large populations of ultra-Orthodox Jews.<ref name="Haaretzexplainer" />

Relationship with other Jewish movements

The group's strong anti-Zionist stance and controversial tactics place Neturei Karta on the fringe, even in Haredi, or ultra-Orthodox circles. Other movements, including anti-Zionist sects like the Satmar, have disavowed Neturei Karta and condemned its activities.<ref name=Fringe /><ref>In a state over Israel by Simon Rocker (The Guardian) 25 November 2002</ref><ref name="Forwardexplainer">Template:Cite news</ref> The Satmar movement criticized Neturei Karta for attending the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust in Tehran in 2006.<ref name="Levenson2012">Template:Cite book</ref> During the Gaza war, Rabbi Zalman Leib Teitelbaum, one of the two Grand Rebbes of Satmar, condemned Neturei Karta, calling the group's support for Hamas "a terrible desecration of God's name." Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Jacobson, a leading Chabad rabbi, condemned Neturei Karta and described their actions as "like somebody marching with Hitler."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

One of the targets of the 2008 Mumbai attacks was the Nariman House, which was operated by the Jewish Chabad movement. Neturei Karta subsequently issued a leaflet criticising the Chabad movement for its relations with "the filthy, deplorable traitors – the cursed Zionists that are your friends." It added that the Chabad movement has been imbued with "false national sentiment" and criticised the organisation for allowing all Jews to stay in its centres, without differentiating "between good and evil, right and wrong, pure and impure, a Jew and a person who joins another religion, a believer and a heretic." The leaflet also criticised the invitation of Israeli state officials to the funerals of the victims, claiming that they "uttered words of heresy and blasphemy." The leaflet concluded that "the road [Chabad] have taken is the road of death and it leads to doom, assimilation and the uprooting of the Torah."<ref>Neturei Karta: Chabad punished for alliance with Zionists by Kobi Nahshoni, Ynet News, 15 December 2008.</ref><ref>Leaflet: Mumbai Chabad attack ‘God's punishment', Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), 15 December 2008.</ref>

Jewish groups often accuse Neturei Karta of selling out their fellow Jews by allying with antisemitic groups and using their appearance at rallies as token Jews.<ref name="Forwardexplainer" /> Neturei Karta have compared Zionists to Nazis;<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> they have denied the Judaism of Zionists, with statements like: "Zionists are not Jews, only racists" and "Zionism does not represent the Jewish people."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Beliefs

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Neturei Karta members at an event in Boston, Massachusetts

Exile of the Jewish people

Neturei Karta stress what is said in the mussaf Shemona Esrei ("The Standing Prayer") of Yom Tov, that because of their sins, the Jewish people went into exile from the Land of Israel ("umipnei chatoeinu golinu meiartzeinuTemplate:-"). Additionally, they maintain the view that any form of forceful recapture of the Land of Israel is a violation of divine will.Template:Citation needed They believe that the restoration of the Land of Israel to the Jews should happen only with the coming of the Messiah, not by self-determination, and some believe that the introduction of less-observant Jews would cause problems in the sacred land as defined by the Torah.<ref>Template:Britannica</ref>

Conditions for Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel

Neturei Karta believes that the Messiah will usher in a Jewish theocracy to rule over the Land of Israel. The messiah will bring about the resurrection of the dead, the ingathering of the exiles, and a complete return to Torah law.<ref name="Haaretzexplainer" />

Neturei Karta believe that the exile of the Jews can end only with the arrival of the Messiah, and that human attempts to establish Jewish sovereignty over the Land of Israel are sinful. In Neturei Karta's view, Zionism is a presumptuous affront against God. Chief among their arguments against Zionism is the Talmudic concept of the so-called Three Oaths, extracted from the discussion of certain portions of the Bible. It states that a pact consisting of three oaths was made between God, the Jewish people, and the nations of the world, when the Jews were sent into exile. One provision of the pact was that the Jews would not rebel against the non-Jewish world that gave them sanctuary; a second was that they would not immigrate en masse to the Land of Israel. In return, the gentile nations promised not to persecute the Jews. By rebelling against this pact, they argued, the Jewish people were engaging in rebellion against God.

The Neturei Karta synagogues follow the customs of the Gaon of Vilna, due to Neturei Karta's origin within the Lithuanian rather than Hasidic branch of Haredi Judaism. Neturei Karta is not a Hasidic but a Litvish group; they are often mistaken for Hasidim because their style of dress (including a shtreimel on Shabbos) is very similar to that of Hasidim. This style of dress is not unique to Neturei Karta, but is also the style of other Jerusalem Litvaks, such as Rabbi Yosef Sholom Eliashiv and his followers. Furthermore, Shomer Emunim, a Hasidic group with a similar anti-Zionist ideology, is often bundled together with Neturei Karta. Typically, the Jerusalem Neturei Karta will keep the customs of the "Old YishuvTemplate:-" of the city of Jerusalem even when living outside of Jerusalem or even when living abroad, as a demonstration of their love for and connection to the Holy Land.

Relationship with the State of Israel

In July 2013, the Shin Bet arrested a 46-year-old member of Neturei Karta for allegedly attempting to spy on Israel for Iran. As part of a plea deal, the man was sentenced to 4Template:Fraction years in prison.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Neturei Karta has denied that he had ever been a member of their group.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Neturei Karta's website states that its members "frequently participate[s] in public burning of the Israeli flag." On the Jewish holiday of Purim, Neturei Karta members have routinely burned Israeli flags in celebrations in cities such as London, Brooklyn and Jerusalem.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

While many in Neturei Karta chose to simply ignore the State of Israel, this has become more difficult.Template:When Some took steps to condemn Israel and bring about its eventual dismantling until the coming of the Messiah. Chief among these was Moshe Hirsch, leader of an activist branch of Neturei Karta, who served in Yasser Arafat's cabinet as Minister for Jewish Affairs.<ref name="MeltonBaumann2010">Template:Cite book</ref>

Activities

Palestinian nationalism

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Members of Neturei Karta show their support for Lebanon and Palestine during a peace demonstration in Trafalgar Square, 30th July 2006.

Neturei Karta supports a sovereign Palestinian state in the present, however, argues for complete Jewish sovereignty in the Holy Land upon the arrival of the Messiah.<ref name="Haaretzexplainer" />

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Neturei Karta at the National March on Washington: Free Palestine, 2023

In addition to halakhic opposition to the organization of a Jewish state in the Holy Land, Neturei Karta also criticizes Israeli policies of aggression towards Palestinian people.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> They have rejected the claim that Israel is democratic, citing what they refer to as racist, genocidal treatment of Palestinians.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Relations with Palestinian groups

After the Gaza War, four Neturei Karta members crossed into Gaza in 2010 as part of the Gaza Freedom March to celebrate Jewish Shabbos and show support for Palestinians.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>"Ultra-Orthodox Jews make rare visit to Gaza," Associated Press, Published: 01.01.10, www.ynetnews.com</ref>

In January 2023, three members of Neturei Karta met with prominent Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) officials and families of Palestinian militants during a visit to the Jenin refugee camp. The Neturei Karta members also visited the home of Bassam al-Saadi, who was jailed by Israel for PIJ leadership activities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Upon their return to Israel, Israeli authorities arrested two of the Neturei Karta members for unlawful entry to Area A of the West Bank.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Satmar rebbe publicly denounced the group for their conduct, remarking in his speech that "It is a terrible desecration of God's name to support murderers in the name of the holy Torah and God's name."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Neturei Karta asserts that the mass media deliberately downplays their viewpoint and makes them out to be few in number. Their protests in America are usually attended by, at most, a few dozen people. In Israel, the group's protests typically attract several hundred participants, depending on the nature of the protest and its location.<ref>Connections Magazine "In 'Honor' of Yom Haatzmaut: A Few RBS Haredim Wore Sackcloth and Hung Palestinian Flags" Temura, 1 May 2006</ref>

Neturei Karta regularly participates in pro-Palestine protests, including protests organized by Palestinian-led groups like Within Our Lifetime.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Their signs at Gaza war protests criticize Israel with harsh language like: "Torah true Jews oppose the aggression in al-Aqsa and the occupation of all Palestine" and “State of ‘Israel’ does not represent world Jewry!" According to The Forward, the bulk of their statements at protests do not reference their halakhic opposition to Israel but publicly appear close to the views of left-wing American Jewish groups such as IfNotNow and Jewish Voice for Peace.<ref name="Forwardexplainer" />

Relationship with Iran

In October 2005, Neturei Karta leader Rabbi Yisroel Dovid Weiss issued a statement criticising Jewish attacks on Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Weiss wrote that Ahmadinejad's statements were not "indicative of anti-Jewish sentiments", but rather, "a yearning for a better, more peaceful world", and "re-stating the beliefs and statements of Ayatollah Khomeini, who always emphasized and practiced the respect and protection of Jews and Judaism."<ref>The Orthodox Jewish response to the criticism of the Iranian President (statement for Al Q'uds Day) (NKUSA) 28 October 2005.</ref>

In March 2006, several members of a Neturei Karta's faction visited Iran, where they met with Iranian leaders, including the vice-president, and praised Ahmadinejad for calling for the "Zionist regime" occupying Jerusalem to vanish from the pages of time. The spokesmen commented that they shared Ahmadinejad's aspiration for "a disintegration of the Israeli government".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In an interview with Iranian television reporters, Rabbi Weiss remarked: "The Zionists use the Holocaust issue to their benefit. We, Jews who perished in the Holocaust, do not use it to advance our interests. We stress that there are hundreds of thousands Jews around the world who identify with our opposition to the Zionist ideology and who feel that Zionism is not Jewish, but a political agenda. ... What we want is not a withdrawal to the '67 borders, but to everything included in it, so the country can go back to the Palestinians and we could live with them ...".<ref>Neturei Karta in Iran: Zionists use Holocaust by Roee Nahmias (YNetNews) 12 March 2006</ref>

Attendance at Holocaust denial conference in Tehran

In December 2006, members of Neturei Karta, including Yisroel Dovid Weiss, attended the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust, a controversial conference held in Tehran, Iran that attracted a number of high-profile Holocaust deniers.<ref name="BBC">Why are Jews at the 'Holocaust denial' conference? 12 December, BBC 2006</ref>

In his speech, Weiss explained that the occurrence of the Nazi Holocaust was irrefutable and spoke about the murder of his own grandparents at Auschwitz, but claimed that Zionists had "collaborated with the Nazis" and "thwarted...efforts to save...Jews" and expressed solidarity with the Iranian position of anti-Zionism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Yonah Metzger, the Chief Ashkenazi Rabbi of Israel, immediately called for those who went to Tehran to be put into 'cherem', a form of ex-communication.<ref name = "YNet">Rabbi Metzger: Boycott Neturei Karta participants of Iran conference (YNetNews) 14 December 2006.</ref> Subsequently, the Satmar Hassidism court called on Jews "to keep away from them and condemn their actions".<ref>Satmar court slams Neturei Karta (YNetNews) 15 December 2006</ref>

On 21 December, the Edah HaChareidis rabbinical council of Jerusalem also released a statement calling on the public to distance itself from those who went to Iran. The Edah's statement followed, in major lines, the Satmar statement released a few days earlier.<ref>Black Eye For Black Hats After Tehran Hate Fest Template:Webarchive (The Jewish Week) 22 December 2006</ref> In January 2007, a group of protesters stood outside the Neturei Karta synagogue in Monsey, New York, demanding that they leave Monsey and move to Iran. Neturei Karta and their supporters from Monsey's Orthodox community responded with a counter-protest.<ref name="Anti Neturei Karta protest">Template:Cite web</ref>

Factionalism

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Condemnation poster, or pashkvil

In the United States, the Neturei Karta were led by Moshe Ber Beck of Monsey, New York until his death in 2021. They affiliate with the radical branch that was led by Moshe Hirsch. Beck had courted controversy by meeting with Nation of Islam leader Minister Louis Farrakhan,<ref>Third meeting held between Nation of Islam and rabbis by Saeed Shabazz (Final Call) 11 January 2000.</ref><ref name="Levenson2012" /> who has been accused of inciting antisemitism and of describing Judaism as a "gutter religion" (Farrakhan says his words were misinterpreted).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In addition, after meeting with the representatives from Neturei Karta, Farrakhan indicated he would be more cautious in his choice of words in the future.<ref>Exile and Redemption: The Torah Approach Template:Webarchive by a Friend of Neturei Karta (NKUSA) February, 2000.</ref>

Sikrikim

A radical breakaway faction<ref name="guardian">Template:Cite web</ref> called Sikrikim is based in Israel, mainly in Jerusalem and Beit Shemesh. The group's engagement in acts of vandalism, "mafia-like intimidation" and violent protests caused several people, including authority figures, to push for officially labeling them as a terrorist group, along with Neturei Karta.<ref name="ynn1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ynn2">Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• Jacob Israël de Haan

Further reading

• Menashe Darash, Neturei Karta Of Meah Shearim. Atnata 2010 Template:ISBN (Hebrew language)
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• Yakov M. Rabkin, A Threat from Within: A Century of Jewish Opposition to Zionism. (Zed Books/Palgrave Macmillan, 2006) Template:ISBN
• Template:Cite web

External links

• Template:Official website