1265

File:ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg

The restored Byzantine Empire and surrounding lands in 1265.

Year 1265 (MCCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

• January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (called Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• March – End of the Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) – Battle of Isaszeg: Younger King Stephen decisively defeats his father's army.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 28 – Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 18 – A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 4 – Second Barons' War in England: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.<ref name=":0b">Template:Cite book</ref>
• The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

North Africa and Asia

• The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• In the first major battle in five years (since the Song dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River, after Möngke Khan's failed invasion in 1259), Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song dynasty naval ships.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

By topic

Culture

• The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later for papal bulls.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• February 5 – Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV, as the 183rd pope.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Births

File:Emperor Fushimi.jpg

Emperor Fushimi

File:Emperor Go-Uda.jpg

Emperor Go-Uda

• May 10 – Emperor Fushimi of Japan (d. 1317)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 17 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (d. 1324)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• King Alfonso III of Aragon<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• approximate date – Dante Alighieri, Italian poet (d. 1321)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• approximate date – Maria de Molina, regent of Castile (d. 1321)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• approximate date – Beatrice Portinari, Dante Alighieri's beloved and guide through Heaven in The Divine Comedy (d. 1290)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Deaths

• January 20 – John Maunsell, Lord Chancellor of England<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• February 8 – Hulagu Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1217)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 16 – Simon Stock, English prior, canonized (b. c. 1165)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 26 – Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia (b. 1203 or 1204)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 4 (Killed in the Battle Of Evesham)
  • Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (b. 1223)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Henry de Montfort (b. 1238)<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Peter de Montfort<ref name=":1" />
  • Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (b. 1208)<ref name=":0b" />
• November 24 – Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 3 – Odofredus, Italian jurist<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Al-Abharī, Persian philosopher and mathematician (b. 1200)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>