Thunderbird (mythology)

Pacific Northwest (Haida people) imagery of a double thunderbird

Pacific NW (Haida) imagery of a double thunderbird

The thunderbird is a mythological bird-like spirit in North American indigenous peoples' history and culture. It is considered a supernatural being of power and strength.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

It is frequently depicted in the art, songs, and oral histories of many Pacific Northwest Coast cultures,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but is also found in various forms among some peoples of the American Southwest,Template:Citation needed US East Coast,Template:Citation needed Great Lakes,<ref name=":0" /> and Great Plains.<ref name=":0" />

Description

The thunderbird is said to create thunder by flapping its wings (Algonquian<ref name=thundermaking-cleland/>), and lightning by flashing its eyes (Algonquian, Iroquois<ref name=thundermaking-lenik/>). Across cultures, thunderbirds are generally depicted as birds of prey, or hybrids of humans and birds.<ref name=":0" /> Thunderbirds are often viewed as protectors, sometimes intervening on people's behalf, but expecting veneration, prayers, and gifts.<ref name=":0" />

Archaeologically, sites containing depictions of thunderbirds have been found dating to the past 4000 years.<ref name=":0" />

Petroglyphs of thunderbirds are found near Twin Bluffs, Wisconsin. They are in a shelter that was probably used c. 250 BCE to 1500.<ref name="Rock Art - Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center">Template:Cite web</ref>

By people

Algonquian

The thunderbird myth and motif is prevalent among Algonquian peoples in the Northeast, i.e., Eastern Canada (Ontario, Quebec, and eastward) and Northeastern United States, and the Iroquois peoples (surrounding the Great Lakes).Template:Sfnp The discussion of the Northeast region has included Algonquian-speaking people in the Lakes-bordering U.S. Midwest states (e.g., Ojibwe in MinnesotaTemplate:Sfnp).

In Algonquian mythology, the thunderbird controls the upper world while the underworld is governed by the underwater panther or Great Horned Serpent. The thunderbird creates not just thunder (with its wing-flapping) but lightning bolts, which it casts at the underworld creatures.<ref name=thundermaking-cleland/>

Thunderbird in this tradition may be depicted as a spreadeagled bird (wings horizontal head in profile), but also quite common with the head facing forward, thus presenting an X-shaped appearance overallTemplate:Sfnp (see under §Iconography below).

Ojibwe

File:Pouch, southeastern Ojibwa, with porcupine quills, from Boston Museum Collection - Native American collection - Peabody Museum, Harvard University - DSC05441.JPG

Ojibwe shoulder pouch depicting two thunderbirds in quillwork, Peabody Museum Harvard

The Ojibwe version of the myth states that the thunderbirds were created by Nanabozho to fight the underwater spirits. Thunderbirds also punished humans who broke moral rules. The thunderbirds lived in the four directions and arrived with the other birds in the springtime. In the fall, they migrated south after the end of the underwater spirits' most dangerous season.<ref name="Ojibwa">Template:Cite book</ref>

Menominee

The Menominee of Northern Wisconsin tell of a great mountain that floats in the western sky on which dwell the thunderbirds. They control the rain and hail, and delight in fighting and deeds of greatness. They are the enemies of the great horned snakes (the Misikinubik) and have prevented these from overrunning the earth and devouring humankind. They are messengers of the Great Sun himself.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Siouan

Painting of a thunderbird on an animal hide, originally from the Great Lakes region

Painting of a thunderbird from the Great Lakes region, likely pre-1800

The thunderbird motif is also seen in Siouan-speaking peoples, which include tribes traditionally occupying areas around the Great Lakes.

Ho-Chunk

Ho-Chunk tradition states that a man who has a vision of a thunderbird during a solitary fast will become a war chief of the people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Arikara

Ethnographer George Amos Dorsey transcribed a tale from the Arikaras with the title The Boy who befriended the Thunderbirds and the Serpent: a boy named Antelope-Carrier finds a nest with four young thunderbirds; their mother comes and tells the human boy that a two-headed Serpent comes out of the lake to eat the young.<ref>Dorsey, George Amos. Traditions of the Arikara. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1904. pp. 73-79, 187.</ref>

Iconography

X-shapes

In Algonquian images, an X-shaped thunderbird is often used to depict the thunderbird with its wings alongside its body and the head facing forwards instead of in profile.Template:Sfnp

The depiction may be stylized and simplified. A headless X-shaped thunderbird was found on an Ojibwe midewiwin disc dating to 1250–1400 CE.<ref>Template:Harvp, citing Cleland (1984), p. 240, figure 2C; Lenik (1985), p. 132, figure 5.</ref> In an 18th-century manuscript (a "daybook" ledger) written by the namesake grandson of Governor Matthew Mayhew, the thunderbird pictograms varies from "recognizable birds to simply an incised X".Template:Sfnp

Scientific interpretations

File:ThunderBird Rock Carved Petroglyph at Twin Buffs.jpg

Thunderbirds carved in sandstone wall at Twin Bluff, Juneau County, Wisconsin, by prehistoric artist(s)

American science historian and folklorist Adrienne Mayor and British historian Tom Holland have both suggested that indigenous thunderbird stories are based on discoveries of pterosaur fossils by Native Americans.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Outside North America

Similar beings appear in mythologies the world over. Examples include the Chinese thunder-god Leigong, the Hindu Garuda and the African lightning bird.<ref name="Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky">Template:Cite book</ref>

In popular culture

• The shoulder sleeve insignia for the 45th Infantry Division (Oklahoma Army National Guard) was a thunderbird patch after 1939.<ref name="The Rock Of Anzio: From Sicily To Dachau: A History Of The U.s. 45th Infantry Division">Template:Cite book</ref>
• Several X-Men characters go by the name Thunderbird, the first appearing in 1975.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The Ford Thunderbird is an American car.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• A WWII-era airfield for pilot training in Arizona was called Thunderbird Field, which in turn was the inspiration for other names, including:
  • The Thunderbird School of Global Management at Arizona State University.
  • The 1960s TV show Thunderbirds created by Gerry Anderson.<ref>Gerry Anderson – The Authorised Biography, by Simon Archer & Stan Nicholls, 1996, pp. 85–86, Template:ISBN.</ref>
• In 1925, Aleuts were recorded as using the term to describe the Douglas World Cruiser aircraft which passed through Atka on the first aerial circumnavigation by a US Army team the previous year.<ref name="LThomas">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
• The Pokémon Zapdos is based on First Nations folklore surrounding the Thunderbird.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Thunderbird is a roller coaster at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari in Santa Claus, Indiana.
• Mozilla Thunderbird is a free and open-source cross-platform email client.
• The Thunderbird is the cap badge and symbol of the Canadian Forces Military Police since 1968.
• Various sports teams are called the Thunderbirds or have Thunderbird mascots, including:
  • The Seattle Thunderbirds of the Western Hockey League.
  • The teams of Southern Utah University, in Cedar City, UT.
  • The teams of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver campus.
  • The Connetquot School District in Long Island, which was the subject of a lawsuit in 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Thunderbirds can be recruited as units in 1999 Heroes of Might and Magic III and 2002 Heroes of Might and Magic IV.

See also

• Lightning bird
• Pamola
• Piasa
• Rain Bird
• Raven (mythology)
• Roc (mythology)
• Hábrók
• Thunder god
• Timeline of pterosaur research

Sources

• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline