Shoah (film)

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox film Shoah is a 1985 French documentary film about the Holocaust (known as "Shoah" in Hebrew since the 1940s<ref name=Liebman2007p7>For the term Shoah and Lanzmann's decision to use it, see Stuart Liebman, "Introduction", in Stuart Liebman (ed.), Claude Lanzmann's Shoah: Key Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, 7.</ref>), directed by Claude Lanzmann. Over nine hours long and eleven years in the making, the film presents Lanzmann's interviews with survivors, witnesses and perpetrators during visits to German Holocaust sites across Poland, including extermination camps.<ref name=Hoberman2016>J. Hoberman, "Shoah: The Being of Nothingness", in Jonathan Kahana (ed.), The Documentary Film Reader: History, Theory, Criticism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, 776–783.Template:Pb Also see Claude Lanzmann with Marc Chevrie and Hervé le Roux, "Site and Speech: An Interview with Claude Lanzmann about Shoah", in Kahana (ed.) 2016, 784–793.</ref>

Released in Paris in April 1985, Shoah won critical acclaim and several prominent awards, including the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Non-Fiction Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary. Simone de Beauvoir hailed it as a "sheer masterpiece", while documentarian Marcel Ophüls (who would go on to win the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie three years later) called it "the greatest documentary about contemporary history ever made".<ref name=Liebman2007p4>Liebman 2007, 4.</ref> Conversely, it was not well received in Poland, wherein the government argued that it accused Poland of "complicity in Nazi genocide".<ref>Lawrence Baron, "Cinema in the Crossfire of Jewish-Polish Polemics: Wajda's Korczak and Polanski's The Pianist", in Cherry and Orla-Bukowska 2007, 44.</ref>

Shoah premiered in New York at the Cinema Studio in October 1985<ref name=nytimes1/> and was broadcast in the United States by PBS over four nights in 1987.

Synopsis

Overview

Template:Further The film is concerned chiefly with three topics: the Chełmno extermination camp, where mobile gas vans were first used by Germans to exterminate Jews; the death camps of Treblinka and Auschwitz-Birkenau; and the Warsaw ghetto, with testimonies from survivors, witnesses and perpetrators.

The sections on Treblinka include testimony from Abraham Bomba, who survived as a barber;<ref name="Video Archive">Template:Cite web</ref> Richard Glazar, an inmate; and Franz Suchomel, an SS officer. Bomba breaks down while describing how he came across the wife and sister of a barber friend of his while cutting hair in the gas chamber.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This section includes Henryk Gawkowski, who drove transport trains while intoxicated with vodka. Gawkowski's photograph appears on the poster used for the film's marketing campaign.

Testimonies on Auschwitz are provided by Rudolf Vrba, who escaped from the camp before the end of the war;<ref name=Vrbainterview>"Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, Interview with Rudolf Vrba", Washington, D.C.: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</ref> and Filip Müller, who worked in an incinerator burning the bodies from the gassings. Müller recounts what prisoners said to him and describes the experience of personally going into the gas chamber: bodies were piled up by the doors "like stones". He breaks down as he recalls the prisoners starting to sing while being forced into the gas chamber. Accounts include some from local villagers, who witnessed trains heading daily to the camp and returning empty; they quickly guessed the fate of those on board.

File:Jan Karski - Instytut w Rudzie Śląskiej.jpg

Jan Karski was interviewed by Lanzmann in the winter of 1978–1979 in Washington, D.C.<ref name=Karskiinterview/>

Lanzmann also interviews bystanders. He asks whether they knew what was going on in the death camps. Their answers reveal that they did, but they justified their inaction by their fear of death. Two survivors of Chełmno are interviewed: Simon Srebnik, who was forced to sing military songs to entertain the Nazis; and Mordechaï Podchlebnik. Lanzmann also has a secretly filmed interview with Franz Schalling, a German security guard, who describes the workings of Chełmno. Walter Stier, a former Nazi bureaucrat, describes the workings of the railways. Stier insists he was simply managing railroad traffic and was not aware that he was transporting Jews directly to their deaths, though he admits to being aware that the destinations were concentration camps.

The Warsaw ghetto is described by Jan Karski, a member of the Polish Underground who worked for the Polish government-in-exile, and Franz Grassler, a Nazi administrator in Warsaw who liaised with Jewish leaders. A Christian, Karski sneaked into the Warsaw ghetto and travelled using false documents to England to try to convince the Allied governments to intervene more strongly on behalf of the Jews.<ref name=Karskiinterview>"Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, Interview with Jan Karski", Washington, D.C.: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.Template:Pb Also see Jan Karski, Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World, Georgetown University Press, 2014 [1944].</ref>

Memories from Jewish survivors of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising conclude the documentary. Lanzmann also interviews Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg, who discusses the significance of Nazi propaganda against the European Jews and the Nazi development of the Final Solution and a detailed analysis of railroad documents showing the transport routes to the death camps. The complete text of the film was published in 1985.

Franz Suchomel

Corporal Franz Suchomel, interviewed by Lanzmann in Germany on 27 April 1976, was an SS officer who had worked at Treblinka.<ref>"Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, Interview with Franz Suchomel", Washington, D.C.: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</ref> Suchomel agreed to be interviewed for 500 Deutschmarks, but refused to be filmed, so Lanzmann used hidden recording equipment while assuring Suchomel that he would not use his name.<ref>Marcel Ophüls, "Closely Watched Trains", in Liebman (ed.) 2007, 84.</ref>

Suchomel talks in detail about the camp's gas chambers and the disposal of bodies. He states that he did not know about the extermination at Treblinka until he arrived there. On his first day, he says he vomited and cried after encountering trenches full of corpses, 6–7 m deep, with the earth around them moving in waves because of the gases seeping from the decomposing bodies. The smell of the bodies carried for kilometres depending on the wind, he said, but local people were scared to act in case they were sent to the work camp, Treblinka I.<ref name=transcript>"Transcript of the Shoah interview with Franz Suchomel", Washington, D.C.: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</ref>Template:Rp

He explained that from arrival at Treblinka to death in the gas chambers took 2–3 hours for a trainload of people. They would undress, the women would have their hair cut, then they would wait naked outside, including during the winter in minus 10–20 °C, until there was room in the gas chamber. Suchomel told Lanzmann that he would ask the hairdressers to slow down so that the women would not have to wait so long outside.<ref name=transcript/>Template:Rp

Compared to the size and complexity of Auschwitz, Suchomel calls Treblinka "primitive. But a well-functioning assembly line of death."<ref name=transcript/>Template:Rp

Man in the posterTemplate:Anchor

Template:Further The publicity poster for the film features Henryk Gawkowski, a Polish railway worker from Malkinia, who, in 1942–1943 when he was 20–21 years old,<ref>For his age, "Transcript of the Shoah interview with Henryk Gawkowski and Treblinka railway workers", Washington, D.C.: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (hereinafter Gawkowski transcript), 15.Template:Pb Also see "Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection: Henryk Gawkowski and Treblinka railway workers", Washington, D.C.: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</ref> worked on the trains to Treblinka as an "assistant machinist with the right to drive the locomotive".<ref>Gawkowski transcript, 1.</ref> Conducted in Poland in July 1978, the interview with Gawkowski is shown 48 minutes into the film, and is the first to present events from the victims' perspective. Lanzmann hired a steam locomotive similar to the one Gawkowski worked on and shows the tracks and a sign for Treblinka.<ref>Stella Bruzzi, New Documentary, Routledge, 2006, 99–100.</ref>

Gawkowski told Lanzmann that every train had a Polish driver and assistant, accompanied by German officers.<ref name=Gawkowskitranscriptp4/> What happened was not his fault, he said; had he refused to do the job, he would have been sent to a work camp. He would have killed Hitler himself had he been able to, he told Lanzmann.<ref>Gawkowski transcript, 12, 38.</ref> Lanzmann estimated that 18,000 Jews were taken to Treblinka by the trains Gawkowski worked on.<ref name=Gawkowskitranscriptp4>Gawkowski transcript, 4.</ref> Gawkowski said he had driven Polish Jews there in cargo trains in 1942, and Jews from France, Greece, Holland and Yugoslavia in passenger trains in 1943. A train carrying Jews was called a Sonderzug (special train); the "cargo" was given false papers to disguise that humans were being hauled.<ref name=Gawkoskitranscriptp8>Gawkowski transcript, 8.</ref> The Germans gave the train workers vodka as a bonus when they drove a Sonderzug; Gawkowski drank liberally to make the job bearable.<ref>Gawkowski transcript, 9–10.</ref>

Gawkowski drove trains to the Treblinka train station and from the station into the camp itself.<ref name=Gawkoskitranscriptp8/> He said the smell of burning was unbearable as the train approached the camp.<ref>Gawkowski transcript, 9, also see 14–15.</ref> The railcars would be driven into the camp by the locomotive in three stages; as he drove one convoy into Treblinka, he would signal to the ones that were waiting by making a slashing movement across his throat. The gesture would cause chaos in those convoys, he said; passengers would try to jump out or throw their children out.<ref>Gawkowski transcript, 5–6.</ref> Dominick LaCapra wrote that the expression on Gawkowski's face when he demonstrated the gesture for Lanzmann seemed "somewhat diabolical".<ref>Dominick LaCapra, "Lanzmann's Shoah: 'Here There Is No Why'", in Liebman (ed.) 2007, 213.</ref> Lanzmann grew to like Gawkowski over the course of the interviews, writing in 1990: "He was different from the others. I have sympathy for him because he carries a truly open wound that does not heal."<ref>Claude Lanzmann, "Les Non-lieux de la memoire", in Michel Deguy (ed.), Au sujet de "Shoah": Le Film de Claude Lanzman, Paris: Belin, 1990, 282, cited by LaCapra in Liebman (ed.) 2007, 213.</ref>

Production

File:Claude lanzmann.jpg

Claude Lanzmann, 2011

Lanzmann was commissioned by Israeli officials to make what they thought would be a two-hour film, delivered in 18 months, about the Holocaust from "the viewpoint of the Jews".<ref name=nytimes2>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=brody>Template:Cite magazine</ref> As time went on, Israeli officials withdrew as his original backers.<ref name=nytimes2/> Over 350 hours of raw footage were recorded, including the verbatim questions, answers, and interpreters' translations. Most of this footage has been digitized by the United States Holocaust Museum, and is available online.<ref>Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection</ref> Shoah took eleven years to make.<ref name=austin>Template:Cite book</ref> It was plagued by financial problems, difficulties tracking down interviewees, and threats to Lanzmann's life. The film was unusual in that it did not include any historical footage,<ref>Claude Lanzmann on Shoah - criterioncollection on YouTube</ref> relying instead on interviewing witnesses and visiting the crime scenes.<ref name=nytimes1/> Five feature-length films have since been released from the outtakes.

Some German interviewees were reluctant to talk and refused to be filmed, so Lanzmann used a hidden camera, producing a grainy, black-and-white appearance.<ref name=nytimes1/> The interviewees in these scenes are sometimes obscured or distinguished by technicians watching the recording. During one interview, with Heinz Schubert, the covert recording was discovered by Schubert's family, and Lanzmann was physically attacked. He was hospitalized for a month and charged by the authorities with "unauthorized use of the German airwaves".<ref name=brody/>

Lanzmann arranged many of the scenes, but not the testimony, before filming witnesses. For example, Bomba was interviewed while cutting his friend's hair in a working barbershop; a steam locomotive was hired to recreate the journey the death train conductor had taken while transporting Jews; and the opening scene shows Srebnik singing in a rowboat, similarly to how he had "serenaded his captors".<ref name=brody/>

The first six years of production were devoted to the recording of interviews in 14 countries.<ref name=austin /> Lanzmann worked on the interviews for four years before first visiting Poland. After the shooting, editing of the 350 hours of raw footage continued for five years.<ref name=austin /> Lanzmann frequently replaced the camera shot of the interviewee with modern footage from the site of the relevant death camp. The matching of testimony to places became a "crucial trope of the film".<ref name=brody/>

Shoah was made without voice-over translations. The questions and answers were kept on the soundtrack, along with the voices of the interpreters,<ref name=brody/> with subtitles where necessary. Transcripts of the interviews, in original languages and English translations, are held by the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. Videos of excerpts from the interviews are available for viewing online, and linked transcripts can be downloaded from the museum's website.<ref name="interviews">Template:Cite web</ref>

Reception

Awards

The film received numerous nominations and awards at film festivals around the world. Prominent awards included the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Non-Fiction Film in 1985,<ref name=Liebman2007p4/> a special citation at the 1985 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, and the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary in 1986. That year it also won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Non-Fiction Film and Best Documentary at the International Documentary Association.

Critical response

Hailed as a masterpiece by many critics, Shoah was described in The New York Times as "an epic film about the greatest evil of modern times".<ref name=nytimes1>Template:Cite news</ref> According to Richard Brody, François Mitterrand attended the first screening in Paris in April 1985 when he was president of France, Václav Havel watched it in prison, and Mikhail Gorbachev arranged public screenings in the Soviet Union in 1989.<ref name=brody/>

In 1985, critic Roger Ebert described it as "an extraordinary film" and "one of the noblest films ever made". He wrote: "It is not a documentary, not journalism, not propaganda, not political. It is an act of witness."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Rotten Tomatoes shows a 100% score, based on 37 reviews, with an average rating of 9.2/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Expansive in its beauty as well as its mind-numbing horror, Shoah is a towering – and utterly singular – achievement in cinema."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Metacritic reports a 99 out of 100 rating, based on four critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of July 2019, it is the site's 20th highest-rated film, including re-releases.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Time Out and The Guardian listed Shoah as the best documentary of all time in 2016 and 2013 respectively.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Pb Template:Cite web</ref> In a 2014 British Film Institute (BFI) Sight and Sound poll, film critics voted it second of the best documentary films of all time.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Pb Template:Cite web</ref> In 2012 it ranked 29th and 48th respectively in the BFI's critics' and directors' polls of the greatest films of all time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The same polls in 2022 placed it 27th among critics and 72nd among directors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The film had detractors, however, and it was criticized in Poland.<ref>Claude Lanzmann, director of Holocaust documentary 'Shoah,' dies at age 92 - NBC News</ref> Mieczyslaw Biskupski wrote that Lanzmann's "purpose in making the film was revealed by his comments that he 'fears' Poland and that the death camps could not have been constructed in France because the 'French peasantry would not have tolerated themTemplate:'".<ref name=Biskupskip36>Template:Cite book</ref> Government-run newspapers and state television criticized the film, as did numerous commentators; Jerzy Turowicz, editor of the Catholic weekly Tygodnik Powszechny, called it partial and tendentious.<ref name="Meng">Michael Meng, "Rethinking Polish-Jewish Relations during the Holocaust in the Wake of 1968", Conference on Polish–Jewish Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, March 2009, 7.</ref> The Socio-Cultural Association of Jews in Poland (Towarzystwo Społeczno-Kulturalne Żydów w Polsce) called it a provocation and delivered a protest letter to the French embassy in Warsaw.<ref name="Szczęsna-2010">Template:Cite news</ref> Foreign Minister Władysław Bartoszewski, an Auschwitz survivor and an honorary citizen of Israel, criticized Lanzmann for ignoring the thousands of Polish rescuers of Jews, focusing instead on impoverished rural Poles, allegedly selected to conform with his preconceived notions.

Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, a Jewish-Polish writer and dissident, was puzzled by Lanzmann's omission of anybody in Poland with advanced knowledge of the Holocaust.<ref name="Szczęsna">Template:Cite web</ref> In his book Dziennik pisany nocą, Herling-Grudziński wrote that the thematic construction of Shoah allowed Lanzmann to exercise a reduction method so extreme that the plight of the non-Jewish Poles must remain a mystery to the viewer. Grudziński asked a rhetorical question in his book: "Did the Poles live in peace, quietly plowing farmers' fields with their backs turned on the long fuming chimneys of death-camp crematoria? Or, were they exterminated along with the Jews as subhuman?" According to Grudziński, Lanzmann leaves this question unanswered, but the historical evidence shows that Poles also suffered widespread massacres at the hands of the Nazis.<ref name="Szczęsna" />

The American film critic Pauline Kael,<ref>Eternal Holocaust: At 25, "Shoah" Ages, But Doesn't Go Stale|IndieWire</ref> whose parents were Jewish immigrants to the U.S. from Poland,<ref name="van Gelder">Template:Cite news</ref> called the film "a form of self-punishment", describing it in The New Yorker in 1985 as "logy and exhausting right from the start ..." "Lanzmann did all the questioning himself," she wrote, "while putting pressure on people in a discursive manner, which gave the film a deadening weight."<ref name="Kael">Template:Cite magazine Also see pp. 2 and 3</ref> Writing in The New Yorker in 2010, Richard Brody suggested that Kael's "misunderstandings of Shoah are so grotesque as to seem willful."<ref name=Brody6Dec2010>Richard Brody, "Shoah at Twenty-Five", The New Yorker, 6 December 2010.</ref>

Memory of the World status

In 2023, UNESCO added the restored 35mm negative of Shoah, along with 200 hours of interviews recorded on audio cassette, to the Memory of the World international register, recognising it as globally important heritage.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Home media

In 2000, the film was released on VHS, and in 2010 on DVD.<ref name=Niemi2013p151>Robert Niemi, "Inspired by True Events: An Illustrated Guide to More Than 500 History-Based Films", ABC-CLIO, 2013, 151.</ref> Lanzmann's 350 hours of raw footage, along with the transcripts, are available on the website of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.<ref name=interviews/><ref>For 350 hours, Liebman 2007, 4.</ref> The entire 566-minute film was digitally restored and remastered by The Criterion Collection over 2012–13 in 2K resolution, from the original 16 mm negatives. The monaural audio track was remastered without compression. A Blu-ray edition in three disks was then produced from these new masters, including three additional films by Lanzmann.

Legacy

Lanzmann released four feature-length films based on unused material shot for Shoah. The first three are included as bonus features in the Criterion Collection DVD and Blu-ray release of the film. All four are included in the Masters of Cinema Blu-ray release of the film.

• Template:Ill (1997), about a Red Cross representative, Maurice Rossel, who in 1944 wrote a favorable report about the Theresienstadt concentration camp.
• Sobibor, October 14, 1943, 4 p.m. (2001), about Yehuda Lerner, who participated in an uprising against the camp guards and managed to escape.
• The Karski Report (2010), about Polish resistance fighter Jan Karski's visit to Franklin Roosevelt in 1943.<ref name=brody/>
• The Last of the Unjust (2013), about Benjamin Murmelstein, a controversial Jewish rabbi in the Theresienstadt ghetto during World War II.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Shoah: Four Sisters (2018), a French documentary film that aired as a four-part series on French TV on 23 January 2018. It is both Lanzmann's final film and a continuation of Shoah and chronicles the lives of four women who escaped the concentration camps and tried to find a life after the Holocaust. The four-and-a-half hour cut of the film (nearly half of Shoah's length) debuted in American theaters on 14 November 2018. It was on France's shortlist to compete in the Best Documentary category.

Previously unseen Shoah outtakes have been featured in Adam Benzine's Oscar-nominated HBO documentary Claude Lanzmann: Spectres of the Shoah (2015), which examines Lanzmann's life from 1973 to 1985, the years he spent making Shoah.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Claude Lanzmann Attending Oscars for First Time - Variety</ref>

Ziva Postec's work as the film's editor was profiled in the 2018 documentary film Ziva Postec: The Editor Behind the Film Shoah (Ziva Postec : La monteuse derrière le film Shoah), by Canadian documentarian Catherine Hébert.<ref>André Lavoie, "Catherine Hébert consacre un film à Ziva Postec". Le Devoir, 8 March 2019.</ref>

See also

• List of Holocaust films
• List of longest films
• List of films shot over three or more years
• List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes

Further reading

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• McGlothlin, Erin, Brad Prager, and Markus Zisselsberger, eds. The Construction of Testimony: Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah and its Outtakes, eds. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2020. ISBN: 9780814347348.
• Stoicea, Gabriela (2006). "The Difficulties of Verbalizing Trauma: Translation and the Economy of Loss in Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah.” In the Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 43–53.
• Yvonne Kozlovsky Golan (2017), "Benjamin Murmelstein, a Man from the "Town 'As If'": A Discussion of Claude Lanzmann's Film the Last of the Unjust (France/Austria, 2013)", Holocaust Studies, A Journal of Culture and History, vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 464–482.
• Yvonne Kozlovsky Golan (2020), "Through the Director’s Lens: Claude Lanzmann’s Oeuvre: Commemorating the First Anniversary of his Passing", Canadian Institute for the Study of Antisemitism (CISA), Antisemitism Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Spring 2020), pp. 143–168.

External links

• Template:IMDb title
• Template:Mojo title
• Template:Rotten Tomatoes
• Template:Metacritic film
• Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, video excerpts of all interviews, with transcripts, Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
• Approaching Shoah an essay by Kent Jones at the Criterion Collection
• Trailer